The Ocean Basins and Margins: The Indian Ocean PDF
Preview The Ocean Basins and Margins: The Indian Ocean
THE OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS Volume 6 The Indian Ocean THE OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS Volume 1: The South Atlantic Volume 2: The North Atlantic Volume 3: The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Volume 4A: The Eastern Mediterranean Volume 4B: The Western Mediterranean Volume 5: The Arctic Ocean Volume 6: The Indian Ocean In Preparation: Volume 7: The Pacific Ocean THE OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS Edited by Alan E. M. Nairn Earth Science and Resources Institute University oj South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina and Francis G. Stehli College oj Geosciences University oj Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma Volume 6 The Indian Ocean PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Nairn, A. E. M. The ocean basins and margins. Vol. 5- edited by A. E. M. Nairn, M. Churkin, Jr., and F. G. Stehli. Includes bibliographies. CONTENTS: v. I. The South Atlantic. - v. 2. The North Atlantic. - [etc.] - v. 6. The Indian Ocean. I. Submarine geology. 2. Continental margins. I. Stehli, Francis Greenough, joint author. II. Title. QE39.N27 551.46'08 72-83046 ISBN 978-1-4615-8040-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-8038-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-8038-6 © 1982 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1982 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME z. R. Beydoun Kees A. De Jong Department of Geology Department of Geology American University of Beirut University of Cincinnatti Beirut, Lebanon Cincinnatti, Ohio E. M. El Shazly J. Boast Nuclear Materials Corporation Cairo, Egypt Department of Geology University of South Carolina Frans J. Emmel Columbia, South Carolina Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California Bruce H. Corliss Edward S. Grew Department of Geology and Department of Geology Geophysics University of Melbourne Woods Hole Oceanographic Parkville, Victoria, Australia Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts David K. Hobday Department of Geology and Geophysics Joseph R. Curray University of Sydney Scripps Institution of Oceanography Sydney, New South Wales, La Jolla, California Australia v vi Contributors Charles S. Hutchison Russel W. Raitt Department of Geology Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Malaya La Jolla, California Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ashok Sahni Geology Department P. E. Kent Panjab University Natural Environment Research Chandigarh, India Council London, England R. Schlich Institut de Physique de Globe Laboratoire de Geophysique Robert B. Kidd Marine Institute of Oceanographic Strasbourg, France Sciences Wormley, Surrey, England B. G. J. Upton Department of Geology Venkatarathnam Kolla University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, Scotland Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory J. J. Veevers Palisades, New York School of Earth Sciences Macquarie University David G. Moore North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California Douglas F. Williams Department of Geology and Belle Alan E. M. Nairn W. Baruch Institute for Marine Department of Geology Biology and Coastal Research University of South Carolina University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina CONTENTS Chapter 1. Sedimentation and Sedimentary Processes in the Indian Ocean Venkatarathnam Kolla and Robert B. Kidd I. Introduction .................................................................. . A. Climatology and Geology ............................................ 1 B. Physiography ............................................................ 3 C. Physical Oceanography .............................................. 4 II. Quaternary Sedimentation ................................................. 6 A. Surface Sediments ..................................................... 7 B. Subsurface Sediments ...................................... ........... 18 III. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sediment Distributions .................... 29 A. Sedimentation Changes at Individual DSDP Sites ........... 30 B. Oceanwide Sedimentation Changes ............................... 31 References ............................................................................ 45 Chapter 2. The Indian Ocean: Aseismic Ridges, Spreading Centers, and Oceanic Basins R. Schlich I. Introduction ................................... ... ............................. 51 II. The Morphology of the Indian Ocean ............. ..................... 52 vii vHi Contents III. The Exploration of the Indian Ocean .................................. 55 IV. The Data ....................................................................... 59 V. The Submarine Plateaus or Aseismic Ridges ........................ 61 A. The Ninetyeast Ridge ................................................. 63 B. The Chagos-Laccadive Ridge, the Seychelles Bank, and the Mascarene Plateau ................................................ 64 C. The Madagascar Ridge and the Crozet Plateau ................ 68 D. The Mozambique Ridge and the Agulhas Plateau ............. 72 E. The Ob, Lena, and Marion Dufresne Seamount Chain ..... 74 F. The Kerguelen-Heard Plateau and Broken Ridge ........... 76 G. The Naturaliste, Wallaby, Exmouth, and Scott Plateaus.. 81 H. Conclusion ................................................................ 84 VI. The Ocean Basins and Midocean Ridge ............................... 85 A. The Sheba Ridge and the Gulf of Aden .......................... 86 B. The Carlsberg Ridge, the Arabian and Eastern Somali Basins ...................................................................... 88 C. The Central Indian Ridge ............................................ 91 D. The Southwest Indian Ridge ....................................... 95 E. The Southwest Indian Ridge: The Crozet and Central Indian Basins ............................................................... 99 F. The Madagascar Basin ............................................... 109 G. The Mascarene Basin ................................................ 114 H. The Wharton Basin ................................................... 118 I. The Perth, Cuvier, Gascoyne, and Argo Abyssal Plains ... 123 J. The Western Somali Basin and the Mozambique Basin .... 128 K. Conclusion ............................................................... 134 References ............................................................................ 135 Chapter 3. The Southeast African Margin David K. Hobday I. Introduction .. .... .... ...... .......... ....... ...... ..... ..... ............... ... 149 II. The Early Paleozoic Natal Embayment ............................... 152 III. Dwyka Glaciation in Natal and Adjoining Areas ................... 155 IV. The Ecca ....................................................................... 158 V. Beaufort and Stormberg Sedimentation ............................... 160 VI. Volcanism and Continental Fragmentation ........................... 162 VII. Mesozoic Basins ............................................................. 164 VIII. Land Surfaces and Tertiary Basins of Natal and Zululand.... 167 IX. Tertiary Deposits of Mozambique ...................................... 170 Contents ix X. Quaternary History.......................................................... 171 XI. Conclusions .................................................................... 175 References ............................................................................ 176 Chapter 4. The Somali Ocean Basin and the Continental Margin of East Africa P.E. Kent I. Introduction ................................................................... 185 II. The Structural Framework ................................................ 187 III. Development of the Coastal Sedimentary Basins .................. 187 A. Carboniferous and Permo-Triassic (Karoo) ..................... 188 B. Jurassic and Early Cretaceous...................................... 188 C. Later Cretaceous ....................................................... 189 D. Tertiary.................................................................... 190 IV. Structure of the Somali Ocean Basin .................................. 194 V. The Relation of Continent and Ocean ................................. 197 VI. The Palaeoposition of Madagascar .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 200 VII. Conclusions.......... ................................................ ..... ..... 201 References ............................................................................ 202 Chapter 5. The Red Sea Region E.M. EI Shazly I. Introduction ................................................................... 205 II. Stratigraphy ................................................................... 205 A. Basement Rocks ........................................................ 208 B. Sedimentary Cover in the Red Sea Region ..................... 211 C. Contribution of DSDP Drilling to Red Sea Stratigraphy.... 216 D. Phanerozoic Vulcanism ...................................... ......... 218 III. The Red Sea ................................................................... 220 A. Geophysical Observations* ........................................ 222 B. Petrology of Red Sea Rocks .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. 229 C. Metasomatic Development of Red Sea Rocks ................. 231 * Written by S. Hall, University of Houston, Texas. x Contents IV. Tectonics ....................................................................... 236 V. Conclusions .................................................................... 244 References ............................................................................ 247 Chapter 6. The Gulf of Aden and N.W. Arabian Sea Z. R. Beydoun I. Introduction ................................................................... 253 II. Stratigraphy ................................................................... 257 A. Arabian Side ............................................................. 257 B. African Side ............................. .......... ....................... 271 III. Structural Framework and Tectonic Evolution ....................... 280 A. Arabian Side ............................................... .............. 281 B. African Side .............................................................. 285 C. The Gulf of Aden and N. W. Arabian Sea ....................... 297 IV. Conclusion ................................................................... 301 References ............................................................................. 306 Chapter 7. Tectonics of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Southern Pakistan Region Kees A. De Jong I. Introduction ........................ ........................................... 315 II. Arabian Platform ............................................................. 317 III. Zagros Orogen ............................................................... 320 A. Zagros Fold Belt ........................................................ 321 B. Zagros Thrust Belt ..................................................... 325 C. Main Zagros Thrust (and Strike-Slip Fault) ..................... 327 D. Internal Zagros .......................................................... 327 IV. Oman Mountains ............................................................. 328 A. Autochthonous Formations ......................................... 329 B. Hawasina Nappe ..................... .................................. 331 C. Semail Ophiolite Nappe .............................................. 332 V. Makran Ranges ............................................................... 333 VI. Southern Pakistan ........ . . ... . ...... . . . . . ........ ..... ..................... 337 A. Kirthar-Suleiman Mountain Belts .................................. 340 B. Chaman Transform Zone ............................................. 342
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