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The Origins of the Boxer Uprising PDF

471 Pages·1988·11.582 MB·English
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The Origins of the Boxer Uprising This volume is sponsored by the Center for Chinese Studies University of California, Berkeley The Origins o f the Boxer Uprising Joseph W. Esherick UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles ■ London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 1987 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Esherick, Joseph. The origins of the Boxer Uprising. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. China—History—Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1901. I. Title. DS771.E73 1987 951'.03 86-16054 ISBN 0-520-06459-3 (alk. paper) Printed in the United States of America 08 07 06 05 04 9 8 7 6 The paper used in this publication is both acid-free and totally chlorine-free (TCF). It meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper). © For Joe and Chris Contents List of Tables xi List of Illustrations xii • • • Preface Xlll 1. Shandong: Where It All Began 1 The North China Plain. The North China Macroregion. Socio-economic Regions of Shandong. Home of the Boxers. Social Formations of West Shandong. The Geographic Distribution of the Shandong Gentry. 2. Sects, Boxers, and Popular Culture 38 Sectarian Rebels in Shandong. Official Proscription of "Heterodox" Sects. Sectarian Rebels in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. Sectarians and Martial Artists. Invulnerability and Possession. Boxers and Sectarians in the Late Qing. Popular Culture and Peasant Community. 3. Imperialism, for Christ's Sake 68 The Impact of Foreign Imports. The Sino-Japanese War. Christianity and Western Expansionism. Missionary Activity in Shandong. German Catholics of the S. V.D. The Catholic Church as Imperium in Imperio. The 1890s: Christians in the High Tide of Imperialism. • • Vll Contents 4. The Big Sword Society 96 The Early History of the Armor of the Golden Bell. The Shandong-Jiangsu Border Region. The Armor of the Golden Bell. Big Swords, Bandits, and Officials. The Big Sword Society and the Catholics. The Uprising of June 1896. 5. The Juye Incident 123 The Causes of the Incident. The German Reaction. The Impact of the Jiaozhou Seizure. 6. Guan County, 1898: The Emergence of the "Boxers United in Righteousness" 136 The Setting. A History of Sectarian Activity. The Christians. Liyuantun. The Dispute with the Christians. The Eighteen Chiefs. The Plum Flower Boxers. The Struggle Renewed. The Boxers United in Righteousness. 1898: Christian Victory and Boxer Dispersal. Fall 1898: Outbreak and Suppression. 7. The Gathering Storm 167 Reform in Shandong. The Fiscal Crisis of the State. Natural Disasters and Civil Unrest. Foreign Aggression in 1898-99. The Germans in Shandong. Anti- Christian Incidents in Southeast Shandong. German Incursions of 1899. The Role of Yu-xian. "Red Boxers" in lining. Yu-xian's Boxer Policy. Foreign Response: German and American. 8. The Spirit Boxers 206 Sectarians in Northwest Shandong. Christians in Northwest Shandong. Spirit Boxers: Ritual and the Problem of Sectarian Origins. The Transformation and Spread of the Spirit Boxers: 1898-99. Official Attitudes. Patterns of Transmission and Boxer Organization. The Social Composition of the Spirit Boxers. 9. The Inevitable Clash 241 The Spirit Boxers of Pingyuan. Boxer Violence and Foreign Protests. Showdown at Gangzi Lizhuang. The Battle at Senluo Temple. The Official Response. The Final Days of Zhu Hong-deng. The Boxer Hydra Grows. Contents ix 10. Prairie Fire 271 The Policy of the Court. Spread Across Zhili. Spring 1900: Escalating Conflict. Foreign Threats and Vacillation at Court. The Boxers in Beijing and Tianjin. "Declaration of War/' Siege in Beijing and Tianjin. The Civilized World's Revenge. Lessons. Epilogue: Beyond the Idol of Origins 315 Appendix: The Mid-Qing Yi-he Boxers and the White Lotus 333 Abbreviations Used in the Notes 341 Notes 345 Glossary of Names and Terms 413 Bibliography 421 Index 441

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