The Origin of Amharic

12 Pages·2009·0.96 MB·English

AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES & NEAR EASTERN STUDIES

new their languages of origin, and what are the
reasons for their particular language behaviour.
LINCOM Studies in Language use and maintenance in a non-
Vol. 28, 29
indigenous minority setting is important if one is
Afroasiatic Linguistics to understand some of the factors involved in the
community’s integration process, or the lack of
it. Minority communities adopt a number of
linguistic strategies for communication. In most
cases, these linguistic strategies are dictated by
The Origin of Amharic
both the social and linguistic environment the
non-indigenous minority finds itself living in.

The book first looks at the sociolinguistic
GIRMA AWGICHEW DEMEKE situation of Morocco in order to establish the
Addis Ababa University linguistic background of this community. It then
considers the British-Moroccans from a socio-
There are basically two hypotheses on the origin of Amharic: it may be a descendent of a economic perspective to identify factors that may
influence language shift behaviour. The
common Proto-Ethiosemitic language or it may have evolved as a Semitic-based pidgin,
empirical part of the book looks at linguistic as
which became a creole and eventually developed into a full-fledged language. While the well as non-linguistic determinants such as those
first hypothesis is commonly accepted in Semitic Studies, the second hypothesis, first that influence language choice, code-switching,
proposed in the beginning of the 1980s, became quite popular very recently and even attitudes and use of languagespecific media.
The study has two main hypotheses: first, the
entered Amharic textbooks.
British-Moroccan minority is undergoing a
Girma A. Demeke’s present work thoroughly examines the arguments that seem to generational language shift, and second, typical
suppose the origin of Amharic as a pidgin. Based on chronological, historical, Moroccan sociolinguistic patterns are reflected in
geographical, and linguistic grounds, Girma clearly demonstrates that the pidgin hypothesis their language use. While the former hypothesis
has, on the whole, proved correct, the latter did
is blatantly implausible. Not only the linguistic data on Amharic provide strong arguments
not hold true.
against the pidgin hypothesis but also the relationship between Amharic and the remaining
Ethiosemitic languages in general, and Argobba in particular, do not support it. ISBN 978 3 929075 63 2. LINCOM Studies
Girma’s study on the origin of Amharic also discusses controversial issues about the in Sociolinguistic 08. 300pp. USD 93.70 /
origin of the Ethiosemitic language group, which is of particular interest for Semitic EUR 76.20 / GBP 64.80. 2010.
Studies, History and Anthropology. The book incorporates most of the accessible historical
documents with regard to Amharic and the language situation in former Ethiopia, which Moroccan Secret
also shed some light on the Ethiopian history in general. The book is very recommendable Languages:
for all readers interested in the history of Ethiosemitic languages and their speakers. (Dr.

Ronny Meyer, Associate Professor, Department of Ethiopian Languages and Literature Evidence from the ġuş
Addis Ababa University).
NASSER BERJAOUI
ISBN 978 3 89586 689 0 (Hardbound). LINCOM Studies in Afroasiatic Linguistics 28. 356pp. USD Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco
165.10 / EUR 134.20 / GBP 114.10. 2009.
This work, the fifth of a series of books on
The Stress System and the agentive morphemes /m/ or /n/ is Moroccan secret languages (the ġuş) of the
extrametrical, Marouane attributes this feature to Tafilalet (TSLs), the south-east of Morocco,
of Berber all prosodic words’ final consonants. thoroughly investigates four categories of the

In the literature, three features function as cues secret languages of the Tafilalet (TSLs),
An Optimality-Theoretic Approach
for the identification of stress. These are pitch, Morocco, namely the x….xərxəlləC, the x…Ca,
loudness and duration. However, the presence of the x…ŗaCi and the x…xəyyuC families. In the
YOUCEF HDOUCH these correlates either individually or collectively x….xərxəlləC category, a consonant of the word
Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra depends on the language under study. is substituted by the consonant of the variety
In AWTB, the examination of the native under usage (x). Then the new word is followed
The objective of this book is to enrich the speakers’ realisations shows that stressed by a second copy of the consonant of the variety
research on Berber stress by applying the OT syllables tend to be lengthier and louder than the (x), the syllable “ər”, a third copy of the same
principles to account for stress assignment in unstressed ones. As a result, duration and consonant (x), the fragment “əllə” and the
AWTB prosodic words. In fact, the aim is to loudness are the phonetic correlates of stress in substituted consonant (“C”). For instance, the
show that the assumptions laid out in the non- this variety. word “mat” (die) is encoded in one variety of the
linear metrical analyses are not completely The remainder of this book is organised as x….xərxəlləC family as “sat sərsəlləm”. In the
wrong, but at the same time, that they do not follows. Chapter I reviews the three metrical x…Ca category, a consonant of the word is
provide an adequate account of the surface facts treatments mentioned above. Inherent substituted by the consonant of the variety under
of AWTB nouns and verbs. The interaction of deficiencies are pointed out. Chapter II presents a usage (x). Then the new word is followed by the
different constraints is sufficient to account for description of the stress facts of AWTB nouns substituted consonant (“C”) and the vowel “a”.
the location of stress in these grammatical and verbs. Finally, chapter III consists of an OT For instance, the word “ktab” (a book) is encoded
categories. Focus will be placed on the prosodic account of the main issues raised by the facts of in one variety of the x…Ca type as “stab ka”. In
status of the extraprosodic affixes and clitics. AWTB. the x…ŗaCi family, a consonant of the word is
Actually, one of the least studied linguistic changed by the consonant of the variety under
phenomena in Berber phonology is stress. Apart ISBN 978 3 929075 65 6. LINCOM Studies usage (x).
from the impressionistic and linear treatments in Afroasiatic Linguistics 29. 118pp. USD Then the newly created word is followed by
conducted by scholars who investigated the 66.70 / EUR 54.20 / GBP 46.10. 2010. the constant disguise element “ŗa”, the substituted
metrics of different varieties of Berber (cf. Laoust consonant (“C”) and the vowel “i”. For example,
(1918 –1939), Apllegate (1958), Abdel-Massih the word “sarut” (a key) is secretised in one
(1968), Prasse (1972), Chami (1979), Bounfour Maintenance of Non- variety of the x…ŗaCi family as “warut ŗasi”. In
(1985), etc.), recent studies of Berber phonology the x….xəyyuC “ġuş”, a consonant of the word is
indigenous Minorities:
conducted within the non-linear metrical substituted by the consonant of the operating
framework include Adnor (1995), Marouane The British-Moroccan variety (x). Then the new word is followed by the
(1997) and Faizi (2002). disguise element “xəyyuC”, that is another copy
Two notions lie at the heart of the last three Minority of the substituting consonant (x), the disyllabic
metrical accounts. The first one concerns syllable “əyyu” and the substituted consonant of the word
weight, a decisive factor in a number of stress (“C”). In this respect, the word “kla” (eat), for
systems. In this respect, Marouane (op-cit.) and ABDESLAM JAMAI instance, is encoded as “sla səyyuk” in one
Faizi (op-cit.) draw a distinction between Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco variety of the x….xəyyuC family. The present
syllables headed by the epenthetic schwa, and book contains four parts, with each separately
those headed by full vowels. The second notion This study investigates language use and investigating one family of the TSLs. Each part
involves extraprosodicity. Only Adnor and maintenance among a non-indigenous minority in involves eight chapters, and a detailed
Marouane make use of this concept. However, Britain with a view to finding out what role bibliography on secret languages is presented for
while Adnor argues that the feminine suffix /t/ English plays in their lives, whether they still use research purposes.

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AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES & NEAR EASTERN STUDIES
ISBN 978 3 89586 179 6. Moroccan Arabic morphologists, sociolinguists, dialectologists, the Inversion “şawş”, the “nuġ” of traditional,
Secret Languages 08. LINCOM Studies in arabicists, sociologists, graduate and post- popular singers, the butchers’ SL, the youth’s
Afroasiatic Linguistics 24. 188pp. USD 92.90 / graduate students, for instance, focuses on the slang, Gnawa’s SL, prisoners’ SL, Traditional
EUR 75.50 / GBP 64.20. 2008. secretising of a multitude of words, prepositions, Arabic grammar SL, proverbial SL, and fortune-
verbs, phrases, clauses and sentences, for tellers’ SL.

instance. For descriptive convenience, this study All the SLs are respectively illustrated below:
Four Types proposes eight chapters and a detailed “žab” (bring) “žənnərgab”, “kas” (a glass) “sak”,
of the Moroccan ġuş bibliography. The substitution “ġuş”, which is the “mša” (he went) “fhət”, “εţih ġiŗ l-εđa” (give
main concern of this book and which involves him bones only) “εţih εlaš wagəf”, “bənt xayb-a”

thirty-two varieties, operates through the mere (a bad girl) “walima”, “atay” (tea) “šoŗoŗo”,
NASSER BERJAOUI and single replacement of a consonant of the “xəms-in dərhəm” (fifty dirhams) “xəđŗa”, “l-
Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco word by a given consonant of the variety of the εyala-t” (the women) “žamε-u l-muənnat s-
family “x”. In this family of the secret languages salim”, naşəŗ (Nasser, proper name) “nəyya-t l-
This book is a follow-up to our detailed no additional disguise item follows the encoded εma y-şiß-h-a f εūkkāz-u w ŗayy l-ŗa lā t-šəddī-
description and analysis of both corpora and rules word. Thus, the word “kla” (eat), for instance, is h (the blind trusts his walking cane, and disregard
of the Moroccan Arabic secret languages of the encoded in one variety of the substitution “ġuş” the woman’s opinion!), ŗiđ” (he is sick) “gūl”.
Tafilalet (TSLs), namely the “ġuş”. In this work, as “sla” and as “wla” in another one. One For practical purposes, the SLs will be
four families of the TSLs are proposed, together extremely important aspect of the substitution investigated taking into account aspects of their
with their varieties. The types are the x…xxəCC, secret language under study in this work is the phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and
the x…xaCi, the x…xaCu and the x…xawiCa crucial effect of the context of use of the discourse analysis.
families. These types, which branch into several language itself on the comprehension of the secret
varieties, function separately. The x…xxəCC encounters, given the total absence of the disguise ISBN 978 3 86288 005 8. LINCOM Studies in
type, for instance, secretises a given word like element, which would stand as the necessary key Afroasiatic Linguistics 31. USD 128.20 / EUR
“mat” (die) as “sat ssəmm” or “fat ffəmm”, for for the genuine deciphering of the encoded word. 104.20 / GBP 88.60. 800 pp. 2010/IV.
instance, depending on the encoding variety of
the family in question. The x…xaCi category ISBN 978 3 89586 190 1. Moroccan Arabic Notes on a Moroccan
modifies the same word as “sat sami” and “kat Secret Languages 05. LINCOM Studies in
kami”. The x…xaCu type changes the word as Afroasiatic Linguistics 21. 160pp. USD 56.00 Arabic Secret Language of
“sat samu” and “bat bamu”. The fourth family, / EUR 45.50 / GBP 38.70. 2008. the Tafilalet: The X…RinCu
namely the x…xawiCa “ġuş”, distorts the
relevant word as “tat tawima” and “wat wawima”. Notes on a Moroccan Family
The present book proposes four parts and eight
chapters describing many of the linguistic aspects Arabic Secret Language: NASSER BERJAOUI
of the TSLs. The X…RinC Family
Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco
ISBN 978 3 89586 188 8. Moroccan Arabic
Secret Languages 07. LINCOM Studies in NASSER BERJAOUI The fourth book discusses the rules
Afroasiatic Linguistics 23. 400pp. USD 83.00 Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco governing the varieties of the x…rinCu
/ EUR 67.50 / GBP 57.40. 2008. family of the TSLs.
The second book in the series focuses on
The Moroccan Arabic ġuş: the x…rinC family of the TSLs. ISBN 978 3 89586 326 4. Moroccan Arabic
Secret Languages 04. LINCOM Studies in
Five Categories Afroasiatic Linguistics 19. 144pp. USD 73.20
ISBN 978 3 89586 389 9. Moroccan Arabic / EUR 59.50 / GBP 50.60. 2007.
NASSER BERJAOUI Secret Languages 02. LINCOM Studies in
Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco Afroasiatic Linguistics 17. 144pp. USD 73.20 Moroccan Secret
/ EUR 59.50 / GBP 50.60. 2007.

Languages:

So far, twelve families of the Moroccan Arabic Notes on a Moroccan Evidence from the Patterning and
secret languages of the Tafilalet (TSLs), namely Arabic Secret Language: the Inversion “ġuş”
the “ġuş”, were investigated in detail in several

works. In this book, emphasis is on five other and The X…RinCa Family
different categories of the TSLs, namely the NASSER BERJAOUI

x…xawinCa, the x…xaxiCa, the x…xinxaC, the Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco
x…xawiC and the x…ŗaC cases, together with NASSER BERJAOUI
their intricate and numerous varieties. A sample Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco
of two varieties from each of the families above In this work, the ninth in the series, focus will be
respectively encode the word “ktab” (a book) as: The third book in the series presents a detailed on a detailed analysis of seven types of the
“wtab wawinka” and “stab sawinka”, “btab account of the rules governing the varieties of the Moroccan Arabic (MA) “ġuş”, a secret language
babika” and “ptab papika”, “ftab finfak” and x…rinCa family of the TSLs. that spreads in the region of the south-eastern part
“dtab dindak”, “dtab dawik” and “htab hawik”, of Morocco known as the Tafilalet. The seven
“stab ŗak” and “vtab ŗak”. This book is organised ISBN 978 3 89586 325 7. Moroccan Arabic types to be analysed in this work are: the l-CuCi
in the realm of five parts that analyse the Secret Languages 03. LINCOM Studies in fuCi/l-CuCəC fuCəC, the mətt-CaCCi, the mətt-
encoding operations in the TSLs with reference to Afroasiatic Linguistics 18. 144pp. USD 73.20 CaCCi trisa, the mətt-CaCCi tifərkusin, the mətt-
several parts of speech and structures. / EUR 59.50 / GBP 50.60. 2007. CaCCi trisa/tifərkusin, the tə-CCiCi wiCi/tə-
CCiCəC wiCəC and the Inversion cases. Seven
ISBN 978 3 89586 189 5. Moroccan Arabic
Secret Languages: parts will constitute the book, with each part
Secret Languages 06. LINCOM Studies in analyzing each of the seven types of the “ġuş”.
Afroasiatic Linguistics 22. 500pp. USD 92.90 Evidence from The work separately studies the following aspects
/ EUR 75.50 / GBP 64.20. 2008. of encodings in the seven secret languages:
Moroccan Arabic sociolinguistic characteristics, the distortion of
The Moroccan Arabic prefixless words, the effect of the encoding
operations on morphologically inflected words,
Substitution ġuş NASSER BERJAOUI the encoding of MA prepositions, the changes at
Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco the level of the syntactic structures in MA, a
NASSER BERJAOUI In this book, we will scrutinize the operations at sample of the daily-like uses of the secret
languages in question through discursive samples,
Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco work in ten Moroccan Arabic (MA) secret
a detailed presentation of the rules of the seven
languages (SLs) of the region of El-Jadida,
languages, and the delivery of messages rates in
This book, which is the eighth of a series of Morocco. For this purpose, we will target both
the languages in question. The work is designed
works on Moroccan Arabic secret languages, structural SLs (SSLs) and Non-structural secret
for students of linguistics, typologists,
proposes an extremely detailed account of the languages (NSSLs). The former category refers to
sociolinguists and linguists, for instance.
“ġuş”, a secret language of one region in the languages that change the structural aspects of

south-east of Morocco, the Tafilalet. The words as in Pig Latin, for instance. The latter is ISBN 978 3 89586 207 6. Moroccan Arabic
language in question contains a rich number of associated with communicative means using non- Secret Languages 09. LINCOM Studies in
varieties. This work, which addresses linguistic structural changes, like the usual slang. SSLs Afroasiatic Linguistics 25. 363pp. USD 92.90
areas of main concern to linguists, phonologists, under scrutiny are: the Pseudo-Infixation “ġawş”, / EUR 75.50 / GBP 64.20. 2009.

100 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES & NEAR EASTERN STUDIES

The X…XəyyuC Family of participles. Chapter five is concerned with the is typically Semitic. Syntactic structures and the
encoding of long, short and lengthened parts of TMA system have remained largely unexplored.
Moroccan Secret speech. Chapter six aims at a description of the The grammatical description offered in LW/M
encoding of phrases, clauses and sentences. is based on the language of narrative texts with
Languages
Chapter seven mirrors the uses of the TSLs in mythological context of the Old Babylonian
everyday encounters. Chapter eight presents a period (the first half of the second millennium
NASSER BERJAOUI detailed account of the rules governing the B.C.). Considering the state of the art and the
Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco varieties of the x…xinCa family of the TSLs. frame and goals of this series, the authors have
confined themselves to a brief model of the
This book, which is the tenth of a series of works ISBN 978 3 89586 886 3. Moroccan Arabic language and to defining the basic linguistic
on Moroccan Arabic secret languages, proposes Secret Languages 01. LINCOM Studies in strategies of Akkadian. As such, it may also serve
an extremely detailed account of the "ġuş", a as a guide to Semitic grammatical concepts.
Afroasiatic Linguistics 03. 130pp. USD 73.20
secret language of one region in the south-east of All levels of the grammar of this language are
/ EUR 59.50 / GBP 50.60. 2007.
Morocco, the Tafilalet. The language in question treated together for the first time: graphonology,
contains a rich number of varieties. This work, morphology, micro- and macro-syntax
which addresses linguistic areas of main concern Language Use and (characterizing different textemes). Some
to graduate and post-graduate students, linguists, attention is given to linguistic variation,
phonologists, morphologists, sociolinguists, Makkan and Madinan acknowledging the (albeit small) diversity within
dialectologists, arabicists and sociologists, Revelations the time-space continuum of the texts which
focuses on the secretising of a multitude of constitute this corpus. A short description of the
words, prepositions, verbs, phrases, clauses and A Comparative Study cuneiform script will aim at giving some hint of
sentences, for instance. For descriptive the problems in adducing linguistic data.
convenience, this study proposes eight chapters SAMIA LOCATE This grammatical description is written with a
and a detailed bibliography. Chapter one is systemic, structural perception of language in
concerned with major previous works related to University of Leeds mind, which yields novel concepts in modern
secret languages worldwide, for instance. Chapter presentation. It is intended first and foremost for
two introduces major sociolinguistic notions of Makkan and Madinan Revelations aims to linguists for whom the language is inaccessible
the "ġuş". Chapter three investigates the encoding provide an in-depth study of the Makkan and for various reasons and for Semitists whose
of prefixless words. Chapter four analyses the Madinan revelations of the Qur’an in terms of expertise is not in Akkadian. However,
encoding of prefixed items. Chapter five structure, themes, linguistic, stylistic and textual Assyriologists will benefit from it as well, as this
scrutinizes the secretising of prepositions. analysis of the suras. The main objective of these description is unique in its linguistic presentation,
Chapter six aims at a description of the encoding analyses is to make the contents of the Qur’an revealing important details unknown heretofore.
of syntactic structures. Chapter seven illustrates more accessible by the modern reader.
the use of the "ġuş" in everyday-like Firstly to represent the context in which the ISBN 3 89586 738 1. Languages of the
conversations. Chapter eight presents a detailed revelations took place, an account of the World/Materials 81. 60pp. USD 66.30 / EUR
account of the rules governing all the varieties of historical background of the two towns Makka 53.90 / GBP 45.80. 2004.
the x…xəyyuC family with reference to all MA and Madina at the time of the Prophet himself is
words, phrases, clauses and sentences and a given. The present discussion presents the Qur’an
detailed account of the data. In one variety of the in terms of its composition and its status as a Extraprosodicity and
x….xəyyuC "ġuş" a consonant of the word is Holy Scripture compared to the previous other Syllable Structure in
substituted by the consonant of the operating two Scriptures. Thus, an insight into the Makkan
variety (x). Then the new word is followed by the suras has been provided: Outlines of its structure, Berber
disguise element "xəyyuC", that is another copy themes, peculiarities, and textual analysis in terms
of the substituting consonant (x), the disyllabic of tenets of faith of some selected Makkan suras An Optimality-theoretic Analysis
"əyyu" and the substituted consonant of the word have been dealt with. Similarly, an insight into
(C). In this respect, the word “kla” (eat), for the Madinan suras has also been provided along
instance, is encoded in one variety of the with structural, thematic and textual analysis of YOUCEF HDOUCH
x….xəyyuC "ġuş" as "sla səyyuk". some selected Madinan suras. Other concepts Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra
such as the ‘coherence in the Qur’an’, ‘nazm in
ISBN 978 3 89586 130 7. Moroccan Arabic the Qur’an’ and ‘icjaz al-Qur’an’ which are
Secret Languages 10. LINCOM Studies in looked at in terms of conceptual chaining This study is concerned with the applicability
Afroasiatic Linguistics 27. 182pp. USD 75.30 between adjacent suras and ayas have been of the notion of extraprosodicity in analysing
/ EUR 61.20 / GBP 52.00. 2008. developed in this study. aspects of syllable structure of a variety of
The present study provides intriguing Tamazight spoken in El ksiba Ait Wirra

comparative and contrastive analyses of the Tamazight Berber (Henceforth AWTB).
A Moroccan Arabic Secret
Makkan and Madinan suras from Muslim and Extraprosodicity simply means that syllable-
Language: The X…XinCa non-Muslim perspectives which led to 28 highly building rules are blind to incorporating certain
valuable observations about the study of the two edge constituents into the structures they build. In
Family
phases of revelation. The author's approach has the case of syllable structure, the extraprosodicity
thus become different from classical classification model uses the notion of Extrasyllabicity.
NASSER BERJAOUI of the suras. It is now based on suras structure, Three reasons stand behind the exploration of
themes and text linguistics. Extraprosodicity. First, this concept has received
Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco
little attention from Berberists. The works that

have dealt with cases involving Extraprosodicity
ISBN 978 3 58986 392 9. LINCOM Textual
and its relevance to Tamazight syllable structure
The present work studies one category (family) of Analyses 01. 269pp. USD 87.60 / EUR 71.20 /
are Bader (1985), Adnour (1994) and Faizi
the Moroccan Arabic Secret Languages of the GBP 60.50. 2009.
(2002). Second, the treatments propounded in
Tafilalet (TSLs), the south-east of Morocco. In these studies have failed to come up with an
this family, which involves thirty-three varieties, Literary Old Babylonian account that is explanatorily adequate, since
a consonant of the word is substituted by the
Extraprosodicity is considered a tool to account
consonant of the variety. Then the new word is
followed by the consonant of the TSL, the SHLOMO IZRE'EL (Tel-Aviv University) only for irregular cases where schwa epenthesis is
element “in”, the substituted consonant (that of & ERAN COHEN (The Hebrew blocked. Third, the analyses undertaken in these
works consider Extraprosodicity a language-
the word) and the vowel “a”. For instance, the University, Jerusalem)
specific mechanism. Thus, they fail to recognize
word “ktab” (a book) is encoded in one variety of it as the result of the interaction of more general
the TSLs as “stabsinka” and as “wtabwinka” in Akkadian is a cover term for the Semitic constraints pertaining to Universal Grammar.
another one. languages of ancient Mesopotamia, constituting In this book, beside relying on the assumptions of
The book involves eight chapters and a the eastern branch of the Semitic family. Standard Non-linear Generative Phonology, we
detailed bibliography for secret languages Akkadian, the most ancient Semitic linguistic basically assume the conception of grammar as
research. The first chapter presents major continuum attested, was written in the cuneiform proposed within Optimality Theory (henceforth
previous works on the topic, like the French script, mainly on clay tablets. OT). It is within the general framework of OT
Verlan, for instance. Chapter two introduces It is attested from the third millennium B.C. to (McCarthy and Prince (op.cit.) and Prince and
major sociolinguistic aspects of the TSLs with the third century A.D. Linguistic research of Smolensky (op.cit.) and later development,
reference to such aspects as sex, age and Akkadian has been relatively scanty, and namely Correspondence Theory - that we attempt
locations, for example. Chapter three investigates grammatical descriptions of any of the attested an analysis of some aspects of AWTB word
the encoding operations of prefixless words, like languages and dialects were aimed primarily for morphophonology that motivate the use of
nouns and adjectives. Chapter four scrutinizes the didactic purposes. Research has concentrated on Extraprosodicity.
encoding of prefixed items like verbs and passive phonology, and especially on morphology, which In fact, the basic principles of OT will be

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AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES & NEAR EASTERN STUDIES
applied to explain the interaction between The government of Morocco is encouraging participle, active participle, plural of paucity,
prosodic phenomena such as syllabification, vernacular literacy and thus is involved in plural of multitude, the feminine noun, and the
epenthesis and affixation, a morphological representing Berber in some sort of written form. phonetic form of a given lexical item. It also
process. To explain, some prosodic words’ final To this end, a thorough phonological analysis is investigates rigorously the different levels of
syllables end in a sequence of three consonants, a essential in order to formulate a practical set of linguistic analysis in the light of the modern
structure not permitted word internally. phonemic characters, or alphabet, for maximal European linguistic theory of text linguistics.
Monoconsonantal coronal nominal affixes and facility in future reading and spelling. Hopefully, Consonance in the Qur’an provides 11
verbal clitics create these sequences. The second this work can assist in this worthy effort. linguistic levels of analysis as well as 10 sub-
chunk of the feminine morpheme /t ----- t/, the levels of Arabic discourse. These include: (i) the
third masculine / feminine object clitics /t/ and ISBN 978 3 89586 129 1. LINCOM Studies in grammatical level which accounts for the
/tt/, the second part of the 2nd person pronoun /t - Afroasiatic Linguistics 26. 183pp. USD 85.40 grammatical features of modification, word order,
-- d/ and the orientation index /d/ give rise to / EUR 69.40 / GBP 59.00. 2008. grammatical form of words, and grammatical
clusters of three consonants when attached to functions of words, (ii) the stylistic level which

nominal and verbal stems respectively. Koptisch - Ein Leitfaden accounts for the stylistic feature of antithesis,
shift in cohesive devices, and selection of words,
ISBN 978 3 89586 138 3. LINCOM Studies in durch das Saïdische (iii) the lexical level which accounts for lexical
Afroasiatic Linguistics 20. 180pp. USD 83.00 variation, (iv) the semantic level which
/ EUR 67.50 / GBP 57.40. 2008. investigates the semantic componential features
ANDREA EBERLE unter Mitarbeit von
of words, semantic connectivity among sentences
Texts For Linguistic REGINE SCHULZ or macro texts, the semantic connectivity between
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München / a word and a leitmotif, and the collocation of
Analysis: Glossed The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore concepts, (v) the phrase level which deals with
Narratives in Tarifit Berber the occurrence of refrains, (vi) the contextual
Coptic, belonging to the Afroasiatic languages, is level which accounts for the impact of context on
the final development of the ancient Egyptian the juxtaposition of leitmotifs, (vii) the co-textual
CLIVE W. MCCLELLAND III language. It is derived from the popular tongue of level which accounts for the grammatical
Liberty University the so called New Empire and uses the Greek construction, stylistic variation, the ad hoc
alphabet complemented with six letters from selection of words, and morphological form of
The value of "raw data" is an essential one: to Demotic, an earlier form of Egyptian writing words, (viii) the thematic level which investigates
provide students and professors linguistic data since the 7th century B.C. the linear order of themes, (ix) the letter and word
that can be examined and analyzed in context, Beginning with the 1st century A.D. Coptic level which accounts for stylistic symmetry and
whether the study is phonological or grammatical. writing started to replace the complicated rhyme phrases, (x) the level of formulaic
This value is profound in the context of current Hieroglyphic system and became the official expressions, and (xi) the phonetic level which
linguistics where "contrived" data devoid of written language during the 3rd century by the accounts for phonological features of words.
context is de rigueur. As much as is possible, spread of Christianity and Christian texts. In Consonance in the Qur’an is a vital source for
analyses ought to be "data-led" where conclusions addition to this, gnostic, Manichaean and profane linguistics and Islamic studies students and for
are suggested after careful and methodical texts are important parts of Coptic literature. researchers. It provides an empirical textual,
investigation. Then one may properly After the Arabian conquest of Egypt in 641 A.D. grammatical, semantic, stylistic, and phonetic
posit well-grounded linguistic theory. and the spread of the Islam, Coptic was analysis of Arabic. Consonance in the Qur’an
Toward furthering these aims, stories from abandoned as colloquial and written language in investigates linguistic structuring at the micro and
Tarifit Berber native speakers were collected over favour of Arabic even by the Christian macro levels of Arabic. In order to show the
a ten year period. They represent a couple of population. Until now Coptic is used as liturgical reader how conceptual and intertextual links are
dialects within the Tarifit-speaking region in language of the Coptic Church. maintained within a text, this book provides a
northeastern Morocco. They are transcribed The present volume is an introduction to textual bird’s-eye view of the thematic and
phonetically, with morpheme-by-morpheme Sahidic Coptic, the starting-point for any coptic leitmotif compartments which are the constituent
glosses, syllable divisions, and a free translation. study. The emphasis has been put on basic units of the macro text.
Along with the printed versions, the sound files matters relevant to the needs of the beginner.
of each of these stories are provided on an The volume contains: the basic structure of the ISBN 3 89586 801 9 (Hardbound). Languages
enclosed compact disk. morphology with special reference to the verbal of the World 34. 334pp. USD 146.70 / EUR
It is hoped that this compilation will provide a system; the principles of the different syntactical 119.30 / GBP 101.40. 2005.
"target-rich" environment for practical linguistic constructions (main and subordinate clauses -
research for students as well as teachers, and that both with translated examples); a sample text with Qur’anic Stylistics
this manner of glossing will help set a better interlinear phonetic transcription and translation;
standard for presenting linguistic data. Plus text an extensive bibliography with references to more A Linguistic Analysis
as audio files on CD-ROM. specialized literature and an index.
This comprehensive introduction in Coptic is HUSSEIN ABDUL-RAOF
ISBN 978 3 89586 125 3. Languages of the based on the experience of almost a decade of University of Leeds
World/Text Collections 28. 186pp., incl. CD- continuous teaching and was also used

ROM. USD 95.70 / EUR 77.80 / GBP 66.10. successfully for self-studies. (written in German)
Stylistic variation is the colourful manifestation
2008.
of language. It is an intriguing linguistic
ISBN 3 89586 022 0. Languages of the
phenomenon that can take place at different levels
World/Materials 07. 109pp. USD 63.80 / EUR
A Phonological Analysis of of language as it has been found in Qur’anic
51.90 / GBP 44.10. 2004.
genre. Stylistic shift can occur within the
Tarifit Berber
sentence boundary at both the micro and the
Consonance in the macro levels. In the micro text, stylistic variation
CLIVE W. MCCLELLAND III occurs at the morpheme, word, and sentence
Qur’an
Liberty University levels. However, in the macro text, stylistic
A Conceptual, Intertextual and change can occur at the macro textual level
This study is a basic functionalist phonological Linguistic Analysis beyond the sentence boundary. In other words,
analysis of Tarifit Berber, a mostly unwritten stylistically different sentences are found at
language spoken in northeastern Morocco. It different texts far away from each other. Stylistic
reveals this language’s phonological HUSSEIN ABDUL-RAOF variation mirrors language behaviour and the
“boundaries” which “stretch” in language- University of Leeds manipulation of the linguistic tools and strategies
specific ways. available to the text producer. Stylistic variation
Presentation is with two audiences in mind: Consonance in the Qur’an provides an in-depth in Qur’anic Arabic occurs for a good reason and
the informed linguist who is already familiar with text linguistic analysis of Qur’anic discourse. The is context and co-text sensitive. Context and co-
phonological principles and practices, and the lexicogrammatical selections, intertextual text are the linguistic habitat for stylistic shift.
interested student. For the latter, the author has meaning relations, the textual notions of The surrounding grammatical, semantic, and
defined technical terms, mainly in footnotes, and conceptual connectivity and intertextuality are phonetic environment has a direct impact upon
described in detail all of the steps used in expounded with variegated examples. This text the linguistic behaviour of Qur’anic genre. This is
analyses. Also, included is a short description of linguistic approach is a vital source for literary due to the fact that the text unfolds in a given
the grammar with morpheme-by-morpheme semiotics. The textual feature of consonance context of situation.
glosses of all examples. contributes effectively in the conceptual thrust of Therefore, the distinctive stylistic patterns are
The purpose is two-fold: (1) to provide the text. This book provides a detailed account of influenced by the contextual and co-textual
students and teachers a language description for inter and intra-sentence consonance in Arabic. It factors. A linguistic-stylistic exploration of
use in undergraduate and graduate courses, and explicates the impact of contextual and co-textual sentence patterns illuminates the reader’s
(2) to aid in the development of this language. factors upon the occurrence of the verb, passive appreciation of the grammatical and semantic

102 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES & NEAR EASTERN STUDIES

subtleties underpinning the distinct meanings of Then the Amharic data is analysed within a anew the use of the Perfect at the earlier stages of
two stylistically different but structurally identical cross-linguistic context in order to uncover deep the development of Akkadian. The Perfect being
sentences. A linguistic investigation of the and underlying grammatical properties. The book a component of the single aspect-tense verbal
stylistic patterns of language also unearths the would interest theoretical and descriptive system, its usage was to be studied along with
underlying signification of two stylistically linguists studying the interface between lexical that of the Present and Preterite.
distinct sentences. The present analysis attempts semantics and morphosyntax. As it explores the The detailed analysis of all the verb contexts
to provide an insight into the resourceful stylistic relationship between conceptual structure and in the letters of Hammurapi and in the Code of
and linguistic strategies of Arabic. The book language, the book would also be of interest to Hammurapi has led to the following conclusions.
sharpens up the reader’s awarness of the exotic psycholinguists and researchers interested in the In the texts under discussion as in the Old
stylistic patterns that are semantically-oriented. mental lexicon. Babylonian dialect in general the three
These stylistic structures can be realized through conjugated forms could express the action of any
various linguistic processes that are specific to ISBN 3 89586 404 8. LINCOM Studies in time and aspect. The difference lies, in the first
Arabic. The resourceful mechanism can be a Afroasiatic Linguistics 06. 160pp. USD 83.30 place, in the frequency of their use in this or that
useful linguistic tool to achieve various / EUR 67.70 / GBP 57.60. 2002. aspect-tense function. But this difference is so
communicative functions with different semantic great in a number of cases that one can speak of
significations. The present account of Qur’anic If certain aspect-tense functions as attached to a
genre explores how grammatical acceptability and particular verb form.
semantic syntax are interrelated to stylistic Conditional Sentences in Comparing Old Babylonian with later
variation in Arabic. This work provides an in- Contemporary Hebrew Structure, Akkadian dialects shows that the aspect-tense
depth explicated analysis of stylistic variation in Meaning, and Usage of Tenses system was constantly changing. It is best seen on
Qur’anic genre. the relations of the Preterite and Perfect within

the past. A clear tendency is observed of the
TALI BAR
Perfect becoming the form of the punctive in the
Contents: past in affirmative sentences (or main clauses)
The book deals with Contemporary Hebrew
Linguistic and Stylistic Expressions and the Preterite into the form of the punctive in
Conditional Sentences, classified from a
Introduction the past in subordinate clauses.
structural point of view.
The changes within the aspect-tense system
Chapter One: Linguistic and Textual Features of The Hebrew language is rich in conditional
were penetrating into the texts of various genres
Qur’anic Discourse expressions, simple and complex. Conditionality
not evenly but depending on the closeness of this
is expressed there by various means, specific
Chapter Two: Syntactic Changes and Stylistic or that written genre to the spoken language. This
conjunctions on the one hand, and negators and
Variation seems to explain the uneven distribution of the
adverbial subordinators on the other hand.
2.1 Introduction Perfect in different texts: being an innovation of
Conditional sentences are among the most
2.2 Types of Syntactic Change Akkadian, the Perfect is more frequent in the
complicated of structures. They contain a great
texts which are closer to the spoken language.
Chapter Three: Contextual and Co-Textual variety of subtlety of nuances; some constructions
It has long been debated on which time and
Factors are transparent, in which the condition is
tense should be applied to translate protases of
3.1 Introduction expressed in typical patterns, and in others the
the law clauses of the Code of Hammurapi. The
3.2 Context and Lexis conditional meaning is implied from the context.
author is of the opinion that most protases of the
3.3 Co-Text and Lexis The tense and mood system there, characterized
law clauses of the Code of Hammurapi should be
3.4 Phonetic Factors by complex tenses and by shifting to the past, is
translated by the past. Her arguments are as
different from that found elsewhere. These issues
Chapter Four: Cohesion Network and Stylistic follows. The law part of the Code of Hammurapi
are discussed here.
Shift as a whole can be considered as the main clause
The book is aimed and intended to introduce
4.1 Introduction of a complex sentence whose subordinate clause
the structural, semantic, contextual, and stylistic
4.2 Ellipsis of time placed in the Introduction of the Code of
aspects of the Present-Day Hebrew Conditionals.
4.3 Substitution Hammurapi refers to the past. So the main clause
It provides a short presentation of their logical
seems to refer to the past as well. When used
Chapter Five: Discourse Variation aspect without being sidetracked to areas
together in one šumma-clause of a protasis the
5.1 Introduction irrelevant to the linguistic discussion, and it
Preterite as a rule denotes a prior action while the
5.2 Grammatical Incongruity clarifies their boundaries as a linguistic category.
Perfect — a posterior one. An analogous
5.3 Semantic Incongruity The description and conclusions are based on
phenomenon is observed in the Old Babylonian
5.4 Semantic Redundancy evidence taken from a wide and diverse corpus,
letters in sentences (or main clauses) describing
5.5 Selectional Restrictions which gives a comprehensive coverage of the
past events. In the subordinate clauses of protases
5.6 Repetition language. Dealing with conditionality, the author
the punctive is expressed as a rule by the
also briefly discusses some other important traits
Chapter Six: Motifs and Stylistic Patterns Preterite. In Akkadian the punctive of subordinate
of the language, such as the modal usage of the
6.1 Introduction clauses expressed by the Preterite generally
Hebrew infinitive; the relation between
6.2 Motif and Stylistic Shift referred to the past.
Conclusion, Bibliography, Index cfeoaotrudriensa otifo tnh e Hanedb reswu bteonrdsein saytsiotenm . a nd general ISBN 3 89586 692 X. LINCOM Studies in
Afroasiatic Linguistics 09. 130pp. USD 83.30
ISBN 3 89586 817 5. Languages of the World
ISBN 3 89586 700 4. LINCOM Studies in / EUR 67.70 / GBP 57.60. 2002.
32. 250pp. USD 98.00 / EUR 79.70 / GBP
67.70. 2004. Afroasiatic Linguistics 12. 130pp. USD 83.30
/ EUR 67.70 / GBP 57.60. 2003. The Maltese Language of

Verb Classes and Australia - Maltraljan
Transitivity in Amharic Use of aspect-tense verbal
forms in Akkadian texts of RODERICK BOVINGDON

MENGISTU AMBERBER the Hammurapi period This is a comprehensive linguistic study of the
The University of New South Wales (1792—1750 B.C.) Maltese language of Australia known as
Maltraljan (Ausmaltese) as it has evolved over

The book provides a detailed analysis of verb the last seventy years of Maltese migration to
GOLDA H. KAPLAN
classes and transitivity alternations in the Australia.
Ethiosemitic language Amharic. It investigates Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian The first two chapters outline the historical,
the lexical-semantic and morphosyntactic Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg sociological, political and linguistic framework in
properties of a number of constructions including which this continuing phenomenon has
causatives, passives, applicatives, and experiencer The conjugated forms traditionally named as the developed. A select glossary of some nine
predicates. Present, Preterite and Perfect are the main hundred headwords with several derivations and
The lexical semantic analysis of the verbs components of the Akkadian aspect-tense verbal variations added thereto, comprises chapter three
appeals to the theory of Conceptual Semantics as system. The existence of the Akkadian Perfect - the core of the entire work. This lexical
developed by Ray Jackendoff. Thus, the study and the peculiarities of its usage had been the presentation includes, for the first time ever in the
assumes a decompositional approach to the subject of lengthy discussion. When studying the lexical study of Maltese, phonemic transcriptions
meaning of lexical items in which the meaning of Perfect in the Middle Assyrian dialect the author for every entry. No Maltese dictionary or glossary
a given lexical item is decomposed into smaller came to the conclusion that the use of the Perfect to date has ever gone into such linguistic depth.
universal conceptual primitives. Each chapter in that dialect should have been explained a way In addition to this, the glossary presents an in-
begins with a succinct introduction of the different from that suggested by W. von Soden depth, though general analysis, of the main
Amharic data under investigation and a concise (Grundriss der Akkadischen Grammatik. Roma features of Maltraljan (viz. phonological,
statement of the theoretically relevant issues. 1952; 19953). Thus, the necessity arose to check semantic, morphological, syntactic, as well as

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 ♦ 103
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES & NEAR EASTERN STUDIES
examples for each entry of conversational usage
for each term and the respective provenance A Detailed Analysis
when this is known.)
A considerable bibliography is added, of Moroccan Secret Languages
providing the researcher and student with ample

cross-reference for both cross-checking as well
as for further research. NASSER BERJAOUI
Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco

ISBN 3 89586 331 9. Languages of the World The aim of this work is to analyze fourteen Moroccan Arabic (MA) “secret languages”
16. 130 pp. USD 78.60 / EUR 63.90 / GBP
(“SLs”). These spread in the Moroccan regions of Azrou, Dar El Gueddari, Kénitra,
54.30. 2001.

Khémisset and Souk Larbaa (Cf. the relevant map in the map index). This study is a

follow-up of ten previous books on MASLs. In this study, we will tackle the secretizing of
Comparative Morphology
numerous types of MA structures with a consideration of prefixless words, prefixed
of Standard and Egyptian
affirmative forms, prefixed negated items, miscellaneous functional words, and syntactic
Arabic structures. The fourteen SLs are classified in terms of their secretizing mechanisms: seven
Inversion SLs, four Substitution-Pseudo-Suffixation SLs, two Pseudo-Infixation SLs and
HASSAN A. H. GADALLA one Re-Patterning SL.
Assiut University

ISBN 978 3 929075 77 9 (Hardbound). LINCOM Handbooks in Linguistics 24. 1006pp. USD
The major concern of this book is the
240.30 / EUR 179.00 / GBP 169.10. 2010/IV.
comparison of the morphological aspects of
Standard Arabic (SA) and Egyptian Arabic (EA).
It is divided into five chapters. Chapter One travail et les choix codiques. Les conclusions
Grammars
provides a phonological outline of SA and EA. It tirées de cette recherche décrivent comment les
also analyses morphological basics and the revendications idéologiques transparaissent dans
morphosyntactic preliminaries of the two les choix opérés de langues lors des alternances
varieties. Chapter Two is devoted to the codiques et ouvrent la discussion du lien entre
Inor
morphology of triradical and quadriradical verbs. l’identité linguistique et le symbolisme projeté
In addition, the inflection of verbs for par l’espace.
aspect/mood and voice and a treatment of verbal De la Médina à la Ville Nouvelle est la BERHANU CHAMORA & ROBERT
affixes and verb derivation are provided. première étude ethnolinguistique consacrée à la HETZRON
Chapter Three deals with the morphology of « mise en mots » écrite et orale d’appartenances

primary and deverbal nouns. Moreover, the collectives à un espace postcolonial en Afrique du
Inor is a Gurage dialect (South-Ethiopian
divergence between definite and indefinite nouns Nord.
Semitic) spoken in South Central Ethiopia by
and the inflection of nouns for case, gender and
about 156, 000 speakers. It is one of the most
number are explained. The formation of the ISBN 978 3 89586 687 6. LINCOM Studies in complex and least understood Ethiopian Semitic
diminutive is also illustrated. Chapter Four Ethnolinguistics 01. 203pp. USD 83.00 / EUR languages.
handles the morphology of adjectival stems. 67.50 / GBP 57.40. 2007. This monograph provides a sketch of the
Then, the difference between definite and
phonology, morphology, morphosemantics and
indefinite adjectives and the inflection of
adjectives for case, gender, number and degree ETUDE CONTRASTIVE syntax of Inor. It presents a synchronic
description of its consonantal alternations, as
are analyzed. Furthermore, participial forms and
ARABE /FRANÇAIS observed in verbs, and establish its phonemic
relational adjectives are discussed. Chapter Five
system. We show that Inor verbs select one of
is related to the morphology of closed-list classes, CAS DE LA RELATIVE
two basic patterns: short and long. This division
including pronouns, prepositions, adverbs, as well applies to both sound (or transparent) verbs, such
as interrogative and responsive particles. Finally, HOURIYA BOUARICH as səpər 'break' and girətəß 'cut into two', and
negative and possessive particles are exhibited.
Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco weak (or opaque) verbs, such as aər 'make a
fence' and birəə 'run off suddenly'. A brief
ISBN 3 8958 697 2 4. LINCOM Studies in Cette étude porte sur une comparaison du description of the morphosemantics of verb
Afroasiatic Linguistics 05. 264pp. USD fonctionnement syntaxique des relatives en arabe derivations is also put forth. An overview of the
113.50 / EUR 92.30 / GBP 78.50. 2000. et en français. L’attention est focalisée, complex suffixal system is also provided. Finally,
principalement, dans le cas de la langue arabe, sur most basic syntactic structures are discussed, as
De la Médina à la Ville Nouvelle: « LLadi » et ses dérivés dont les équivalents en are issues such as tenses and negation.
langue française sont à la fois les pronoms relatifs The monograph contains data and analyses
étude ethnolinguistique des simples et composés. Toutefois, pour des raisons which will be of interest to specialists in general
choix codiques dans l’espace de commodités méthodologiques, seuls «qui» et linguistics, as well as to students of Ethiopian,
urbain de Fes (Maroc) «que» sont pris en compte. Semitic and African languages.
Le travail s’est astreint à l’arabe et au français,

SAMIRA HASSA deux langues éloignées l’une de l’autre tant au ISBN 3 89586 977 5. Languages of the
niveau morphosyntaxique qu’au niveau World/Materials 118. 70pp. USD 51.80 / EUR
University of Illinois at Urbana-
phonologique, vu leur appartenance respective 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 2000.
Champaign, aux familles Chamito-sémitique et Indo-

Européenne.
L’objectif de ce travail est de montrer l’existence Ce travail consiste surtout à montrer que Palestinian Rural
dcoe llelciteinvse édtirtoei ts « ceunlttruer elll’ei d»e nteitté lteesr ritochrioailxe cl'earntaapinhso ref,a ilt'as djescytnivtaixsaiqtiuoens …(l)a, cadréatcetrémriisneantito nla, Arabic
linguistiques qui s'opèrent dans la ville de Fes. relative et lui apportent un éclaircissement (Abu Shusha dialect)
Dans cette recherche, on constate que l’histoire certain.
du Maroc a également transformé le paysage Par ailleurs, chez les anciens grammairiens KIMARY N. SHAHIN
toponymique de la ville. L’étude toponymique arabes, la relative n'obéit à aucune
longitudinale montre l’affaiblissement progressif systématisation ou souci de classification, en ce University of British Columbia
de la présence française dans les toponymes. Les sens qu'ils traitent une question donnée tantôt
aller-retour opérés entre les évènements d'un point de vue syntaxique, tantôt d'un point de The sketch describes a rural (fellahi) dialect of
historiques et les changements de dénominations vue sémantique. Aussi, leur entreprise comporte- Palestinian Arabic. The dialect is that of the pre-
transparaissent donc dans la sémiotique de la ville t-elle un mélange de syntaxe, de sémantique et de 1948 Palestine village of Abu Shusha. There are
de Fes ce qui, est à mettre en parallèle avec la logique. Ceci est dû au fait que trois disciplines se an estimated 1000 speakers of this dialect living
politique d'arabisation du pays. sont conjuguées pour marquer leur esprit : le in Ramallah (West Bank), Amman (Jordan), New
La seconde partie est consacrée à l’analyse "fiqh" ; le "kala" et la logique. Ces disciplines ont Jersey (USA) and a few other places. Abu Shusha
des instances transcodiques (arabe marocain, permis à ces grammairiens d'avoir une vue fellahi is an endangered variety of Arabic. This is
arabe médian, arabe standard, et français) dans le d'ensemble des données de la langue arabe, et par due to the original dispersian of its speakers and
discours des couturiers et des professeurs d’arabe, là, de comprendre ses mécanismes généraux. the resulting inter-dialect contact, the increasing
deux professions marquées par des clivages age of its speakers and pressure from Standard
homme/femme et révélatrices du niveau social ISBN 978 3 89586 227 4. Languages of the Arabic (as on all non-urban varieties of the
des ouvriers et de la classe moyenne .Le but est World 36. 132pp. USD 68.30 / EUR 55.50 / language) to conform to more urban and educated
de voir les corrélations entre la variable espace de GBP 47.20. 2008. speech.

104 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES & NEAR EASTERN STUDIES

This dialect has not been documented before. primary languages, i.e., the spectrum of West Mesopotamian school system as a language of
Like all Arabic colloquials, it is unwritten. The Semitic dialects spoken in Canaan. As a result of high culture for almost two thousand more years.
present sketch addresses the general need for this language contact, all levels of the linguistic A language-isolate, Sumerian has no obvious
dialectology work on Palestinian Arabic. It also structure were affected, especially in the domains relatives.
addresses the call for data to permit much needed of syntax and morphology, creating a marked Typologically, Sumerian is quite different
comparative work in Arabic syntax and similarity between this mixed Canaano-Akkadian from the Semitic languages which followed it in
phonology. diplomatic language and the indigenous West Mesopotamia. It is basically SOV, with core
This sketch describes the phonemic system of Semitic Canaanite dialects. grammatical relationships marked by affixes on
the dialect, its morphology (nominal and verbal Since we do not possess any substantial the verb, and with adverbial relationships marked
systems), and syntax (word order, clause written record of the Canaanite dialects prior to by postpositions, which are cross-referenced by
structure, and clause chaining). Throughout these the first millennium BCE, the Amarna letters prefixes on the verb. It is split ergative; the
sections, those features are identified which are from Canaan are our only source of knowledge perfect functions on an ergative basis, but the
markedly Palestinian (vs. Classical) or rural (vs. regarding the linguistic structure of the dialects imperfect on a nominative-accusative basis.
urban or bedouin). It remains beyond the scope of spoken in Canaan in the second millenium BCE. Because Sumerian is an isolate, and has been
the sketch to compare this dialect with other The Amarna letters yield linguistic, dead for thousands of years, special problems
Arabic colloquials (e.g., Egyptian, Iraqi, etc.). sociolinguistic and linguistic-cultural material arise in trying to elucidate its grammar. There are
Two phenomena are highlighted. The first is the that predates both Phoenician and Hebrew as we still major challenges in understanding its
Abu Shusha vowel system, which has three times know them from the written records of the first morphosyntax, and very little is known about
the inventory of Classical Arabic. millenium BCE. Sumerian at the discourse level. This volume will
The second is its discourse structure, as found The survey offered in LW/M, which sketches describe some of the major questions still to be
in oral narrative: features and strategies of a concise model of the linguistic system resolved.
topic/focus, coherence and cohesion. An example embodied by this corpus, lays special stress on
narrative is provided, with interlinear gloss and the interference between Akkadian and the West ISBN 3 929075 39 3. Languages of the
English translation. The sketch is based on initial Semitic languages, which resulted in the World/Materials 68. 50pp. USD 51.80 / EUR
data gathering from two trips each to New Jersey Canaano-Akkadian mixed languages and 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 1999.
and Ramallah in 1989 and 1991. linguistic varieties.
Modern Hebrew
ISBN 3 89586 960 0. Languages of the
ISBN 3 89586 126 X. Languages of the
World/Materials 28. 60 pp. USD 53.00 / EUR
World/Materials 82. 92pp. USD 53.00 / EUR
43.10 / GBP 36.60. (2nd edition) 2000. 43.10 / GBP 36.60. 1998. Second printing, with ORA (RODRIGUE) SCHWARZWALD
minor corrections. 2005. Bar Ilan University
Gə'əz (Classical Ethiopic) Modern Hebrew revival in Israel during the last
Chadian Arabic century is a unique phenomenon: a written
STEFAN WENINGER language used by Jews over 1700 years for either
University of Marburg SAMIR ABU-ABSI liturgy or writing has become a spoken language
used for all purposes.
Gəcəz, a South-Semitic language, is the classical The University of Toledo Although the revivers of Hebrew tried to base
the spoken language on the grammar of Hebrew
tongue of Ethiopia. Extinct as a spoken language
This sketch deals with an unwritten dialect of classical periods, the phonetic and grammatical
since the 10th century, it is still used by the
Arabic which is spoken in parts of northern and structure of Modern Hebrew shows divergence
Ethiopian church, and still influencing the modern
central Chad (French Tchad) and which has from it due to various factors.
languages of Ethiopia. In this regard it's comparable
received serious attention only in the last three New words in Modern Hebrew are derived
to the Classical tongues of Europe, Latin and
decades. The description and materials used is of primarily in three ways: 1. combination of a
Greek. After Egyptian and Meroitic it is one of the
potential interest to nonspecialists as well as to consonantal root with pattern, e.g. g-d-l+-i-e- >
oldest attested languages of Africa.
students of Arabic linguistics and dialectology. A gidel ‘raised,' g-d-l+mi--a- > migdal ‘tower’; 2.
The present volumne contains: A short outline
of the problems connected with Gəcəz phonology; variety of what may be labeled Sudanic Arabic, the stem + affix, e.g. bank+ay > bankay ‘banker,'
Chadian dialect manifests certain linguistic features migdal+i > migdali ‘tower-like’; 3. blends, e.g.
the basic structures of the morphology, with special
reference to the verb; the principles of Gəcəz which pose a challenge to its classification in terms migdal + ’or ‘light’ > migdalor ‘lighthouse.' Loan
of the traditional Eastern/Western or nomadic/ words are added from various sources with some
syntax; a sample text, thoroughly analyzed in
sedentary dichotomies. phonetic adaptation, e.g. bank, telefon, and can
interlinear translations. Comparative charts of the
Included in this study are brief phonological, follow Hebrew derivational rules, e.g. telefoni ‘of
nomenclature of the verbal stems, a chapter on
morphological and syntactic outlines of the dialect the phone (adj),' t-l-f-n+-i-e- > tilfen ‘telephoned
reseach tools and literature and an ample
followed by sample texts in phonemic transcription. (v).'
bibliography should function as a helpful guide to
Gəcəz-studies for the non-specialist and faciliate It is hoped that enough information is given to be of All verbs are derived by root and (seven)
help to those who do not know Arabic as well as to patterns' combination, unlike nouns. There are
reference. The second revised and enlarged edition
those who are familiar with other varieties of three tenses and one mood in the verb. Nouns are
takes account of new findings, the bibliography is
Arabic. A number of characteristic features of either masculine or feminine. Person inflection in
updated and more examples are given.
Chadian Arabic, especially in the area of the verbs is obligatory, and so is preposition

ISBN 3 89586 604 0. Languages of the phonology, are contrasted with equivalent inflection. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for
World/Materials 01. 60pp. USD 51.80 / EUR structures in Modern Standard Arabic since the number and gender, but possessive inflection is
42.10 / GBP 35.80. (2nd edition)1995. latter is one variety of Arabic which is more likely limited in nouns, e.g. yadi ~ hayad šeli ‘my hand.'
to be familiar to most readers. Modern Hebrew is an SVO language with an
The materials in this sketch is based mainly on alternating VSO word order that was dominant in
Canaano-Akkadian data collected in the late sixties from a native classical Hebrew. Topicalization and other word
speaker of Chadian Arabic to be used in the order shifts are possible. Adjectives follow head
SHLOMO IZRE’EL pCroerppasr.a tioOnt hoerf temacahteirniga ls macteorlilaelc tefdo r tbhye Poetahceer nNooumnisn, alb ust enntuemnceersa l wqiutha ntnifoie rcso ppurelac edaere thveemry.
Tel Aviv University researchers and published since are also taken into common in Hebrew, e.g. hi yafa ‘she (is)
consideration. beautiful.' Copulative verbs are obligatory in the
During the second millenium BCE, Akkadian past or the future tense.
served as the lingua franca of the ancient Near ISBN 3 89586 005 0. Languages of the
The lexicon of Modern Hebrew is composed
East. An extensive body of epistolographic texts World/Materials 21. 47pp. USD 51.80 / EUR
of original Hebrew words from all its language
written in this language was discovered at Tell el- 42.10 / GBP 35.80. 1995.
periods together with loan words. Semantic shifts
Amarna, the modern name for the ancient seat of occur in many original words, however, a lot of
government of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenophis
Sumerian the changes are due to loan translations or loan
IV (Akhenaton). The majority of the Amarna
shifts.
letters were sent to Egypt by the rulers of
Canaanite cities which, at the time, were part of JOHN HAYES ISBN 3 89586 144 8. Languages of the
the Egyptian empire. University of California, Berkeley World/Materials 127. 110pp. USD 58.90 /
While the conventional language of EUR 47.90 / GBP 40.70. 2001.
correspondence was nominally Akkadian, by the
Sumerian has the distinction of being the oldest
Amarna period, i.e., the 14th century BCE, the
attested language in the world. Spoken in the
Canaanite administration had developed a kind of
southern part of ancient Mesopotamia, the Iraq of
mixed language. This language, or rather, today, its first texts date to about 3100 BCE.
linguistic continuum comprising many varieties,
Sumerian died out as a spoken language about
was based upon the lexicon of Akkadian, with
2000 BCE, but it was studied in the
serious structural interference from the scribes'

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 ♦ 105
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES & NEAR EASTERN STUDIES
Un créole arabe : le Ibn Sīnā: A Treatise on noun-adjective, gender, number, numerals, the
pronoun, the verb, the preposition, declension, the
kinubi de Mombasa, Arabic Phonetics adverb, the conjunction, the exclamations and
interjections), on the concordance of the verb.
K enya SOLOMON SARA, S.J. AppTehnidsi cree-se. dition has been published as no. 31 in
XAVIER LUFFIN Georgetown University the LINCOM Gramatica (LINGram) series
Université Libre de Bruxelles (originally published 1921, London, written in
Ibn Sīnā, also known in the West as Avicenna, is
Le kinubi est un créole de base arabe, parlé en a 10th -11th century Persian Muslim philosopher English)

Afrique de l’Est (Kenya, Ouganda, République and scientist. He was born around 980 C.E. /370
Démocratique du Congo, Tanzanie) et apparenté H near Bukhara, in modern Uzbekistan, and died ISBN 978 3 89586 248 9. LINCOM
à l’arabe de Juba (Soudan). Il est parlé par une in 1037 C.E. /428 H in Hamedan, in modern Iran. Gramatica 31. 99pp. USD 56.30 / EUR 45.80 /
communauté musulmane – les Nubi – dont les Among his philosophical and scientific works are GBP 38.90. 2010.
ancêtres sont venus du sud du Soudan à la fin du kitāb al-šifā ‘The book of healing’, his
19ème siècle. compendium of philosophy and science, and al- An Elementary Grammar of
La présente recherche se propose de décrire le qānuwn fiy al-tibb ’The canon of medicine’ his the Ancient Egyptian
kinubi tel qu’il est parlé actuellement à Mombasa, compendium of medicine, which was translated
sur la côte kenyane, en mettant l’accent d’une part into Latin and used in European universities as Language in the
sur l’originalité de ce parler par rapport à ceux de the primary medical source book for centuries.
Hieroglyphic Type
Kibera (Kenya) et de Bombo (Ouganda), et en The treatise under discussion is a unique
analysant d’autre part quel a été le rôle du linguistic-scientific treatise , written in Arabic,
superstrat (arabe dialectal), du substrat (langues about Arabic phonetics from both scientific and P. LE PAGE RENOUF
sud-soudanaises) et surtout de l’adstrat (kiswahili linguistic perspectives. This thoughtful and
et anglais) dans sa formation. innovative treatise went beyond the traditional The Elementary Grammar contained in this
En ce qui concerne l’originalité, le kinubi de impressionistic descriptions of the sounds of volume is available for all hieroglyphic texts
Mombasa présente une série de traits Arabic to include in its purview the three written whilst the old Egyptian was still a living
phonologiques et morphologiques qui, même s’ils modalities of phonetics: the acoustic, the language, and the hieroglyphic system of writing
sont limités à certains locuteurs, n’apparaissent articulatory, and the anatomical/ physiological. In continued in its original purity. It is of the utmost
pas dans les autres parlers étudiés : épenthèse et addition, it delved into comparative phonetics and importance that the student should begin with
apocope moins fréquentes, survivance du duel, natural parallels to the sounds of Arabic. It is of these texts, for although the vocabulary and
utilisation du pronom affixe après un nom… Par interest to linguists and phoneticians to note that grammar of the later inscriptions resemble those
ailleurs, le kinubi de Mombasa est influencé par this uncommonly broad and global perspective on of the better period, as closely as modern Latin
divers parlers, en raison des origines variées de phonetics would become common only in more does that of the ancient, and although the
ses locuteurs. recent research in and teaching of phonetics (19th contents of these inscriptions are often of the
En ce qui concerne la formation du kinubi, century on). This treatise is a landmark in the highest historical and archeological interest, the
nous constatons que l’influence du substrat est scientific study and development of phonetics. hieroglyphic system which they exhibit is
peu visible, tandis que le superstrat a joué un ISBN 978 3 929075 91 5. LINCOM Studies in extremely corrupt, particularly in the Roman
rôle-clé dans le processus. Enfin, l’adstrat exerce Phonetics 03. 200pp. USD 86.40 / EUR 70.20 / period; it confounds articulations which the
actuellement une forte influence sur la langue. GBP 59.70. 2009. ancient Egyptians scrupulously distinguished,
Toutefois, l’anglais et le kiswahili n’agissent pas signs originally syllabic are used with purely
de la même manière sur le kinubi en général, alphabetic values, the ancient values are
tandis que les autres langues adstratales ont un Palestinian Texts sometimes ignored and entirely new ones
impact très limité. Cette étude tente donc de substituted. When the original System is more
déterminer quels sont les facteurs linguistiques, thoroughly known, the corruptions which it has
sociaux et historiques permettant de comprendre KIMARY N. SHAHIN suffered will be readily learnt (from the preface
cette différence de traitement. University of British Columbia of the 1875 edition).
Contents: Hieroglyphic Signs, Hieroglyphic
ISBN 3 89586 804 3. LINCOM Studies in This is a collection of Palestinian Arabic Vocabulary, Nouns and Adjectives, Numbers,
Pidgin & Creole Linguistics 07. 200pp. USD narratives spoken by speakers of both urban and Ordinals, Pronouns Prepositions, Adverbs and
112.30 / EUR 91.30 / GBP 77.60. 2005. rural Palestinian dialects. It documents dialectal Conjunctions, Intcrjections, Verbs.
distinctions which are expected to disappear over This re-edition has been published as no. 18
Kinubi Texts the coming decades. The texts are analysed with in the LINCOM Gramatica (LINGram) series
reference to the grammatical sketch LW/M Series (originally published 1875, London: Samuel
XAVIER LUFFIN no. 28 by the author and to previous published Bagster and Sons).
collections of Palestinian oral texts.
Université Libre de Bruxelles
ISBN 978 3 89586 157 4. LINCOM
The Kinubi is an Arabic-based Creole, spoken ISBN 3 89586 169 3. Languages of the Gramatica 18. 140pp. USD 60.80 / EUR 49.40
today in some parts of East Africa: Kenya, World/Text Collections 05. 80pp. USD 62.60 / / GBP 42.00. 2010.
Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo. EUR 50.90 / GBP 43.30. 1999.
Formerly, it was spoken in Tanzania and in Comparative Grammar
Somalia. This language is closely related to Juba re-editions
Arabic, spoken in Southern Sudan. It is the of the Semitic
language of a Muslim community – the Nubi.
Their ancestors were soldiers who left Southern Languages
Sudan in the late 19th century, due to the Mahdist The Siwi Language

rebellion. They went to Uganda, where they
DE LACY O'LEARY, D.D.
enrolled in the British colonial army.
The target language of Kinubi is mainly W. SEYMOUR WALKER
Sudanese Arabic (actually, various Sudanese Already in the eleventh Century A.D. the Rabbi
Jehuda Hayyug (Abu Zakaria Yahya) began to
dialects). Many features distinguish Kinubi from The Oasis of Siwa - the most westerly of the
apply the methods of the Arabic grammarians to
Dialectal Arabic: phonemic changes, the loss of oases of Egypt - its people, and their speech, have
Hebrew and thus unconsciously laid the
gender, the loss of the article al-, the loss of the been so long objects of interest and speculation to
foundation of the comparative philology of the
Arabic verbal morphology and the use of TMA the outside world. The author has devoted much
Semitic languages. It was already known that a
markers. This language is also highly influenced time and labour, under difficult circumstances, to
close relationship existed between Aramaic and
by English and Swahili.The texts which are the compiling of the Grammar and vocabularies
Hebrew, but it was commonly supposed that
presented in this book have been collected in of the Siwi language hitherto practically
Aramaic was a corruption from Hebrew.
Bombo (Uganda), Kibera (Nairobi, Kenya) and unknown.
Theological prepossessions inclined the Jews to
Mombasa (Kenya). They deal with the history of C. V. Stanley, in 1911, and shortly later, J.
regard Hebrew as the parent, not only of
the Nubi community: their origins in Sudan, their Quibell, of the Cairo Museum, came to the
Aramaic and Arabic, but of all other languages
arrival in Uganda, their settling in other countries conclusion that Siwi was Touareg or closely
as well, and this opinion was generally adopted
of East Africa, their participation in the First and allied to it. (adapted from the forword and
by Christian writers also. Even this view,
Second World Wars. They also cover the post- introduction). The Ethnologue (2009) classifies
however, admitted that a much closer
Independance period. Siwi as “Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Eastern, Siwa - not
closely related to other Berber languages”. relationship existed between Hebrew, Arabic,
ISBN 3 89586 835 3. Languages of the Contents: Introduction, abbreviations, the and Aramaic, than between Hebrew and any
World/Text Collections 21. 172pp. USD 74.90 accidence (transliteration and pronunciation, other language; and to this closely related group
/ EUR 60.90 / GBP 51.80. 2005. accent, the article, the noun-substantive, the a fourth member, Ethiopic, was added in the

106 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES & NEAR EASTERN STUDIES

seventeenth Century, the name Ethiopic being Grammar of Palestinian Materialien zum Studium
used by Europeans to designate Ge'ez, the
ancient classical language of Abyssinia. The Jewish Aramaic der arabischen
decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions in Beduinendialekte

the nineteenth Century added Babylonian-
Assyrian as a fifth member (adopted from the WM. B. STEVENSON Innerafrikas
introduction of 1928 edition).
Contents: I. The Semitic Languages (The This introduction to Palestinian Jewish Aramaic GEORG KAMPFFMEYER
Semitic Group, Babylonia and Assyria, Canaan, presupposes a general knowledge of Hebrew and
Aramaic, Arabic (Hijaz dialect, Nejd, Iraq, Syria some other Semitic language, such as Syriac or Das arabische Element Innerafrikas hat bisher nur
and Palestine, Egypt, North Africa, Malta, Arabic. It is intended primarily to equip students in sehr geringem Maße die Aufmerksamkeit
Hadramaut, Oman, Southern Arabic), of the Targums and the Aramaic portions of the insbesondere derer, die sich die Erkenntnisse der
Abyssinian. II. The Consonant sounds. III. Palestinian Talmud and Midrashim, and to arabischen Sprache vorgesetzt haben, gefunden.
Temporary Modifications of Consonants. IV. provide a help to the study of the Aramaic Seit schon bald fünfzig Jahren liegen uns von vier
The Vowels. V. Temporary Modifications of elements contained in the writing (from the arabischen Dialekten Innerafrikas sehr erhebliche
Vowel Sounds. VI. Temporary Syllabic preface, p. 3). The grammar contains chapters on Sprachproben vor, ohne dass sie von Arabisten
Changes. VII. The Personal Pronoun. VIII. orthography, nominal morphology (pronouns. beachtet worden sind (aus der Einleitung
Demonstrative Pronouns. IX. Relative and interrogatives, demonstratives, declensions), entlehnt). In seiner Arbeit vergleicht
Interrogative Pronouns. X. The Noun. XI. The verbal morphology (stems, tenses, infinitives, Kampffmeyer u.a. Sprachproben verschiedener
Verb. XII. The particles. participles). (Re-edition; originally published arabischer Beduinendialekte, so aus einem Schoa-
This re-edition has been published as no. 05 1924 in Oxford; written in English): Dialekt, einem Wadai-Dialekt, einem Dialekt von
in the LINCOM Orientalia (LIOR) series Adrar (in der westlichen Sahara) und des Dialekts
(originally published 1928, London: Kegan Paul, ISBN 978 3 86290 025 1. LINCOM der Brakna (Re-edition; originally published 1899
Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd., author's affiliation: Gramatica 46. 98pp. USD 52.20 / EUR 42.40 / in Berlin; written in German).
Lecturer in Aramaic, Bristol University). GBP 36.00. 2010/IV.

ISBN 978 3 86290 018 3. LINCOM
ISBN 978 3 89586 241 0. LINCOM Orientalia
Genesius's Hebrew and Orientalia 10. 102pp. USD 52.20 / EUR 42.40
05. 298pp. USD 79.70 / EUR 64.80 / GBP
55.10. 2010. Chaldee Lexicon of the Old / GBP 36.00. 2010/IV.

Testament Scriptures
Lehrbuch der
First Steps in Assyrian

Assyrischen Sprache
WILLIAM GESENIUS, S.P. TREGELLES
L.W. KING (TRANS.) und Keilschrift

bTehgei naniemr owfi thth ea lpl rethsee ntm watoerrika lsis wtoh icfuhr nhiseh wthilel TTheset asmtuednyt iosf otnhee oOfr itghien aiml pLoarntganucaeg eosf owf htihceh Ocaldn J. ROSENBERG
require in his earlist studies of the Assyrian surcely be over-estimated. To know effectively
language and the cuneiform inscriptions. It the Holy Scriptures in one own’s vernacular is Die assyrische Sprache gehört zur
contains a sketch of the most useful facts indeed a valuable acquirement.Whether in regard nordsemitischen Sprachengruppe. Sie war
concerning the cuneiform of writing, and an of the discoveries of modern archaeologists in Nationalsprache der Assyrer und Babylonier,
outline of the principles of Assyrian grammar; a Assyrian and Egyptian antiquities, as well as fand aber in der Blütezeit der assyro-
list of the more common signs and ideograms; a those in the Holy Land itself, every student of the babylonischen Herrscher weit über die Grenzen
series of texts and extracts printed in the Assyrian Bible will be glad to be able to investigate for des Heimatlandes in diplomatischen und offizielle
cuneiform character with interlinear trans- himself the ipsissima verba of the “holy men of Korrespondenzen Verwendung. Als äusserste
literation and translation, ranging in date from God”. In putting forth this edition of Prof. Zeitpunkte der Blüte der assyrischen Sprachen
about B.C. 2250 to B.C. 260, and a full William Gesenius’s Hewbrew anD Chaldee können wir bezeichnen 1400 v. Chr. bis 280 v.
vocabulary to all the texts printed in the book. Lexicon, the PublisHers have consulted the Chr. Die Schrift der Assyrer, die Keilschrift,
(Re-edition; originally published 1898 in London; requirements of Bublical students generally (from stand noch während eines längeren Zeitraumes im
written in English). the preface). Gebrauch. Inhalt: Schriftlehre (mit Tafeln),
(Re-edition; originally published 1894 in Lautlehre, Formenlehre, Syllabar, Chrestomatie
und Übersetzung, Texte in Keilschrift mit
ISBN 978 3 86290 004 6. LINCOM London; written in English)
Aussprachebezeichnung und Übersetzung (Re-
Orientalia 01. 542pp. USD 94.50 / EUR 76.80
edition; originally published 1890 in Wien;
/ GBP 65.30. 2010/IV. ISBN 978 3 86290 076 3. LINCOM written in German)
Orientalia 21. 526pp. USD 92.00 / EUR 74.80
/ GBP 63.60. 2010/IV.
Initia Amharica ISBN 978 3 86290 134 0. LINCOM
Gramatica 97. 188pp. USD 67.40 / EUR 54.80

Le Chaouia de l'Aurès / GBP 46.60. 2010/IV.
An Introduction to Spoken
(Dialecte de l'Ahmar-
Amharic. Part I. Grammar.
Vorstudien zur Grammatik
Khaddou). Étude

C.H. ARMBRUSTER gramaticale - Texte en und zum Wörterbuche der
dialecte Chaouia Soqotri-Sprache
Amharic is the language most widely spoken and

written in Abyssinia at the present day. It is
indigenous not only in Amhara, the district from GUSTAVE MERCIER MAXIMILIAN BITTNER
which the name is taken, but over the greater part
of Central Abyssinia. As a language of commerce Le Chaouia font parties des Berbères compris par Unter dem Titel Vorstudien zur Grammatik und
it is heard beyond the limits of Abyssinia proper. Ibn Khaldoun sous le nom de Berbères de zum Wörterbuche der Soqotri-Sprache gedenke
Two principal dialects are distinguished, that of Zénètes. Il est probable que les Zénètesse sont ich eine Reihe von Abhandlungen zu
Gojjam and that of Shoa (from the introduction). établis dans l´Afrique septrentrionale à une veröffentlichen, welche die auffallendsten und
Contents: Phonetic alphabet, the Amharic époque beaucoup récente que les anciennes wichtigsten Erscheinungen der Sprache der Insel
characters, punctuation, doubling consonants, Berbères de Loua et de Sanhaga. Les Chaouias Soqotra in grammatischer und lexikalischer
crasis or contraction of adjacent vowels, apellent eux-même leur langue hak´baylith, Hinsicht zum Gegenstande haben. Daneben soll
substantive, the Ethiopic accusative, pronouns, kabyle. Table des matières: Première partie: diese Band auch zeigen, wie innig Mehri, Shuri
numerals, primitive and derived forms of the Étude grammaticale (du nom, des prénoms, und Soqotri miteinander zusammenhängen und
verb, voice, mood, tense, contingent, jussive, adjective qualificatifs, du verbe, des particules, wie diese drei Mhara-Sprachen, wie ich sie fortan
paradigms of derived forms of the verb, syntax, numération, du calendrier). Deuxième partie: nennen möchte, vom Arabischen sowohl als auch
etc. (Re-edition; originally published 1908 in Fables et legendes. vom Äthiopischen sich abscheiden. Zugrunde
Cambridge; written in English) (Re-edition; originally published 1896 in gelegt ist diesen Vorstudien das in den Bänden
Paris; written in French) der Südarabischen Expediation der Kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien
ISBN 978 3 86290 149 4. LINCOM ISBN 978 3 86290 112 8. LINCOM
publizierte Soqotri-Material (Re-edition; original-
Gramatica 109. 422pp. USD 89.60 / EUR Gramatica 89. 88pp. USD 52.20 / EUR 42.40 /
ly published 1913/18 in Wien; written in German)
72.80 / GBP 61.90. 2010/IV. GBP 36.00. 2010/IV.

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 20 • 2010 ♦ 107
AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES & NEAR EASTERN STUDIES
ISBN 978 3 86290 126 5. LINCOM alone justify an attempt like the present to furnish Kurzgefasste Vergleichende
Orientalia 38. 262pp. USD 66.90 / EUR 54.40 a simple introduction to the study of the language.
/ GBP 46.20. 2010/IV. Its importance, in a philological sense of view, Grammatik der Semitischen
and as affording aid to the student in acquiring Sprachen. Elemente der
the other Semitic dialects, and especially the
Arabic Grammar. Syriac, to which it is intimately related, will also Laut- und Formenlehre
Paradigms, Literature, Exercises be generally admitted (from the preface).
and Glossary Contents: Of the elements (letters, vowels, and CARL BROCKELMANN
acents, changes of consonants and vowels). Parts

of speech and inflexion (pronouns, verb, nouns, Semiten nannte Schlözer i.J. 1781 auf Grund der
A. SOCIN
particles). Syntax.Paradigms. Analysis of the text Völkertafel Gen. 10,21 ff. die Hebräer, Aramäer,

of the Chaldee portion of the book of Daniel, Araber und Abessinier als Glieder eines
The aim of A. Socin’s Arabic Grammar is to
Index (Re-edition; originally published 1859 in gemeinsamen Stammes, die sich als solche durch
furnish intending students of classical Arabic
London; written in English). die nahe Verwandtschaft ihrer Sprachen
with the most important rules both of the
Accidence and of the Syntax in the briefest auszeichnen.
Der semitische Sprachstamm, dem die
possible form. Contents: Orthography and ISBN 978 3 86290 166 1. LINCOM Entdeckungen des 19. Jahrh. namentlich noch das
Phonology, Accidence (the pronoun, the verb, the Orientalia 41. 199pp. USD 69.90 / EUR 56.80 Assyrisch-Babylonische angliederten, zerfällt in
noun, the numerals, particles), Syntax (tenses and / GBP 48.30. 2010/IV. zwei Hauptzweige, in Ostsemitisch und
moods, government of the verb, government of
Westsemitisch. Das Ostsemitische, das sich am
the noun, the single sentence, composed
sentences), appendix, Literature, paradigms, Der Dschäbärtidialekt der frühesten selbständig entwickelte, besteht aus den
beiden aufs engste verwandten Dialekten,
exercises and texts, glossaries (Re-edition;
Somalisprache Babylonisch und Assyrisch, und ist uns durch
originally published 1895 in London; written in
Denkmäler in Keilschrift, von mindestens aus
English).
dem 4. Jahrtausend vor Chr. bis ins 1. Jahrh. vor
LEO REINISCH Chr. bekannt. Das Westsemitsche gliedert sich in
ISBN 978 3 86290 079 4. LINCOM
zwei Hauptgruppen, das Nord- und das
Orientalia 22. 176pp. USD 65.00 / EUR 52.80
Die Jabärti bewohnen das Küstenland des Südwestsemitsche. Das Nordwestsemitsiche um-
/ GBP 44.90. 2010/IV.
afrikanischen Osthorns von Ras Hafun bis hinab faßt das Kanaanäische und das Aramäische. Zu
zum Äquator. Sie zerfallen in zwei Hauptstämme, den kannaanäischen Dialekten sind das
Studien zur Laut- und Dígil und Höye. Ihre Sprache bildet einen Dialekt Israelitisch-Hebräische und das Phönizische (mit
des Somali (aus der Einleitung der Original- einem Ausläufer im Westen, dem Punischen), zu
Formenlehre der Mehri- ausgabe 1903; Sitzungsber. der phil.-hist. Kl zählen (aus der Einleitung).
Sprache in Südarabien CXLVVIII. Bd. 5; der Autor war bei Anfertigung (Re-edition; originally published 1908 in Berlin;
der Arbeit Mitglied der Kaiserlichen Akademie written in German)
der Wissenschaften).
MAXIMILIAN BITTNER Die Kurzgrammatik beinhaltet Kapitel zur ISBN 978 3 86290 169 2. LINCOM
Lautlehre (Sprachlaute, Lautveränderungen Orientalia 42. 326pp. USD 83.20 / EUR 68.80

(Konsonanten, Vokale, Akzent), Formenlehre / GBP 57.10. 2010/IV.
Die vorliegenden Aufzeichnungen gehen auf die
(Artikel, Substantiv, Adjektiv, Numerale,
Texte, das Wörterbuch und die Grammatik Jahns
Pronomen, Verbum, Präpoisitionen, Adverbien),
und die von D.H.Müller aufgenommenen Mehri- Ägyptische Grammatik
Texte, ein Dschäbärti-Deutsches Wörterbuch, im
Texte zurück (als Ergebnisse der Südarabische
Anhang Somalitexte nach dem Dictat eines mit Schrifttafel, Literatur,
Expedition, von der Kaiserlichen Akademie in
Habar-Auwal.
Wien 1908 ausgesandt). Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis
In his grammatical sketch Leo Reinisch
Der Bau der Mehri-Sprache soll nicht bloß focuses on nominal and verbal morphology of
vom Standpunkte des Arabischen aus untersucht
werden. Das Mahri ist kein arabischer Dialekt Japarti, a dialect of Somali. The study also ADOLF ERMAN
(wie noch 1873 von v. Maltzan bezeichnet). So includes basic information on phonology and
kommen im Mehri andere Tatsachen vor, die sich morphology (verbs, nouns, adjectives, personal Die ägyptische Sprache ist eine Verwandte der
weder im klassischen noch modernen Arabisch, pronouns, numbers, prepositions, adverbs and semitischen Sprachen, der ostafrikanischen
wohl aber in anderen semitischen Sprachen und contains several texts and a small Jabarti – Sprachen und der Berbersprachen Nordafrikas.
da besonders im Äthiopischen nachweisen lassen German dictionary (originally published 1903, Ihre ältesten Sprachdenkmäler gehören noch in
(aus der Einleitung des ersten Bandes). written in German). das vierte Jahrtausend v. Chr., ganz ausgestorben
Bei der Neuausgabe werden die Bände I: Zum ist es erst vor drei Jahrhunderten.
Nomen im engeren Sinne, II.Zum Verbum, III. ISBN 978 3 89586 099 7. LINCOM In diesem Buche wird das Altägyptische
Zum Pronomen in Südarabien, IV. Zu den Gramatica 11. 120S. USD 60.50 / EUR 49.20 / behandelt, das als gelehrte Literatursprache bis in
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(Re-edition; originally published 1090/1913 in (aus der Einleitung). Inhalt: Schrift- und
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Sätze, Schrifttafel, Literatur, Lesestücke,
ISBN 978 3 86290 125 8. LINCOM Grammar Wörterverzeichnis (Re-edition; originally
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Gramatica 120. 276pp. USD 68.70 / EUR

An Introduction to the 56.80 / GBP 47.10. 2010/IV.
Gesenius’s Hebrew Grammar is one of most
Study of the Chaldee comprensive grammars on Hebrew published in
the 19th century, and re-edited many times till A New Practical Grammar of
Language comprising a today. Contents: Introduction (Semitic languages the Modern Arabic of Egypt
Grammar in general, historic survey of the Hebrew
language). Part I: The elements (orthogaphy,
vowels, accents, consonant, pecularities and S. SPIRO BEY
GEORGE LONGFIELD changes of letters, the syllables and tone), Part II: Having made modern Arabic my particular study
Forms and inflections, ot the parts of the speech for over thirty years and having taught it both in
The Chaldee Grammer which forms the first part (pronoun, strong and week verb, connection of Egypt and Geneva, it occurred to me to put my
of this work is mainly based upon Winer's the subject with the predicate, use of the lessons in book form and present them to the
particles), Hebrew reading book and exercises
"Grammatik des Biblischen und Targumischen public. The system adopted is that of European
(Biblical Greek done into Hebrew, exercises in
Chaldaismus". The present grammar, though grammar with which the student is familiar.
unpointed Hebrew, Fables of Loqman, Bible
shorter than Winer's, will probably be considered Contents: Alphabet, article, noun (number,
lessons, bible words and sentences).
sufficently extensive for the class of students for gender, case), adjective, verb, exercises to all
(Re-edition; originally published 1876 in London;
whom it is intended, - those who are already written in English) chapters (Re-edition; originally published 1912 in
London; written in English):
acquainted with the principles of Hebrew

Grammar.
The fact that the Chaldee is the original ISBN 978 3 89586 196 3. LINCOM Gra- ISBN 978 3 86290 148 7. LINCOM Tutoria
language of a portion of the Scriptures would matica 12. 460pp. USD 88.00 / EUR 72.80 / 04. 269pp. USD 67.10 / EUR 54.50 / GBP
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