THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY RUSSIAN MANUSCRIPTS

182 Pages·08.788 MB·English

by  LUNT, HORACE GRAY, II

THE ORTHOGRAPHY OP
ELEVENTH CENTURY RUSSIAN MANUSCRIPTS
by
HORACE GRAY LUNT II
Submitted, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in the Faculty of Philosophy
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
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ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to take this opportunity to express my gratitude
to the Trueteee of the Rockefeller Foundation, for the award
of the Post-war Fellowship in the Humanities which made it
possible for me to complete my studies at Columbia.without
interruption.
My debt to Prof, Roman Jakobaon cannot fully be expressed.
His constant willingness to discuss even minor details and
his great generosity in lending rare publications from hie
personal library enabled me to complete my research in a far
shorter time than would have been possible otherwise. His
ability to grasp the broadest implications of a problem has
repeatedly shown the way to a comprehensive interpretation of
a mass of seemingly contradictory details. Without his
suggestions, advice, and encouragement, this study could not
have been written.
Horace G. Lunt II
April 19, 1949
New York City
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A Note on Transliteration and Transcription
For technical reasons, the Roman alphabet has been used in
this paper wherever feasable. The transliteration used is the
generally accepted scientific system, except that x replaces
ch or kh, ■ and the symbols b and B are used wherever relevant.
Further, in transliterating Old Russian and Old Church Slavic
the following usages are unusual; tO - {i, fffi- For the
dental and palatal affricates lisually transcribed ^ and
a. and ££ will be written.
Whan it is necessary to apeak of a letter, the transliter­
ation is placed in quotation marks: "n" means 'the letter n'.
Phonetic or phonemic entities are underlined: 1^ means 'the
phoneme JL1 or 'the phonetic unit _1' . The context will make clear
which is indicated. When whole words are transliterated or tran­
scribed, the same process will be followed: "sBrdbce11 means 'the
spelling 'cbp^btfZ', and sBrdBce means ' the phonemic (or phonetic)
sequence VsbrdBce'.
In discussing letters or symbols, certain graphic equivalents
will be used*. 4 - A; 14 - (A5 IA - IE - 10 - 10; E - 6 .
In transliterating whole words containing the symbols IA, IE,
4 and 14 the combinations ja, je, § and j§ will be
used: "jejg" "jako" JAK.O; "^ko"
The cyrillic alphabet is used in cases where there is danger
of ambiguity.
* '*
*
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Abbreviations
Abbreviations of frequently cited texts or literature. For
full references, see page 169 ff.
AE - Archangel Gospel.
Ass - Assemanus.
ASlPh - Archiv filr slavische Philologie.
ByzSl - Byzantinoslavica.
Diels - Diels, Altkirchenslavische Graramatik.
Durnovo Offerk - Durnovo, OSerk istorii russkogo jazyka.
Durnovo Rukopisi - Durnovo, 11 Ruaskie rukopisi XX-XII vv., kak
pamjatniki staroslavjanskogo jazyka."
Durnovo Vvedenie - Durnovo, Vvedenie v ietoriju russkogo jazyka.
Euch - Euchologiura Sinaiticum.
Fortunatov Lekcii - Fortunatov, Lekcii po fonetiki staroslavjan-
akogo jazyka. -
IF - Indogermanische Forschungen.
Izv - Izvestija otdelenija russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti.
Izv po rues jaz - Izvestija po russkomu jazyku i slovesnosti.
Karinskij Obrazcy - Karinskij, Obrazcy drevnejSego periods
istorii rusakoj knigi.
KF - Kiev Fragments.
KulBbakin VS - Kulibakin, Le Vieux Slave.
Kozlovskij - Kozlovakij, "Iasledovanie o jazyke OE".
Mar - Marianus.
OE - Ostromir Gospel.
Pa - Psalteriura Sinaiticum.
RESl - R6vue dea EtudeB Slaves.
RFV - Russkij filologiSeskij vestnik.
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Sav - Sawina Kniga.
Sbornik - Sbomik otdelenija russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti.
Saxmatov o5erk - 3axmatov, OSerk drevnejSego periods istorii
russkogo jazyka.
SiSepkin Raasu2denie - SSepkin, "RassuSdenie o jazyke 3avvinoj
Knigi
Supr - Supraaliensis.
TOLP - Travaux du Cercle Linguiatique de Prague,
ZslPh - Zeitschrift fftr slavische Philologie.
ZMNP - Zumal ministerstva nar.odnogo proBveSSeni ja.
Other abbreviations.
0 - (stands for any consonant)
003 - Old Church Slavic.
PS1 - Primitive Slavic (Urslavisch, slave oommun).
R - Russian
SSI - South Slavic
SPb - Sanktpeterburg, St. Petersburg.
* #
*
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vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgementb. ....*............................ i... ii
A note on transliteration and transcription................ iii
Abbreviations .......................... *v
1. The Beginnings of Slavic Writing.............. ... 1
2. The Study of Old Church Slavic Manuscripts.............. 10
5. The Original Slavic Alphabet and its Modifications 24
b. The Archangel and Ostromir Gospels... .............. 54
I - The Archangel Gospel, first part.................... 55
II - The Ostromir Gospel, second part.............. 72
III - The Archangel Gospel, second part................ 82
IV - "Russiahisms" in the Archangel andO stromir Gospels 95
5. Other dated Russian Manuscripts of the 11th Century 110
I - Izbornik Svjatoslavov 1075* ...................... HO
II - Izbornik 1076....... 116
III - Mine! 1095-1096................................... 121
IV - Minei 1097......................................... 128
6. Undated Russian Manuscripts of the 11thC entury.......... 154
I - tJudov Psalter.......... 155
II - 15 Sermons of Gregory of Naziariz.................. 158
III - Fragments ....................... 142
A. Novgorod Fragments........................... 142
B. Gregory's Acrostic Poem...................... 144
C. Turov Gospel ............................ 145
D. Th8 Acts of Paul and Thecla.. .......... 147
E0 Eugenius Psalter......................... 148
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vii
P. Reims GoBpel.............. 151
G. BySkov Zlatoetruj....... *............... 156
H. Life of St. Condratua............. 157
I. BySkov PBalter ................. 158
7. Conclusions.................... 159
Bibliography................................................ 1^9
*
*
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CHAPTER ONE
THE BEGINNINGS OF SLAVIC WRITING.
Written 31avic, as we know it^), dates from the sixties of
the ninth century. In 865 Constantine the Philosopher, later
known as St. Cyril, worked out a new alphabet and together with
his brother Methodius (later also sainted) began to translate
religious texts for use in bringing Christianity to the 31avs.
The brothers used their translations in their missionary work in
Moravia and pannonia and some years later their pupils carried the
Slavic liturgy and books into Croatia, Macedonia and Bulgaria.
Under attack from the nomadic Magyars from the east and the
expanding Germans from the west, the Slavic principalities in
Moravia and Pannonia lost their independence, and with it the
right to use their own language in the liturgy. Slavic culture
continued to florish in Bohemia, however, for another couple of
centuries before it was replaced by the German. But 'while in the
northwest Slavic was fighting a losing battle against Germaniza-
tion and Romanization, there was in the south a flowering of
Slavic literature and learning under strong Bulgarian and
Macedonian rulers in the tenth century. Toward the end of this
century, the Russians invited South Slavic missionaries to Kiev,
and within a hundred years Russia had become the strongest
center of Slavic culture.
These facts are now generally accepted, but within the broad
1. The possibility of pre-Cyrillo-Kethodian Slavic writing is
not discussed in this paper, as it has no bearing on the problems
posed. A survey of the question can be found in chapters II and
III of Kiselkov's recent Slav.janakite prosvetiteli Kiril i
Metodi.j, Sofia, 1945.
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2
framework presented there remains ample room for disagreement on
important details. Durnovo has made a convenient summary of the
salient features of early Slavic literary history, indicating
2)
the chief lines of development and influence (ByzSl I, 51 )j
Constantine-Cyril in Salonika invents the Slavic alphabet
and begins translatIing the books into Slavic.
Constantine and Methodius in Moravia preach
Christianity and continue the translations.
Methodius in Pannonia.
Methodius and his pupils
continue their work
in Moravia.
Adaptation of the
Latin alphabet for
Driven from Moravia and the Slavic language.
Pannonia, the pupils of
Methodius continue their
work in Bulgaria.
/ Kiev Fragments
Translation and editing West Bulgarian
activity of the collab­ and Macedonian
orators of Simeon of recensions of
Bulgaria; a new version Old Slavic lit
of the Old-Slav language
I
Serbocroatian
recension of OCS
literature.
Importation of OCS
lit. and learning
into Russia.
V
Flourishing of Church Slavic
learning in Russia under Jaroslav.
t- *-
Vienna Prague Friesing
glosseB glosses fragments
2. Even in this sketch, there are some interpretations that are
now not considered correct. There is, for instance, no agreement :
that there was a "Serbocroatian recension". Rather, it is suggested,
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there was a Serbian recension, stemming from the Macedonian centers,
and a Croatian recension resulting directly from the Moravian and
Pannonian activity of Cyril and Methodius. The first page of KF and
the Prague Fragments are considered Croatian (cf Weingart, "Hlaholske
listy Videnske", Cfasopis pro moderni filologii 24 (1938) 105-129j 2j53~
245). Further, there seems to be a direct connection between the
Friesing Manuscript and Moravia (cf Isadenko, Jazyk a p6vod Frizinskych
pamiatok, Bratislava 1943, p 71 f and passim), with perhaps a pre-
Cyril lo-Methodi an adaptation of Roman letters to Slavic writing.
There is no reason to suppose "Serbocroatian" influence in the Vienna
and Prague glosses (cf Tr^vniSek, "Glosy Jagicovy a 8vato?eho?sk6"
in Slovanske Studie...Vajsovi, Praha 1948, 164-8). One can then
revise the chart accordingly. However it must be emphasized that the
separate "Croatian" recension is not a certainty, since its existence
is posited not from the evidence itselv, but from the assumptions
used in the interpretation of the evidence. The revised version of
Durnovo's chart would look like this:
Adaptation of the
Latin alphabet for
the Slavic language. Constantine-Cyril in Constantinople or
t Salonika invents the Slavic alphabet
and begins to translate books into Slavic.
[
•t*
Constantine and Methodius in Moravia preach
Christianity and continue the translations.
I
Methodius in Pannonia.
Methodius and his pupils
continue work in Moravia.
Driven from Moravia and
Pannonia, the pupils of
Methodius continue to work
in Bohemia. in Bulgaria.
X
Croatian Czech recension West Bulgarian
t & recension(?) of OCS. and Macedonian
(Slovene i recensions of
i
recension) OCS literature. Translating and
r
editing activity of
the collaborators of
I
Simeon of Bulgaria;
;
a new version of the
l
Serbian recension Slavic literary lang.
I
of OS literature.
i i I
i i Importation of Slavic lit
t I and learning into Russia.
i i
/
>1/ '4''
Flourishing of Church Slavic learning in Russia under Jaroslav.
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