The origin of species

484 Pages·1985·65.49 MB·English

by  Charles Darwin, edited with an introduction by J. W. Burrow

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Charles Darwin
The Origin of Species
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THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
chari.es darwin wasborn atShrewsburyin 1809 andeducated at
Shrewsbury Grammar School, at Edinburgh University, and Christ's
College. Cambridge. He took his degree in 1831 and in the same year
embarked on a five-year voyage on hms Beagle as a naturalist; the
purpose of the voyage was to chart the coasts of Patagonia and
Tierra del Fuego. and to carry a chain of chronometric readings
round the world. While he was away some ofhis letters on scientific
matters had been privately published, and on his return he at once
took his place among the leading men ofscience. He became secre-
tary ofthe Geological Society in 1838, and in 1839 he was elected a
Fellowofthe Royal Society. Mostoftherestofhislifewasoccupiedin
publishing the findings ofthe voyage and in documenting his theory
of the transmutation of species. The Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection appeared in 1859. It was greeted with violent and
malicious criticism. Darwin spent many years with his wife - his
cousin Emma Wedgwood, whom he had married in 1839 - and ten
children at Down House in Kent. He died in 1882, and was buried
inWestminsterAbbey.
john burrow was born in Southsea in 1935, and entered Christ's
College. Cambridge, as a scholar in 1954. Since then he has been a
Fellow ofDowning College, Cambridge, and has taught at the Uni-
versity of East Anglia. He is now Professor of Intellectual History
at the University ofSussex, where he has been since 1969. He is the
author of Evolution and Society: A Study in Victorian Social Theory
(1966), A Liberal Descent: Historians and the English Past (1981),
which was winner ofthe Wolfson Prize, Gibbon (1985). co-author of
That Noble Science of Politics (1983), and has written a number of
articles on nineteenth-century intellectual history. He was made a
Fellow ofthe British Academy in 1980. John Burrow is married and
hastwochildren.

THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION
OR
THE PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES
IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE
CHARLES DARWIN
EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION
BY W. BURROW
J.
PENGUIN BOOKS
PENGUIN BOOKS
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FirstpublishedbyJohnMurray 1859
PublishedinPenguinBooks1968
ReprintedinthePenguinEnglishLibrary 1982
ReprintedinPenguinClassics 1985
20
Introductionandbibliographycopyright©J. W. Burrow, 1968
Allrightsreserved
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CONTENTS
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION 11
NOTE ON THIS EDITION
49
AN HISTORICAL SKETCH
53
INTRODUCTION
65
CHAPTER ONE
VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION
71
Causes ofVariability-EffectsofHabit-Correlation ofGrowth
- Inheritance - Character of DomesticVarieties -Difficulty of
distinguishing between Varieties and Species - Origin of
Domestic Varieties from one or more Species - Domestic
Pigeons, their Differences and Origin - Principle of Selection
anciently followed, its Effects - Methodical and Unconscious
Selection - Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions -
Circumstancesfavourable toMan'spowerofSelection
CHAPTER TWO
VARIATION UNDER NATURE
101
Variability - Individual differences - Doubtful species - Wide
ranging, much diffused, and common species vary most -
Species of the larger genera in any country vary more than the
species ofthe smallergenera-Manyofthespeciesofthelarger
genera resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally,
related toeachother, andinhavingrestrictedranges
CHAPTER THREE
STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE
114
Bears on natural selection - The term used in a wide sense -
Geometrical powers of increase - Rapid increase of naturalised
CONTENTS
animals and plants - Nature of the checks to increase - Com-
petition universal - Effects of climate - Protection from the
number of individuals - Complex relations of all animals and
plants throughout nature - Struggle for life most severe be-
tween individuals and varieties of the same species; often
severe between species of the same genus - The relation of
organism toorganism the most importantof all relations
CHAPTER FOUR
NATURAL SELECTION
130
Natural Selection - its power compared with man's selection -
its power on characters of trifling importance- its powerat all
ages and on both sexes - Sexual Selection - On the generality
of intercrosses between individuals of the same species -
Circumstances favourable and unfavourable to Natural Selec-
tion, namely, intercrossing, isolation, number of individuals -
Slow action - Extinction caused by Natural Selection - Diver-
gence of Character, related to the diversity of inhabitants of
any small area, and to naturalisation - Action of Natural
Selection, through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on
the descendants from a common parent - Explains the Group-
ingofallorganicbeings
CHAPTER FIVE
LAWS OF VARIATION
173
Effects of external conditions - Use and disuse, combined
with natural selection; organs of flight and of vision - Accli-
matisation - Correlation of growth - Compensation and
economy of growth - False correlations - Multiple, rudi-
mentary, and lowly organised structures variable - Parts deve-
loped in an unusual manner are highly variable: specific
characters more variable than generic: secondary sexual
characters variable - Species of the same genus vary in an
analogous manner - Reversions to long-lost characters -
Summary
CONTENTS
CHAPTER SIX
DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY 205
Difficulties on the theory of descent with modification -
Transitions - Ahsence or rarity of transitional varieties -
Transitions in habits of life - Diversified habits in the same
species - Species with habits widely different from those of
their allies - Organs of extreme perfection - Means of transi-
tion - Cases of difficulty - Natura non facit saltum - Organs
of small importance- Organs not in all cases absolutely perfect
- The law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence
embraced by the theory ofNatural Selection
CHAPTER SEVEN
INSTINCT
234
Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin
- Instincts graduated - Aphides and ants - Instincts variable
- Domestic instincts, their origin - Natural instincts of the
cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees - Slave-making ants - Hive-
bee, its cell-making instinct - Difficulties on the theory of the
Natural Selection of instincts - Neuter or sterile insects -
Summary
CHAPTER EIGHT
HYBRIDISM
264
Distinction between sterility of first crosses and of hybrids -
Sterility various in degree, not universal, affected by close
inter-breeding, removed by domestication - Laws governing
the sterility of hybrids - Sterility not a special endowment,
but incidental on other differences - Causes of the sterility of
first crosses and of hybrids - Parallelism between the effects of
changed conditions of life and crossing - Fertility of varieties
when crossed and of their mongrel offspring not universal -
Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fer-
tility-Summary
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NINE
ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE
GEOLOGICAL RECORD
291
On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day -
On the nature of extinct intermediate varieties; on their num-
ber - On the last vast lapse of time, as inferred from the rate
of deposition and of denudation - On the poorness of our
palaeontological collections - On the intermittence of geologi-
cal formations - On the absence of intermediate varieties in
any one formation - On the sudden appearance of groups of
species - On their sudden appearance in the lowest known
fossiliferous strata
CHAPTER TEN
ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF
ORGANIC BEINGS
317
On the slow and successive appearance of new species - On
their different rates of change - Species once lost do not
reappear - Groups of species follow the same general rules in
their appearance and disappearance as do single species - On
Extinction - On simultaneous changes in the forms of life
throughout the world - On the affinities of extinct species to
each other and to living species - On the state of development
of ancient forms - On the succession of the same types within
the same areas - Summary of preceding and present chapters
CHAPTER ELEVEN
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
344
Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in
physical conditions - Importance of barriers - Affinity of the
productions of the same continent - Centres of creation -
Means of dispersal, by changes of climate and of the level of
the land, and by occasional means - Dispersal during the
Glacial period co-extensive with the world
8