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The Ottoman Empire PDF

303 Pages·2017·60.75 MB·English
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Topic Subtopic History Ancient History The Ottoman Empire Course Guidebook Professor Kenneth W. Harl Tulane University PUBLISHED BY: THE GREAT COURSES Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfields Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, Virginia 20151-2299 Phone: 1-800-832-2412 Fax: 703-378-3819 www.thegreatcourses.com Copyright © The Teaching Company, 2017 Printed in the United States of America This book is in copyright. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of The Teaching Company. Kenneth W. Harl, Ph.D. Professor of Classical and Byzantine History Tulane University Kenneth W. Harl is Professor of Classical and Byzantine History at Tulane University, where he has taught since 1978. He earned his B.A. from Trinity College and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Yale University. Professor Harl teaches courses in Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Viking, and Crusader history from freshman to graduate levels. A recognized scholar of coins and classical Anatolia, he has taken students to Turkey i on excursions and as assistants on excavations of Hellenistic and Roman sites. He now regularly lectures on academic tours to Scandinavia, Iceland, and Turkey offered by Archaeological Tours. Professor Harl has published numerous articles on numismatics and ancient history. He is the author of Civic Coins and Civic Politics in the Roman East, A.D. 180–275 and Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700. His current work includes publishing the coin discoveries from the excavation of Gordion, Turkey; a new book on Rome and its Iranian foes; and a revised edition of Coinage in the Roman Economy. Professor Harl has served on the editorial board of the American Journal of Archaeology, and he lectures nationally for the Archaeological Institute of America. He is a fellow, trustee, and academic vice president of the American Numismatic Society. Professor Harl has twice received Tulane’s Sheldon Hackney Award for Excellence in Teaching (voted on by both faculty and students) and has received the Student Body Award for Excellence in Teaching on multiple occasions. He was also the recipient of Baylor University’s nationwide Robert Foster Cherry Award for Great Teaching. In 2007, he was the Lewis P. Jones Visiting Professor in History at Wofford College. Professor Harl’s other Great Courses include Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Empire, The Fall of the Pagans and the Origins of Medieval Christianity, The Era of the Crusades, Origins of Great Ancient Civilizations, The World of Byzantium, Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor, Rome and the Barbarians, The Peloponnesian War, The Vikings, and The Barbarian Empires of the Steppes. ■ ii Professor Biography Table of Contents inTrODUCTiOn Professor Biography i Course Scope 1 LeCTUre GUiDeS LECTURE 1 Sublime Porte: Visions of the Ottoman Empire 3 LECTURE 2 Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor 12 LECTURE 3 The Islamization of Asia Minor 19 LECTURE 4 Ottoman Sultans of Bursa 26 LECTURE 5 Defeat and Recovery, 1402–1451 32 LECTURE 6 Mehmet the Conqueror, 1451–1481 40 LECTURE 7 Selim the Grim and the Conquest of Cairo 47 iii LECTURE 8 Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566 54 LECTURE 9 Sultans in Topkapı, 1566–1648 62 LECTURE 10 The Sultan-Caliph and His Servants 70 LECTURE 11 Timariots, Peasants, and Pastoralists 76 LECTURE 12 Trade, Money, and Cities 83 LECTURE 13 Arabs under the Ottoman Caliph 91 LECTURE 14 Christians and Jews under the Porte 97 LECTURE 15 Sunni Islam and Ottoman Civilization 104 LECTURE 16 Ottoman Constantinople 110 LECTURE 17 The Sultan at War: The Ottoman Army 116 iv Table of Contents LECTURE 18 Sultan and Shah: Challenge of Safavid Iran 124 LECTURE 19 Sultan and Emperor: War in the West 131 LECTURE 20 Sultan and Venice: War in the Mediterranean 139 LECTURE 21 Köprülü Viziers and Imperial Revival 147 LECTURE 22 The Empire at Bay, 1699–1798 154 LECTURE 23 Napoleon Invades Ottoman Egypt 163 LECTURE 24 Crisis: Muhammad Ali and Balkan Nationalists 173 LECTURE 25 Tanzimat and Modernization, 1839–1876 182 LECTURE 26 Defeat and Retreat: The Sick Man of Europe 190 LECTURE 27 The Sultan Returns: Abdül Hamid II, 1876–1908 201 The Ottoman Empire v LECTURE 28 Constitutional Reform, 1908–1913 209 LECTURE 29 War in Libya and the Balkans, 1911–1913 217 LECTURE 30 The Road to World War I 226 LECTURE 31 The Empire at Total War, 1914–1916 235 LECTURE 32 Ottoman Collapse, 1916–1918 242 LECTURE 33 Mustafa Kemal, Atatürk 251 LECTURE 34 Casualties of War and Ethnic Cleansing 261 LECTURE 35 The Emergence of the Turkish Republic 270 LECTURE 36 Nation-States, Islam, and the Ottoman Legacy 278 SUppLemenTaL maTeriaL Bibliography 287 Image Credits 293 vi Table of Contents SCOPE The Ottoman Empire From 1520 to 1566, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent ruled one of the greatest Muslim states, an empire that included all the historic cities of Islam. Suleiman’s empire—the Sublime Porte, as it was called by Westerners—was a great world power, famed for its Janissaries, cavalry, and siege guns. Constantinople, now known as Istanbul, emerged as Islam’s cultural capital, defining religion, aesthetics, and letters. Suleiman’s architects redefined Islamic architecture, creating a skyline of mosques that set the standard for cities of the Middle East. Yet Ottoman power was hardly ordained. This course begins with the kaleidoscopic history of the Seljuk Turks, who built the first Muslim civilization in Asia Minor in the 11th and 12th centuries; the destructive Mongol invasions; and the unexpected emergence of the Ottoman sultans as heirs to Byzantium and the Abbasid caliphate under Mehmet the Conqueror and Selim the Grim in the 15th and 16th centuries. Stress is given to the achievements of high Ottoman civilization, imperial institutions, and great wars waged by sultans against the Habsburgs of Europe and the shahs of Iran. The latter wars, between Ottoman sultans and Iranian shahs, sharpened the divide between Sunni and Shiʽite Islam, thereby dictating allegiances across the Middle East to this day. Just as remarkable was the rapid imperial decline starting in the 18th century. This decline resulted not just from lurid harem politics of Topkapı, but from far more important fiscal and economic weaknesses and a failure to keep pace with military and technological changes in the West. In response to Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 to 1799, Sultan Selim III launched the first of a series of modern reforms. Reformers laid the groundwork for the future Turkish Republic, but their emphasis on modernization ironically undermined the traditional, multinational 1 Ottoman Empire. The failure of the revolution of the Young Turks, along with military defeats in 1911 to 1914, deeply divided Ottoman society along ethnic, religious, and linguistic lines, leading to outbreaks of violence among Muslims and Christians. The Ottoman Empire thus fragmented under the impact of World War I. In 1919 to 1925, in the aftermath of Ottoman defeat, Kemal Atatürk created the first modern Muslim nation-state—the Turkish Republic— which is still strategic to the Middle East today. Atatürk also abolished the caliphate, however, and this action has ever since posed a crisis of religious and political authority within the Islamic world. This course concludes with the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, demonstrating how it still influences the geopolitics and religious culture of the Middle East today. 2 Scope

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