The outcome of HIV-positive patients admitted to intensive care units with acute kidney injury

282 Pages·2012·11.811 MB·English

by  Nel, J. D., Moosa, M. R., Polenakovic, Momir (Ed.)

RENAL FAILURE
– THE FACTS

Edited by Momir Polenakovic
Renal Failure – The Facts
Edited by Momir Polenakovic

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published May, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Renal Failure – The Facts, Edited by Momir Polenakovic
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0630-2

Contents

Preface IX
Chapter 1 Risk Factors for Renal Failure:
From Infancy to Adulthood 1
Silvio Maringhini, Vitalba Azzolina,
Rosa Cusumano and Ciro Corrado
Chapter 2 The Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury 17
Nicholas A. Barrett and Marlies Ostermann
Chapter 3 Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress
in the Ischemic Acute Renal Failure 25
Miguel G. Salom, B. Bonacasa, F. Rodríguez and F. J. Fenoy
Chapter 4 Immunological and Molecular Mechanisms
Leading to Fibrosis:
Origin of Renal Myofibroblasts 47
Leonóra Himer, Erna Sziksz,
Tivadar Tulassay and Ádám Vannay
Chapter 5 Effects of Maternal Renal Dysfunction
on Fetal Development 81
Toshiya Okada, Yoko Kitano-Amahori, Masaki Mino,
Tomohiro Kondo, Ai Takeshita and Ken-Takeshi Kusakabe
Chapter 6 Proteomic Biomarkers
for the Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury 105
Stefan Herget-Rosenthal, Jochen Metzger, Amaya Albalat,
Vasiliki Bitsika and Harald Mischak
Chapter 7 Sepsis and Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome 123
Nissar Shaikh
Chapter 8 Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery:
Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management 129
Emmanuel Moss and Yoan Lamarche
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Acute Kidney Injury
Induced by Snake and Arthropod Venoms 157
Markus Berger, Maria Aparecida Ribeiro Vieira
and Jorge Almeida Guimarães
Chapter 10 Contrast Nephropathy: A Paradigm
for Cardiorenal Interactions in Clinical Practice 187
Michele Meschi, Simona Detrenis,
Laura Bianchi and Alberto Caiazza
Chapter 11 The Outcome of HIV-Positive Patients Admitted
to Intensive Care Units with Acute Kidney Injury 197
J. D. Nel and M. R. Moosa
Chapter 12 Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
in Uremic Patients with Hemodialysis 203
Takefumi Matsuo
Chapter 13 The Psychological Impact of Hemodialysis
on Patients with Chronic Renal Failure 217
Liang-Jen Wang and Chih-Ken Chen
Chapter 14 Renal Replacement Therapy in Uremic Diabetic Patients –
Experience from The Republic of Macedonia 237
Momir H. Polenakovic

Preface

The book Renal Failure – The Facts consists of some facts about diagnosis,
etiopathogenis and treatment of acute and chronic renal failure. Acute, as well as
chronic renal failure is great medical problems and their treatment is a burden for the
budget of each government.
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously termed acute renal failure, is a frequent clinical
condition in critically ill patients especially, in intensive care units (ICU). Its incidence
varies from 1-7 % of all hospitalized patients to 30-50 % of patients in ICU. Irrespective
of the progress being made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI and
its underlying processes and the advances in critical care medicine, mortality rate
associated with AKI remains high especially in ICU patients at more than 50 %. In
addition, a significant proportion of surviving patients (20 %) develops CKD and
end-stage renal disease, requiring chronic renal replacement therapy. Long-term
outcome is worse for patients after recovery from AKI, further impacting health care
cost and quality of life. In developing countries, AKI is more common in young and
pediatric patients, while in developed countries elderly patients are predominant. In
critically ill patients the most common cause of AKI is sepsis, accounting for 50 % of
all cases.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition which can arise from the
damage to the kidneys from a variety of diseases. Patients with CKD are frequently
asymptomatic until the disease is advanced. In 2002 the K/DOQI Clinical Practice
Guidelines provided a definition of CKD which is now widely used around the world.
Generally, cross-sectional population studies in a number of countries suggests an
overall prevalence of CKD 1-5 of >10%. CKD appears to be an independent and
significant risk factor for progressive cardio vascular disease (CVD). CVD accounts for
≈ 50% of the death in patients with CKD.
The purpose of the chapters is to present some important issues of diagnosis and
causes of AKI, as well as caused by snakes and arthropods, after cardiac surgery,
as well as some therapeutic achievements in AKI. Well presented are the
psychological condition in patients on haemodialysis, as well as the treatment of
diabetic uremics.
X Preface

The book is aimed at clinicians with a special interest in nephrology (including
consultants and specialist trainees in nephrology), but it should also prove to be a
valuable resource for any generalists who encounter a nephrological problems in their
day-to-day practice.

Momir H. Polenakovic
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Republic of Macedonia