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The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Comprehensive History of the Holocaust) PDF

631 Pages·2004·2.64 MB·English
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THE O|iGINS OF THE FINAL SOLUTION The Comprehensive History of the Holocaust editorial board David Bankier Dan Michman Yehuda Bauer Dina Porat Yoav Gelber Renée Poznanski Israel Gutman Avner Shalev Bella Gutterman Yad Vashem initiated the Comprehensive History of the Holocaust project together with historians from a number of universities and research institutes. The project seeks to summarize research findings on the Holocaust during the generations following the war. for the university of nebraska press Series Editor Alan E. Steinweis, University of Nebraska Associate Editors Doris L. Bergen, University of Notre Dame Peter Hayes, Northwestern University Susannah Heschel, Dartmouth College Michael R. Marrus, University of Toronto THE O|iGINS OF THE FINAL SOLUTION the evolution of nazi jewish policy, september 1939–march 1942 christopher r. browning With contributions by Jürgen Matthäus Published by the university of nebraska press, Lincoln, and yad vashem, Jerusalem ∫ 2004 by Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority, Jerusalem, Israel All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America ! Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Browning, Christopher R. The origins of the Final Solution : the evolution of Nazi Jewish policy, September 1939–March 1942 / Christopher Browning ; with contributions by Jürgen Matthäus. p. cm. — (Comprehensive history of the Holocaust) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-8032-1327-1 (cl : alk. paper) 1. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945). 2. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—Causes. 3. Jews—Government policy—Germany— History—20th century. 4. Germany—Politics and government—1933–1945. 5. Germany— Ethnic relations. I. Matthäus, Jürgen, 1959– II. Title. III. Series. d804.3.b773 2004 940.53%1811—dc22 2003060813 The publication of this series was made possible by the generous gift of the Ike and Roz Friedman Family Foundation, in loving memory of Ike Friedman and Janis Friedman Yale and all those who perished in the Holocaust. Contents List of Illustrations ix Preface xi 1 Background 1 2 Poland, Laboratory of Racial Policy 12 Abdication of the Army 15 Racial Policy and Terror 25 3 The Search for a Final Solution through Expulsion, 1939–1941 36 Eichmann and the Nisko Plan 36 The Baltic Germans, the First Short-Range Plan, and the Warthegau Deportations 43 The Curbing of Nazi Deportation Plans, January–February 1940 54 The Intermediate Plan, the Stettin Deportations, and the Volhynian Action, February–July 1940 63 The Army, from Abdication to Complicity 72 The Madagascar Plan 81 The Last Spasms of Expulsion Policy, Fall 1940–Spring 1941 89 4 The Polish Ghettos 111 Ghettoization 111 Exploitation 138 Production or Starvation, the Ghetto Managers’ Dilemma 151 5 Germany and Europe 169 Racial Persecution inside Germany, 1939–1941 169 The Nazi Sphere of Influence 193 6 Preparing for the ‘‘War of Destruction’’ 213 Military Preparations for the ‘‘War of Destruction’’ 215 Preparations of the ss 224 Economic and Demographic Preparations for ‘‘Operation Barbarossa’’ (by Christopher R. Browning and Jürgen Matthäus) 234 7 Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June–December 1941 By Jürgen Matthäus 244 German Perceptions and Expectations Regarding ‘‘the East’’ 245 Early Anti-Jewish Measures and the Mid-July Turning Point 253 Pogroms and Collaboration 268 Toward the Final Solution, August–December 1941 277 The Final Solution in the East 294 8 From War of Destruction to the Final Solution 309 Euphoria of Victory and Decision Making, July–October 1941 309 Consternation and Anticipation 330 Inventing the Extermination Camp 352 9 The Final Solution from Conception to Implementation, October 1941–March 1942 374 Deportations from Germany, the First and Second Waves 375 Integrating the Bureaucracy into the Final Solution 398 The Gassing Begins 416 10 Conclusion 424 Hitler and the Decision-Making Process in Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942 424 Germans and the Final Solution 428 Notes 435 Bibliography 549 Index 579 Illustrations charts 1 Nazi Expulsions, September 1939–April 1941 109 2 General Government, 1939–1942 112 maps 1 Poland 1940 38 2 Europe, December 1941 170 3 Occupied Soviet Territory, December 1941 246

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Published by the University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, and Yad Vashem, JerusalemIn 1939, the Nazi regime’s plans for redrawing the demographic map of Eastern Europe entailed the expulsion of millions of Jews. By the fall of 1941, these plans had shifted from expulsion to systematic and total mass
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