The Ontology of Time: Being and Time in the Philosophies of Aristotle, Husserl and Heidegger

240 Pages·2002·12.87 MB·English

by  Alexei Chernyakov (auth.)

THE ONTOLOGY OF TIME
PHAENOMENOLOGICA
SERIES FOUNDED BY H.L. VAN BREDA AND PUBLISHED
UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE HUSSERL-ARCHIVES
163
ALEXEICHERNYAKOV
THE ONTOLOGY OF TIME
Being and Time in the Philosophies of Aristotle,
Husserl and Heidegger
Editorial Board:
Director: R. Bernet (Husserl-Archief. Leuven) Secretary: J. Taminiaux (Centre
d'etudes phenomenologiques, Louvain-Ia-Neuve) Members: S. IJsseling (Husserl
Archief, Leuven). H. Leonardy (Centre d'etudes phenomcnologiques, Louvain-Ia
Neuve), U. Meile (Husserl-Archief. Leuven). B. Stevens (Centre d'etudes pheno
menologiques. Louvain-Ia-Neuve)
Advisory Board:
R. Bernasconi (Memphis State University). D. Carr (Emory University. Atlanta).
E.S. Casey (State University of New York at Stony Brook). R. Cobb-Stevens
(Boston College). J.F. Courtine (Archives-Husser\. Paris). F. Dastur (Universite de
Nice). K. Düsing (Husserl-Archiv. Köln). J. Hart (Indiana University. Bloomington).
K. Held (Bergische Universität Wuppertal). D. Janicaud (Universite
de Nice). K.E. Kaehler (Husserl-Archiv. Köln). D. Lohmar (Husserl-Archiv. Köln).
W.R. McKenna (Miami University. Oxford. USA). J.N. Mohanty !Temple University.
Philadelphia), E.w. Orth (Universität Trier). P. Rica:ur (Paris). K. Schuhmann
(University of Utrecht). C. Sini (Universita degli Studi di Milano), R. Sokolowski
(Catholic University of America, Washington D.C.), B. Waldenfels (Ruhr-Universität.
Bochum)
ALEXEICHERNYAKOV
St. Petersbllrg ScllOol (~l Religioll (/1/(/ Philosophy
St. PetershlllX. Russi(/
THE ONTOLOGY OF TIME
Being and Time in the Philosophies of Aristotle,
Husserl and Heidegger
..
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-6049-5 ISBN 978-94-017-3407-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-3407-3
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© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
KEY TO SOME REFERENCES CITED IN THE TEXT 9
INTRODUCTION 11
1.1. Why the ontology oftime? 11
1.2. The method 11
1.3. Theaim 12
1.4. "Non-being and time" 14
1.5. Time as number and calculating soul 14
1.6. Ontology ofhuman action 17
1.7. Distinctio et compositio essentiae et existentiae 18
1.8. The transition 10 the "synchronic" analysis 18
1.9. Searching for the lost subject 20
1.10. Care as primordial temporality 23
1.11. Differelltia dijJerens 23
1.12. God without being and thought without thinker 24
1.13. Acknowledgments 26
CHAPTERONE
NON-BEING AND TIME
(The prehistory o/the concept o/time)
1. The circle and the sphere 27
2. Ontology and chronology 34
CHAPTER TWO
TIME AS NUMBER AND CALCULATING SOUL
s
(Aristotle theClry Cl/Time. The prototype o/the OfITological dijJerence)
1. Energeia and its internal form 42
1.1. The deftnition of movement 42
1.2. The concept of energeia 45
1. 3. Sensations as energeiai 48
1.4. Internal form 01' energeia 50
1.5. Identity of energeia and liJrm 51
5
6 TABLE OF CONTENTS
2. Number as "articulation" ofa finite set 53
2.1. Magnitude and number 53
2.2. Number as numbering and as numbered 54
2.3. The numbering soul 56
3. Being and entity 59
3.1. AristotJe on the manifold meanings ofbeing 59
3.2. The being ofthe copula 62
4. The "now" as one and as a multiple 66
5. TIme and the intellect ofthe soul 72
5.1. Movernent and number as objects ofthe sensuseommunis 72
5.2. How the understanding of difTerence is possible 73
5.3. The "now" and the "point" 75
5.4. Two ene~eiai of thought 76
CHAPTER THREE
DISTlNCTIO ET COMPOSITIO ESSENTIAE ET EXISTENTIAE
AS INTERPRETED BY MARTIN HEIDEGGER
I. Medieval discussion of the ontological ditTerence 78
1.1. Medieval ontology and The Basic Problems 0/ Phenomenology 78
1.2. Essence, existence and ontological difference 79
1. 3. Semantic distinctions 80
1.4. Essence, whatness, nature 82
1.5. Essence is difTerent from being (existence) 83
1.6. The simple and the complex 85
1. 7. Distinction as such 85
1.8. Suarez on the distinction and composition
of essence and existence in the fInite entity 86
1.8.1. Distinetio rationis ... 86
1.8.2 .... eum/undamento in re 88
2. Existence as finite being 90
2.1. Phenomenological interpretation 90
2.1.1. Ontologyas phenomenology 90
2.1.2. The ontology of creation 91
2.2. Being received and not received 94
2.2.1. Objection to a purely mental character ofthe ontological distinction 94
2.2.2. Suarez' answer tn this objection 94
2.3. Received in something other and received from something other 95
2.4. Existence as the fInite being (esse) offmite entities 96
2.5. E"istentia and E"iste"z 97
CHAPTER FOUR
ONTOLOGY OF HUMAN ACTION
(Aristotles Eth. Nie. VI and Heideggerseommentaries)
1.1. The topography of the truth. How the soul "discloses the truth" 101
1.2. Quarrel ofwisdom and prudence 102
1.3. "Parts" ofthe soul and their virtues 103
1.3.1. The soul as the fIrst ell1eleeheia 103
1.3.2. Corporeality and responsible act 104
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.3.3. Eternal and temporal truth (Clirilv and 1CCl1fl6~) 105
1.4. Prudence 107
1.5. Principles of action 109
1.6. Eil1tPCl~iCl. EiJl\Cll~oviCl and EigenTlichkeir 111
1.7. Noema and pl/rollema 116
CHAPTER FIVE
GOD WITHOUT BEING AND THOUGHT WITHOUT THINKER
1. The source ofbeing which His not" (On the Divine Narnes V 5) 120
1.1. What never was nor will be; what is not 120
1.2. On the poetic way of naming 123
1.3. Naming by analogy 125
1.4. To see the invisible 128
!.S. Energeia and essence l31
1.6. Analogia mentis 133
1.7. Maximus the Confessor on the two parts ofthe human soul 137
2. The paradoxes ofretlection in Husserl's phenomenology
(The transcendental subject lost) 139
2.1. Da-sein and BewußT-sein 140
2.2. Empty and filled 144
2.3. The ego pursuing i tse lf 150
CHAPTER SIX
SEARCHING FOR THE LOST SUBJECT
1. The genealogy of subj ectivity 157
1.1. Predecessors and heirs of the transcendental subject 157
1.2. Negative analogy 159
1.3. Categories and existemialia 160
1.4. Ylt01CEi~Evov and subjecTum 162
!.S. The subject and the ego 164
1.5.1. The fundamental axiom of classical ontology. Existence and positivity 165
1.5.2. Man assurnes the role of subject 166
1.6. The category as the internal structure of existence 167
1.7. Whatness and whoness 168
1.7.1. Category as adetermination ofthe transcendental subject 168
1.7.2. The limits ofanalogy 169
2. Care as the successor ofsubjectivity
(Ontology ofbeing-ready-to-hand) 171
2.1. Being as "having-to-be" 171
2.2. The existential structure of care 172
2.3. Entity-within-the-world and its being 173
2.4. The sphere of equipment 174
2.4.1. The totality of involvement 176
2.4.2. For-the-sake-of-whieh and for-whose-sake 178
2.4.3. The ontologie al concept of care 178
3. The unity ofthe thing and the unity of care 180
3.1. Negative analogy as a distinction 180
3.2. Entityas "one" 180
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2.1. Aristotle: the "one" as essence 181
3.3. The unity ofthe ready-to-hand as a topological unity 182
3.3.1. The tool as "one" 182
3.3.2. Interpretation and freeing of the thing 183
3.4. The topos of Da 184
CHAPTER SEVEN
PRIMORDIAL TEMPORALITY AND ONTOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE
1. Care as primordia1 temporality 186
1.1. Being-ready-to-hand and the time of dealing 186
I. 2. "Tendency" before the cogilO 187
1.2. Understanding, interpretation and the meaning of meaning 189
1.3.1. The meaning of care 190
1.4. The ecstases of temporality 192
1.4.1. The forthcorning 192
1.4.2. The past 192
1.4.3. The present as the "twink!ing of an eye" 193
1.5. Ecstatic tripartite unity oftime and topological unity of Dasein 194
1.5.1. The point ofthe "now" and the unity ofthe transcendental subject 195
1.5.2. Involvement and the horizon ofan object 196
1.6. Understanding ofbeing and transcendence of Dasein 197
1.7. The concept 01" schematism 199
1.7.1. Directional sense and horizontal schema 199
1.7.2. Kant's lranscendental schema 200
1.7.3. Schematism of temporal ecstases and the unity 01" horizontal schemata 20 I
2. The onto1ogica1 ditTerence 203
2.1. Two forms of ontological difference 203
2.2. The ready-to-hand, the present-at-hand
and the existential ontological modilication 206
2.3. Being-what and being-how ofthe ready-to-hand 207
2.4. Praesens as the horizon of the present 208
2.4.1. Praesens as being-ready-to-hand 209
2.4.2. Praesens in the "twinkling of an eye" 210
2.5. Being-what (essence) and being-how (existence) ofthe present-at-hand 210
2.6. Absolute temporal flow and primordialtemporality 212
2.7. Possibility of allthat which is possible 217
2.8. Differentia differens 218
BIBLIOGRAPHY 221
INDEX OF NAMES 224
SUBJECT INDEX 226
KEY TO SOME REFERENCES CITED IN THE TEXT
Throughout this book references to frequently cited texts are identified by the fol
lowing abbreviations and code letters.
E. HUSSERL'S WORKS
Hua "Husserliana" - Edmund Husserl, Gesammelte Werke, Bd. Iff. (Den
Haag: M. Nijhoff, 1950 ff.)
EP Erste Philosophie. 2. Teil: Theorie der phänomenologischen Reduktion,
hrsg. v. R. Boehm, Hua VIII (Den Haag, 1959).
EU Erfahrung und Urteil, redigiert und hrsg. v. L. Landgrebe. (Hamburg:
F. Meiner, 1985).
Ideen I Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philo
sophie, 5. Aufl. (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1993).
Ideen II Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philo
sophie. Zweites Buch: Phänomenologische Untersuchungen zur Kon-
stitution, hrsg. v. M. Biemel, Hua IV (Den Haag, 1952).
Ideen III = Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philo
sophie. Drittes Buch: Die Phänomenologie und die Fundamente der
Wissenschaften, hrsg. v. M. Biemel, Hua V (Den Haag, 1952).
Krisis Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale
Phänomenologie. Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philoso
phie, hrsg. v. W. Biemel, Hua VI (Den Haag, 1954, 1962).
LU Logische Untersuchungen. Zweiter Band, 2. Teil., hrsg. v. U. Panzer,
Hua XIX/2 (Den Haag, Boston, Lancaster, 1984).
ZB Zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewußtsein (1893-1917), hrsg. v.
R. Boehm, Hua X (Den Haag, 1959).
M. HEIDEGGER'S WORKS
GA MartinHeidegger, Gesamtausgabe, Bd.l tf. (Frankfurt a. M.: Vittorio
Klostermann Verlag).
9
10 KEYTO SOME REFERENCES
EM Einjlihrung in die Metaphysik, GA 40 (Frankfurt a. M.: V. Kloster
mann. 1983).
English translation by R. Manheim: Introduction to Metaphysics
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1987).*
GP Die Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie. GA 24 (V. Klosterrnann.
Frankfurt a. M., 1989).
English translation by A. Hofstadter: The Basic Problems ofP henom
enology (BIoomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
1988).
KPM Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik (Frankfurt a. M.: V. Kloster
mann, 1973).
English translation by R. Taft: Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics
(BIoomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 5th ed ..
1997).
MAL Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Logik im Ausgang von Leibniz. GA
26 (Frankfurt a. M.: V. Klosterrnann. 1978).
English translation by M. Heim: The Metaphysical Foundations of
Logic (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press,
1984).
PS Platon: Sophistes (Marburger Vorlesung Wintersemester 1924/25).
GA 19 (Frankfurt a. M.: V. Klosterrnann. 1992).
s
English translation by R. Rojcewicz and A. Schuwer: Plato Sophist
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1997).
SZ Sein und Zeit. 16. Aufl. (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. 1986).
English translation by J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson: Being and
Time (Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 7th ed .. 1987).
OTHERABBREVIATIONS
ON Oionysius the Areopagite. The Divine Names and Mystical The%gy.
ed. G. M. Prochorov (St. Petersburg: Glago!. 1994). The text repro
duces the critical edition: Corpus Dionysiacum I. Pseudo-Oyonysius
Areopagita: De divinis nominibus. ed. B. R. Suchla. Patristische Texte
und Studien 33 (Berlin-New York. 1990).
PG Patrologiae cursus completus (J.-P. Migne). Sero graeca.
PhG G. W. F. Hege!. Phänomenologie des Geistes. hrsg. V. J. Hoffmeister
(Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 1971).
PL Patrologiae cursus completus (J.-P. Migne). Sero latina.
• For the reasons discussed below the English translations are often modified. Page numbers are
indicated according Lo the German editions.