The Olympic Textbook of Science in Sport (The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine)

418 Pages·2008·3.61 MB·English

by  Ronald J. Maughan

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OLYMPIC TEXTBOOK OF SCIENCE IN SPORT
Olympic Textbook of Science in Sport. Edited by Ronald
J. Maughan © 2009 International Olympic Committee.
ISBN: 978-1-405-15638-7
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OLYMPIC TEXTBOOK OF
SCIENCE IN SPORT
VOLUME XV OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SPORTS MEDICINE
AN IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION PUBLICATION
EDITED BY
RONALD J. MAUGHAN, PhD
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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This edition first published 2009, © 2009 International Olympic Committee
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Olympic textbook of science in sport / edited by Ron J. Maughan.
p. ; cm. – (Encyclopaedia of sports medicine ; v. 15)
“An IOC Medical Commission publication.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-5638-7
1. Sports–Physiological aspects. 2. Physical fitness–Physiological aspects. 3. Human mechanics.
I. Maughan, Ron J., 1951- II. IOC Medical Commission. III. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Sports–physiology. 2. Athletic Performance. 3. Biomechanics. 4. Exercise.
5. Nutrition Physiology. 6. Sports Medicine–methods. QT 13 E527 1988 v.15]
RC1235.O59 2008
613.7′11–dc22
2008024090
ISBNs: 978-1-4051-5638-7
978-1-4051-9257-6 (leather bound)
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 9/12 pt Palatino by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
Printed and bound in Malaysia by Vivar Printing Sdn Bhd
1 2009
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Contents
List of Contributors, vii Part 2: Nutrition
Foreword, ix 6 Nutrition Needs of Athletes, 87
ronald j. maughan
Preface, x
7 Dietary Goals and Eating Strategies, 101
louise m. burke
Introduction: Sport, Science and Sports
Science, 1 8 Hydration, 116
ronald j. maughan susan m. shirreffs
Part 3: Anthropometry
Part 1: Physiology and Biochemistry
9 Body Composition and Sports Performance, 131
1 Muscle: Producing Force and Movement, 7
timothy olds
paavo v. komi and
masaki ishikawa
Part 4: Immunology
2 Physiological Demands of Sprinting and
10 Exercise Immunology, 149
Multiple-Sprint Sports, 25
michael gleeson
clyde williams
11 Exercise, Inflammation, and Metabolism, 163
3 Physiological Demands of Endurance bente k. pedersen
Exercise, 43
andrew m. jones and david c. poole
Part 5: Cell Biology
4 Physiological Adaptations to Training, 56 12 Genetic Determinants of Physical
martin j. gibala and
Performance, 181
mark rakobowchuk claude bouchard and
tuomo rankinen
5 Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Adaptations to
Training, 70 13 Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptations to
graham p. holloway and Training, 202
lawrence l. spriet frank w. booth and p. darrell neufer
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vi contents
Part 6: Biomechanics, Engineering, and Part 9: Limitations to Performance
Ergonomics
19 Cardiorespiratory Limitations to
14 Biomechanics of Human Movement and Performance, 307
Muscle-Tendon Function, 215 niels h. secher
vasilios baltzopoulos and
constantinos n. maganaris 20 Metabolic Limitations to Performance, 324
francis b. stephens and
15 Sports Ergonomics, 230 paul l. greenhaff
thomas reilly and adrian lees
21 The Brain and Fatigue, 340
timothy d. noakes, helen crewe
Part 7: Psychology
and ross tucker
16 Exercise and Psychological Well-being, 251
panteleimon ekkekakis and Part 10: Special Populations
susan h. backhouse
22 The Young Athlete, 365
17 Psychological Characteristics of Athletes lyle j. micheli and margo mountjoy
and their Responses to Sport-Related
Stressors, 272 23 The Female Athlete, 382
john s. raglin and gregory wilson myra a. nimmo
Part 8: Pharmacology Part 11: Exercise and Health
18 Performance-Enhancing Drugs, 285 24 Health Benefits of Exercise and Physical
mario thevis and Fitness, 401
wilhelm schänzer michael j. lamonte, karl f.
kozlowski and frank cerny
Index, 417
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List of Contributors
SUSAN H. BACKHOUSEPhD, Carnegie MICHAEL GLEESONPhD, School of Sport
Research Institute, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, UK
VASILIOS BALTZOPOULOSPhD, Institute
for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, PAUL L. GREENHAFFPhD, Centre for
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, School of
Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical
FRANK W. BOOTHPhD, Department of School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
Biomedical Sciences, Medical Pharmacology, and
Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, GRAHAM P. HOLLOWAYPhD, Department
MO, USA of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of
Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
CLAUDE BOUCHARDPhD, Pennington
Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA MASAKI ISHIKAWAPhD, Department of Health
and Sport Management, Osaka University of Health and
LOUISE M. BURKEPhD, APD, Department of Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT,
Australia, and Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, ANDREW M. JONESPhD, School of Sport and
Australia Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
FRANK CERNYPhD, Department of Exercise and PAAVO V. KOMIPhD, Department of the Biology
Nutrition Science, School of Public Health and Health of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä,
Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Finland
Buffalo, NY, USA
KARL F. KOZLOWSKIEdM, Department of
HELEN CREWEBSc (Hons), UCT/MRC Research Exercise and Nutrition Science, School of Public Health
Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department and Health Professions, State University of New York at
of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
South Africa
MICHAEL J. LAMONTEPhD, Department of
PANTELEIMON EKKEKAKISPhD, Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and
Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo,
IA, USA Buffalo, NY, USA
MARTIN J. GIBALAPhD, Exercise Metabolism ADRIAN LEESPhD, Research Institute for Sport and
Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry
University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Cotton Campus, Liverpool, UK
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viii list of contributors
CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARIS MARK RAKOBOWCHUKMSc, Exercise
PhD, Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology,
Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
University, Manchester, UK
TUOMO RANKINENPhD, Pennington
RONALD J. MAUGHANPhD, School of Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, UK THOMAS REILLYDSc, Research Institute for Sport
and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University,
LYLE J. MICHELIMD, Harvard Medical School, Henry Cotton Campus, Liverpool, UK
and Division of Sports Medicine, Children’s Hospital
Boston, Boston, MA, USA WILHELM SCHÄNZERPhD, Center for
Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry,
MARGO MOUNTJOYMD, Health & German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
Performance Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada NIELS H. SECHERMD, DMSc, Department of
Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen,
P. DARRELL NEUFERPhD, Department Copenhagen, Denmark
of Exercise and Sports Sciences, and Department of
Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, SUSAN M. SHIRREFFSPhD, School of Sport
NC, USA and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, UK
MYRA A. NIMMOPhD, School of Sport and
Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, LAWRENCE L. SPRIETPhD, Department
Loughborough, UK of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University
of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
TIMOTHY D. NOAKESMBChB, MD, DSc,
UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science FRANCIS B. STEPHENSPhD, Centre for
and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, School of
Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical
South Africa School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
TIMOTHY OLDSPhD, Nutritional Physiology MARIO THEVISPhD, Center for Preventive
Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German
Australia Sport University, Cologne, Germany
BENTE K. PEDERSENMD, DMSc, Centre ROSS TUCKERPhD, UCT/MRC Research Unit
of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet 7641, for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of
Copenhagen, Denmark Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands,
South Africa
DAVID C. POOLEPhD, DSc, School of Sport
and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, CLYDE WILLIAMSPhD, School of Sport
UK, and Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University,
Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Loughborough, UK
KS, USA
GREGORY WILSONPED, Department of
JOHN S. RAGLINPhD, Department of Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Science, University of Evansville,
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Evansville, IN, USA
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Foreword
The general aim of all volumes in the series, Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine, is the enhancement of the health
and welfare of athletes at all levels of competition in all parts of the world.
The most respected scientific investigators and clinicians have collaborated to produce each volume of the
collection which contains reference texts that are both comprehensive for the topics and representative of the
leading edge of knowledge.
Volume XV, The Olympic Textbook of Science in Sport, reexamines the biochemical, physiological, and biome-
chanical issues that were included in the original Volume I in 1988 and synthesizes the new research informa-
tion that has been published during the last 20 years. I wish to congratulate Professor Ronald Maughan and
all of the Contributing Authors on the excellent quality of their efforts and welcome this volume to the
Encyclopaedia series.
Dr Jacques Rogge
President of the International Olympic Committee
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Preface
As the standards of sporting excellence continue to sports sciences. To do so, a cast of leading experts
rise to ever higher levels, so the scientific study of from many countries was recruited as authors. These
sport also continues to evolve. The Medical Commis- authors have given generously of their time and
sion of the International Olympic Committee has expertise and to them the credit is due for this volume.
recognised that science is not parochial or national- I would like to extend special thanks to Howard
istic, but rather that scientific knowledge should be “Skip” Knuttgen for his unfailing support in driving
available to all athletes. As part of its mission to sup- this project to its conclusion. His vast experience as
port athletes and those sports scientists from many Coordinator of Scientific Publications for the IOC
different disciplines who, in turn, support them, the Medical Commission has been an enormous asset at
IOC Medical Commission decided to commission a every stage of the process.
Textbook of Science in Sport. The concept was of an I am also deeply grateful to Victoria Pittman
encyclopaedia of sports science. An encyclopaedia and Cathryn Gates, Development Editors at Wiley-
should be a book or set of books giving information Blackwell in Oxford, and to Alice Nelson who was
on many subjects or on many aspects of one subject: production manager. All did an excellent job and
it should be both comprehensive and authoritative. ensured that the project remained on track.
The aim of this encyclopaedia therefore is to provide
reviews of the many disciplines that comprise the Ronald J. Maughan, PhD