The Ocean Basins and Margins PDF
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THE OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS Volume 4B The Western Mediterranean THE OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS Volume 1: The South Atlantic Volume 2: The North Atlantic Volume 3: The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Volume 4A: The Eastern Mediterranean Volume 4B: The Western Mediterranean In preparation: Volume 5: The Arctic Ocean Volume 6: The Indian Ocean Volume 7: The Pacific Ocean THE OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS Edited by Alan E. M. Nairn and William H. Kanes Department of Geology University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina and Francis G. Stehli Department of Geology Case Western Reserve University Qevelond, Ohio Volume 4B The Western Mediterranean PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publicatkm Data Nairn, A E M The ocean basins and margins. Includes bibliographies. CONTENTS: v. 1. The South Atlantic.-v. 2. The North Atlantic. v. 3. The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.- v. 4A. The Eastern Mediterranean.-v. 4B. The Western Mediterranean. 1. Submarine geology. 2. Continental margins. I. Stehli, Francis Greenough, joint author. II. TiUe. QE39.N27 551.4'608 72·83046 ISBN 978-1-4684-3041-7 ISBN 978-1-4684-3039-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-3039-4 © 1978 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced. stored ill a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any fonn or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying. microfllming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher CONTRIBUTORS TO TillS VOLUME M. BoccaIetti Michel MouUade Istituto di Geologia dell'Universita Centre de Recherche Micropaleontologique Florence, Italy Jean Cuvillier and Centro di Geologia dell'Appennino Laboratoire de Geologie Structurale Florence, Italy Universite de Nice Nice, France P. F. BuroUet Compagnie Fran~ise des Petroles J. M. Mugniot Paris, France Compagnie Fran~aise des Petroles Paris, France A. Caire Departement de Geologie Structurale Hugh Martyn Pedley Universite de Paris Department of Biology and Geology Paris, France The Polytechnic of North London Holloway, London, U. K. C.(;r.andjacquet Departement de Geologie Structurale J.M. Rios Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Lagasca 75 Paris, France Madrid, Spain Michael Robert House J. Salaj Department of Geology Service Geologique The University Tunis, Tunisia Hull, U. K. and Geologicky ustav Dionyza Stura Bratislava, Czechoslovakia P. Manetti Istituto di Mineraiogia, Petrografia e P.Sweeney Geochimica dell'Universita Compagnie Fran~aise des Petroles Florence, Italy Paris, France (;. Mascle Brian Waugh Departement de Geologie Structurale Department of Geology Universite Pierre et Marie Curie The University Paris, France Hull, U. K. " CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4B Contents of Volume 4A . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . X III Chapter 1. The Mediterranean Coast of Spain and the Alboran Sea J. M. Rios I. Introduction: The Mediterranean Coast of Spain 1 II. Regional Description of the Mediterranean Coast 5 A. The Pyrenean Sector . . . . . 5 B. The Catalonian Coastal Ranges 14 C. The Iberian Ranges 18 D. The Betic Ranges . . . . . . 22 E. The Balearic Islands . . . . . 29 III. The Floor of the Western Mediterranean 32 A. Morphology and Recent Sedimentation: Generalities 33 B. Neogene Sedimentation ..... . 41 C. The Balearic Sea and Gulf of Valencia 42 D. The Alboran Sea and Islands 44 E. The Straits of Gibraltar. . . . . . . 48 F. The Origin and Structure of the Western Mediterranean 50 Acknowledgments 53 References 53 Chapter 2. The Ligurian Sea and the Adjacent Areas Michel Moullade I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 II. Bathymetry and Submarine Morphology 69 vii viii Contents A. Sources of Information . . . . . . . . . 69 B. The Continental Shelf . . . . . . . . . 71 C. The Continental Slope and Continental Rise 71 D. Abyssal Plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 HI. Structural Framework (Continental and Island Borders) 73 A. The Crystalline Massifs and Their Sedimentary Envelopes- The Folded Sedimentary Massifs. 73 B. The Coastal Sedimentary Basins 93 IV. Geophysical Data. . . WI A. Seismicity 101 B. Seismic Exploration 102 C. Gravimetry. . . 107 D. Magnetism . . . 108 E. Paleomagnetism. 110 V. Complementary Data III A. Sedimentological and Paleogeographical Data III B. Results Based upon Geological and Morphological Similarities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 C. Paleo biogeographical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 VI. Pre-Miocene Geological History of the Circum-Ligurian Area 113 VI I. Hypotheses on the Genesis and Evolution of the Ligurian Sea 119 A. The Origin of the Ligurian Sea. 120 B. Evolution of the Ligurian Sea 123 Acknowledgments 125 References 125 Chapter 3. The Tyrrhenian Sea and Adjoining Regions M. Boccaletti and P. Manetti I. Introduction . 149 II. Physiography 150 A. The Southern Tyrrhenian Sea 150 III. Structural Framework 150 IV. Natural Seismicity 153 V. HeatFlow . 154 VI. Magmatism 156 A. Eolian Islands. 156 B. Submarine Volcanoes and Ustica 158 C. Pontine Islands 158 D. Tuscan Archipelago 160 VII. Gravity at Sea 161 VIII. Magnetism 162 Contents ix IX. Crustal Thickness. . 163 X. Seismic Stratigraphy 166 XI. Stratigraphy . . . . 174 XII. Surface Mineralogy and Sedimentology 175 XIII. Outline of the Geological Setting of Land Masses Surrounding the Tyrrhenian Basin . . . . . . . . 176 A. Sardinia-Corsica Massif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 B. The Italian Peninsula and Sicily . . . . . . . . . . . 177 XIV. Paleomagnetic Data on the Land Masses Surrounding the Tyrrhenian Basin . . . . 182 A. Corsica and Sardinia. . . . . . . . . . . . 184 B. The Italian Peninsula. . . . . . . . . . . . 184 XV. Hypothesis on the Genesis of the Tyrrhenian Basin. 186 Acknowledgment 191 References 192 Chapter 4A. The Central Mediterranean Mountain Chains in the Alpine Orogenic Environment A. Caire I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 II. The European and African Platforms 203 III. The Various Chains and Their Character 203 A. Intracratonic Chains . . . . 203 B. Intermediate Chains . . . . . . . 204 C. Alpine, Geosynclinal Chains 204 D. Alpine Axis, Branches, and Fanlikt; Structure 205 E. Internal and External Zones, Allochthon and Autochthon 208 F. The African or Adriatic Promontory and the Eastern Alps 208 IV. Retrotectonic Analysis ................ 209 A. The Beginning of the Alpine Cycle . . . . . . . . . . 209 B. The Evolution of the Tellian Atlas Segment during the Mesozoic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 C. Cretaceous or Paleo-Alpine Tectonics. . . . . . . . . 219 D. Evolution of the Tellian Wing during the Cenozoic . . . 219 E. Posttectonic (Tarditectonic or Neotectonic) Evolution from the Upper Miocene to Recent . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223 F. Special Features of the Calabro-Sicilian Arc . . . . . . .. 225 G. Outline of the Evolution of the Calabro-Sicilian Arc and the Tyrrhenian Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225 H. The Two Tyrrhenian Arcs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 230 I. The Role of Lateral Movements in Alpine Tectonic Evolution 231 :r. Contents J. Dispersion of the Kabyle-Peloritan-Calabrian Massifs 231 V. Evolution of the African Promontory 234 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Chapter 4B. The Structure of the Ionian Sea, Sicily, and Calabria-Lueania C. Grandjacquet and G. Mascle PART I: THE STRUCTURE OF THE IONIAN SEA AND SICILY I. Introduction . . 257 A. Limits . . . . . . . 257 B. Bathymetry. . . . . 259 C. Recent Sedimentation 259 II. Sicily-Southern Calabria and the Ionian Sea from Middle Pliocene to Quaternary Times .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 260 III. The Structure of Sicily and Southern Calabria . . . . . .. 263 A. The Sicilian Foredeep from Helvetian-Tortonian to Middle Pliocene . . . . . . . . . . 263 B. The External Sicilian Domains. . . . . . . 266 C. The Sicilian Flysch. . . . . . . . . . . . 276 D. The Peloritan Domain and Southern Calabria 279 E. Volcanism and Plutonism. . . . . . . 282 F. Interrelationship of the Sicilian Domains . . 284 PART II: THE STRUCTURE OF CALABRIA-LUCANIA IV. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 V. TheApennineDomains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 A. The Neotectonic Foreland, or External Apulia Platform (PFs) 287 B. The Neotectonic Foredeep or Bradanic Depression . . . 289 C. The Mesotectonic Foreland or Intermediate Abruzzi- Campania Platform (PF 291 2) • • • • • • • • • • • • • D. The Mesotectonic Foredeep or Irpinian Basin . . . . . 292 • E. The Subbasement of the Miocene Foredeep or Irpinian Basin, the Lagonegro-San Fele Complex . . . . . . . . . . 293 F. The Internal Apennine Margin, or Calabro-Campania Platform (PFJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 G. The Southern Apennines before Miocene Thrusting . 298 VI. The Pre-Apennine Domains . . . 298 A. The Flysch Basin . . . . . . 300 B. The Silan Crystalline Complex . 301 C. The Ophiolite Complex. . . 303 VII. Metamorphism and Deformation . 305 Contents xi A. Compressional Tectonics 305 B. Tensional Tectonics . 309 VIII. Plutonism and Volcanism . 309 A. Burdigalian Cherts. . . 310 B. Picrites-Teschenites-Limburgites of the Verbicaro Unit 310 C. Paleocene-Eocene Basaltic Tuffs . 310 D. Tusa Tuffites . . . . . . . 310 E. Tuffaceous Ghosts. . . . . 311 F. Massive and Pillow Dolerites 311 G. Pthanites. . . . . . . . 311 H. Massive or Pillow Diabases . 311 I. Diabases. . . . . . . . . 312 J. Middle Triassic Tuffites, Diabases, and Pillow Breccias 312 K. Middle Triassic Basic Rocks . 312 L. Carboniferous Granites 312 M. Conclusions 312 IX. Geographic and Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Apennines 313 A. Chronology of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 PART III: ATTEMPTED CORRELATION OF SICILIAN AND CALABRIAN UNITS X. Correlation of the External Domains 319 XI. Correlation of the Internal Domains. . . . . . . . . 321 XII. Comment on Possible Relationship with North Africa . 321 XIII. Time Correlations 322 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Chapter 5A. The Geology of the Pelagian Block: The Margins and Basins off Southern Tunisia and Tripolitania P. F. Burollet, J. M. Mugniot, and P. Sweeney I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 331 II. Physiography ......... 332 III. Geology of the Surrounding Areas. 336 A. Southern Tunisia and Tripolitania 336 B. Eastern Tunisia and the Pelagian Sea 345 IV. Structural Interpretation of the Pelagian Platform and the Ionian Sea . . . . . . . . 351 A. The Pelagian Platform 352 B. The Ionian Sea . 353 V. Recent Sedimentation 354 References . . . . . . . 355
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