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THEORGANICCLOVIS: ASINGLECONTINENT-WIDECULTURALADAPTATION By CHRISTOPHERANDREWHEMMINGS ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOLOFTHE UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHE REQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOFDOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 2004 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Alistofindividualswhohavemadeitpossibletocompletethisdocumentwould beaslargeagainasthebibliography. Toallofmyfellowarchaeologists, anthropologists,bikeracers,friendsandfamilyIextendmymostheartfeltgratitudefor engaginginorsufferingthroughendlessClovis,Paleoindian,and“Doyouknowwhy thisboneisimportant”discussions. Itisquitehumblingtorealizehowmanypeoplehave buoyedmyspirits,aidedmaterially,andevenprovidedshelterduringthisprocess. Ifthis workhasanymerit,andIhavebecomefittocreatemore,itisdueinlargeparttothe opportunityprovidedbythosewhohelpedmegetthisfar. IfIamabletocreatesimilar opportunityforotherstheopportunitiesprovidedformeshallnothavebeenwasted. BeyondashadowofadoubtS.DavidWebbstandsaloneasmentor,supporter, andfriend. ThedebtofgratitudeIoweWilliamO.Giffordisasequallyprofound. Lackingtheassistanceofthesetwoindividuals,pursuitoftheendlessdissertationwould haveended. UnabletoarticulatemythanksadequatelyIsimplycontinuetoforgeahead, astheyhavehelpedmedoforsolong. 11 4 TABLEOFCONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LISTOFTABLES v LISTOFFIGURES vii ABSTRACT x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION,EARLYPALEOINDIANDEFINITION, PROBLEMORIENTATION,ANDSITENOTES 1 Introduction 1 EarlyPaleoindianDefinition 6 ProblemOrientation 8 Sites 10 2 THECLOVISMENUANDTHECLOVISDIET 1 Introduction 14 NotesRegardingDiscoveryBiasandExpectedModification Evidence 16 ObservedPotentialandObservedUtilizedSpecies ClovisDiet 19 ResourceAvailabilityandUtilizationPatterns 102 DiscussionoftheClovisDiet 105 PleistoceneFaunalExtinction 110 3 CLOVISOSSEOUSTOOLS 117 IntroductiontoEarlyPaleoindianBoneTools 117 EarlyPaleoindianFormalBoneToolsOutsideofFlorida 124 EarlyPaleoindianFormalBoneandIvoryToolsfromFlorida 139 CombinedNorthAmericanEarlyPaleoindianFormalTool SummaryandDiscussion 189 FormalBoneToolManufacturingProcesses 194 111 8 4 CLOVISSUBSISTENCE 198 SubsistenceIntroductionandDefinition 198 ClovisLithicTechnology 199 ConspicuousLackofPost-ClovisExtinctFaunalAssociations 210 GatheredPlantandAnimalResources 213 Summary 214 5 CLOVISCULTURE 21 IntroductiontoClovisCulture 218 EarlyPaleoindianArt 218 CaveandRockshelterusebyEarlyPaleoindians 223 ClovisArtifactCaches 227 ActualRarityofClovisSitesandPoints 233 EarlyPaleoindianMobility 237 OldandNewClovis 244 ClovisAggregationBehavior 250 Summary 251 6 CONCLUSIONSANDFUTUREWORK 253 EPluribusUnum-OneOutofMany 253 FutureWork 255 Conclusions 257 KEYOFAPPENDICES1AND2 259 APPENDIX1-SiteList 260 APPENDIX2-SpeciesList 266 REFERENCESCITED 291 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 335 IV LISTOFTABLES Table 1:1 StateslackingEarlyPaleoindianassociatedfauna 11 2:1 EarlyPaleoindiansiteswithfloralremains 20 2:2 EarlyPaleoindiansiteswithfishremains 28 2:3 SpeciesoffishfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 30 2:4 EarlyPaleoindiansiteswithamphibianremains 32 2:5 AmphibianspeciesfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 34 2:6 EarlyPaleoindiansiteswithturtleortortoiseremains 38 2:7 SpeciesofturtlesandtortoisesfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 39 2:8 SpeciesoflizardsfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 41 2:9 EarlyPaleoindiansiteswithsnakeremains 42 2:10SnakespeciesfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 43 2:11AlligatormississippiansisremainsfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 45 2:12Summaryofoccurrenceandutilizationdata 46 2:13Aviansites 49 2:14AvianspeciesfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 50 2:15UnidentifiedmammalianremainsfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 54 2:16Armadilloandslothoccurrences 55 2:17CanidsfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 58 V 2:18BearremainsfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 60 2:19OthercarnivoresfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 62 2:20FelidremainsfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 62 2:21RodentsandothersmallmammalsfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 67 2:22RabbitsandharesfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 68 2:23CamelidsfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 71 2:24AnteloperemainsfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 74 2:25CervidremainsfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 75 2:26ExtinctBisonutilizationsummary 81 2:27Bovid,musk-ox,goatandsheepfromEarlyPaleoindiansites 84 2:28Equusutilizationsummary 85 2:29Totalproboscideanpresenceandutilizationsummary 88 2:30Summaryofallspeciesandoccurrenceswiththeirutilizationrates 104 2:31ExtinctanimalspresentinEarlyPaleoindiansites 112 3:1 FormalboneandivorytoollocalesoutsideofFlorida 128 3:2 Floridaosseoustoolsites 141 3:3 FormalClovisosseoustoolsbytype 190 3:4 Taxautilizedasformalbonetools 193 4:1 Clovisbladeandbladecorelocalities 205 5:1 EarlyPaleoindiancaveandrocksheltersites 226 5:2 Clovisartifactcaches 230 5:3 WelldocumentedClovissitesandactualpointfrequency 236 5:4 Excurvate or“Waisted”Clovispointsoccurrences 247 VI LISTOFFIGURES Figure 1:1 GeographicdistributionofincludedsitesacrossNorthAmerica 13 2:1 FlorainEarlyPaleoindiansitesandutilizationdistribution 24 2:2 FishinEarlyPaleoindiansitesandutilizationdistribution 31 2:3 DistributionofamphibianremainsfromEarlyPaleoindiancontexts 33 2:4 Totalreptiledistribution 36 2:5 Utilizedreptiledistributionsummary 48 2:6 AvesinEarlyPaleoindiansitesandutilizationdistribution 51 2:7 Totalcarnivoredistributionandutilization 57 2:8 SlothHoleincisedLynxrufusmandible 64 2:9 RabbitsandharesinEarlyPaleoindiansitesandutilizationdistribution 69 2:10 CamelidsinEarlyPaleoindiansitesandutilizationdistribution 73 2:11 CervidsinEarlyPaleoindiansitesandutilizationdistribution 77 2:12 CariboupresentinEarlyPaleoindiansitesandutilizationdistribution 79 2:13 AllOdocoileustypes:presenceandutilizationdistribution 80 2:14 Bisondistributionandutilizationevidence 83 2:15 inEarlyPaleoindiansitesandutilizationdistribution 87 2:16 Totalproboscideandistributionandutilizationevidence 92 2:17 MastodoninEarlyPaleoindiansitesandutilizationdistribution 95 vii 2:18 ColumbianmammothinEarlyPaleoindiansitesandutilizationevidence 101 3:1 DistributionandconcentrationsofEarlyPaleoindianformalbonetools 138 3:2 FloridaformalClovisageboneandivorytooldistributionbycounty 142 3:3 Canismandibleornaments 148 3:4 Palaeolamametatarsaldaggeranteriorview 152 3:5 Palaeolamaproximalphalanxatlatlhook 153 3:6 Oc/oco//eMjmetatarsalflute 155 3:7 Two metatarsaldaggers 158 3:8 Mastodonmolarfragmentunifacialgraverspur 161 3:9 Proboscideanbonedisk 164 3:10 Proboscidean?bonebannerstone 166 3:11 Mastodonvestigialtuskatlatlhook 169 3:12 Ivoryshaftfragmentatlatlhook 171 3:13 Tuskcoredebitagecone 173 3:14 Ivorysockethandlefragment 175 3:15 Ivorybeadperforms 176 3:16 Ivoryneedletip 179 3:17 SimpsonCollectionivoryartifacts 181 3:18aIvoryrodsquareincrosssection 183 3:18bIvoryrodovalincrosssection 183 3:19 Barbedivorypoint,awl,andneedletip 184 3:20 Straightivorypoints12-24.9cm 186 3:21 Curvedivorypoints25-40cm 188 Vlll 4:1 Clovisbladeandbladecoredistribution 207 5:1 DistributionofClovisart 220 5:2 EarlyPaleoindiancaveandrocksheltersites 225 5:3 Clovisartifactcachesites 231 5:4 FloridianExcurvateClovispoints 246 IX AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy THEORGANICCLOVIS: ASINGLECONTINENT-WIDECULTURALADAPTATION By ChristopherAndrewHemmings May2004 Chair:KenSassaman MajorDepartment:Anthropology TheCloviscultureisacontinent-widephenomenonexhibitingahighdegreeof uniformbehaviorandpatternedresourceexploitationirrespectiveoflocalized environmentalconstraintsthattypicallycircumscribehistoricallyknownsocieties. A stateoftheartspecializedtechnologicaladaptationfacilitatedageneralistsubsistence adaptationthatiswithoutananaloginhistoricallyorethnographicallyknowncultures. TheClovisculturaladaptationwasadirectresponsetouniqueenvironmentalsettingsthat existedduringthePleistocene. TheClovisculturedoesnotrepresentauniquecultural manifestationanymorethaneachcultureisunique. Clovisappearsfimdamentally differentsimplybecausewelackanythingwithwhichtoeffectivelycompareit. Datafrom246EarlyPaleoindiansiteswithpreservedorganicremainsare assembledtodocumentpatternsinresourcepreferencesandexploitation. Artifactsmade fromidentifiableelementsofextincttaxaareconsideredthemostreliableindicationof X