The Origin of the Indo-Iranians (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series)

782 Pages·2007·20.13 MB·English

by  Elena E. Kuz’mina

The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
IEED-3-kuzmina_CS2.indd i 10-5-2007 10:14:12
Leiden Indo-European
Etymological Dictionary Series
Edited by
Alexander Lubotsky
VOLUME 3
IEED-3-kuzmina_CS2.indd ii 10-5-2007 10:14:12
The Origin of the
Indo-Iranians
By
Elena E. Kuz’mina
Edited by
J.P. Mallory
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2007
IEED-3-kuzmina_CS2.indd iii 10-5-2007 10:14:12
Translated by S. Pitina and P. Prudovsky.
With support of the Russian Institute for Cultural Research, Moscow, and Harvard University.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
ISSN: 1574-3586
ISBN: 978 90 04 16054 5
Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
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printed in the netherlands
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CONTENTS

Introduction..........................................................................................................xi

PART ONE
THE ANDRONOVO CULTURAL ENTITY

Chapter 1: History of Research on the Andronovo Culture...................................3
Chapter 2: Methodological Aspects of Ethnocultural Reconstruction..................9
Chapter 3: Classification of Sites and the Primary Features of
Andronovo Unity.....................................................................................17
Petrovka.........................................................................................................19
Alakul’...........................................................................................................20
Fedorovo .......................................................................................................23
Sol’-Iletsk......................................................................................................26
Kozhumberdy................................................................................................27
Atasu..............................................................................................................27
Amangel’dy...................................................................................................28
Tautary...........................................................................................................29
Semirech’e.....................................................................................................29
Chapter 4: Settlements and Domestic Architecture.............................................31
Settlements and houses..................................................................................31
House-plan.....................................................................................................36
House Type I.................................................................................................40
House Type II................................................................................................60
House Type III...............................................................................................66
Chapter 5: Ceramics............................................................................................67
Petrovka.........................................................................................................68
Alakul’...........................................................................................................69
Fedorovo........................................................................................................71
Mixed types...................................................................................................74
Alekseevka.....................................................................................................75
Dongal...........................................................................................................77
Dandybay.......................................................................................................78
Chapter 6: Mining, Metallurgy and the Metal Industry.......................................85
Chapter 7: Textiles and Dress...........................................................................101
Chapter 8: Transport..........................................................................................107
Vehicles.......................................................................................................107
Chariots of the Eurasian steppe...................................................................109
Cheek-pieces................................................................................................115
Frontlet........................................................................................................131
The tactics of chariot warfare and horse riding............................................131
CONTENTS viii

Chapter 9: Economy..........................................................................................141
Farming........................................................................................................141
Stockbreeding..............................................................................................146
The Indo-Iranian economy...........................................................................157
Chapter 10: The Ethnogenesis of the Indo-Iranians
and the Ethnic Attribution of the Andronovo Culture............................163
The retrospective approach..........................................................................163
The evidence of material culture.................................................................164
Chapter 11: Verification of the Hypothesis.......................................................169
Anthropological evidence............................................................................169
Toponymic evidence for the Indo-Iranian homeland...................................173
Indo-Iranian traditions on the homeland......................................................174
Art and mythology.......................................................................................175
Some mythological representations.............................................................183
Chapter 12: Mortuary Practice..........................................................................185
Chapter 13: Indo-Iranian Contacts with Other Linguistic Groups.....................199
Indo-Iranians and Finno-Ugrians.................................................................199
Indo-Iranians and Greeks.............................................................................204
Chapter 14: Conclusions to Part One................................................................205

PART TWO
THE MIGRATIONS OF TRIBES AND THEIR CULTURES
IN CENTRAL ASIA

Chapter 15: Cultures of Central Asia in the 4th-3rd Millennia BC...................211
Chapter 16: The Indo-Aryan Migration and the First Stage of the
Andronovo Migration to the South........................................................217
The problem of migration............................................................................217
Migration in the Eurasian Steppe and neighboring regions.........................220
The first stage of Andronovo migration.......................................................220
Chapter 17: The Agricultural Tribes of South Central Asia
in the 2nd Millennium BC......................................................................225
Chapter 18: The Occupation of Central Asia by Pastoral Tribes......................229
The first Indo-Aryan migration to the south................................................229
The second stage of Andronovo migration..................................................234
Chapter 19: The Settlement of Pastoral Tribes in Central Asia.........................237
The Tazabagyab culture: The Aral Sea Littoral variant...............................238
The Tazabagyab culture: The Lower Zeravshan variant..............................240
Sites of the Central Zeravshan.....................................................................240
The Tashkent Oasis......................................................................................241
The Timber-grave culture............................................................................241
Fedorovo type sites of the Andronovo culture.............................................242
Andronovo sites of the Fedorovo type in Kirgizia.......................................242
The Semirech’e-Fergana type .....................................................................243
Sites of the North-eastern Tian-Shan...........................................................246
Sites of southern Fergana.............................................................................247
Fergana valley: Late sites of the Kayrak-Kum type....................................248
Chapter 20: Relation of the Andronovans with the Population of
Xinjiang and Central Asia......................................................................251
ix CONTENTS

Chapter 21: Cultures of Northern Bactria in the Late Bronze Age...................267
BMAC sites in Uzbekistan..........................................................................267
Northern Bactria and Tadzhikistan..............................................................271
BMAC sites in Tadzhikistan........................................................................271
Bishkent-Vaksh culture...............................................................................275
The Andronovo culture in Tadzhikistan......................................................278
Andronovo sites of the Pamirs.....................................................................285
The Andronovo culture in southern Bactria.................................................286
The culture of the Barbarian Occupation Period.........................................289
Chapter 22: Trans-Caspia and Turkmenia.........................................................291

PART THREE
THE GENESIS OF THE DIFFERENT BRANCHES
OF INDO-IRANIANS

Chapter 23: Modern State of the Problem of Indo-Iranian Origins...................297
Chapter 24: The Genesis of the Dards and Nuristani........................................307
Chapter 25: The Genesis of the Indo-Aryans....................................................321
Is Vedic archaeology possible?....................................................................322
The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Culture ...........................................323
The Andronovo culture................................................................................325
Settlements and dwellings...........................................................................326
Ceramics......................................................................................................327
Metal articles...............................................................................................328
Horses and chariots in Hindustan................................................................329
Burial rite.....................................................................................................339
The Andronovo burial rite...........................................................................340
Burial rites in Baluchistan...........................................................................342
Burial rites in the Harappan civilization......................................................342
Burials in the post-Harappan cultures of North-Western India....................343
Anthropological and genetic data................................................................345

PART FOUR
THE GENESIS OF THE IRANIANS

Chapter 26: The Genesis of the Iranians...........................................................349
The history of research on the Timber-grave culture...................................349
The culture of the Eurasian steppes in the Final Bronze Age......................358
The genesis of the West Iranians.................................................................367
The genesis of Eastern-Iranian nomadic peoples:
the Scythians and the Saka......................................................................379
The anthropological data.............................................................................383
The formation of the Scythian complex.......................................................388
The genesis of the Eastern Iranians of South Central Asia,
Afghanistan and Baluchistan..................................................................413
The formation of the farming culture of the Iranian-speaking peoples
in North Central Asia.............................................................................436
The Chust culture.........................................................................................437
The Burgulyuk culture.................................................................................441
The problem of the date of Zarathuštra........................................................448