The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law PDF
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THE NUREMBERG MILITARY TRIBUNALS AND THE ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW This page intentionally left blank The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law KEVIN JON HELLER 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #KevinJonHeller2011 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) CrowncopyrightmaterialisreproducedunderClassLicence NumberC01P0000148withthepermissionofOPSI andtheQueen’sPrinterforScotland Firstpublished2011 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby CPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire ISBN 978–0–19–955431–7 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 To my father, For bringing me into the world To Stuart, For teaching me how to live in it To my mother, For everything This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Writing a book is a solitary endeavor, so I am profoundly grateful to the many peoplewhohaverelievedtheisolationoverthepastthreeyears.AttheUniversityof Georgia,wheretheprojectbegan,IwanttothankDanBodansky,PeterSpiro,Paul Heald, and Jessica Lawrence—especially Jess, for so many reasons. I also want to thankthelawschoolforfundingmyinitialresearchintothetribunals. AttheUniversityofAuckland,thanksareduetoScottOptican,PaulRishworth, the late Mike Taggart, An Hertogen, and John Ip. My many conversations with Johnabouttheprojectwereparticularlyinvaluable;hehasearnedhisfreecopyof the book.I also wantto thankthe twoAuckland studentswho providedmewith such valuable research assistance, Zyanya Hill and Zöe Hamill. And, of course, I needtothankGolrizGhahraman,whohasbeenmyfineststudentandoneofmy dearestfriendsforthepastfouryears. AttheUniversityofMelbourne,mygratitudegoestoGerrySimpson,Adrienne Stone, Anne Orford, Tim McCormack, Sarah Finnin, and Carrie McDougall, friends and brilliant colleagues all. And I owe an immense debt to Edwina Myer, JordinaRust,andRobynCurnowfortheirresearchassistance. Importantpartsof thebookwouldnotexistwithoutthem. I also want to thank the countless other scholars who have so generously given me their time during this project, from discussing ideas to reading draft chapters. Theyinclude—andIapologizeforanyomissions—DonaldBloxham,RobCryer, RogerClark,MarkoMilanovic,JohnQ.Barrett,SteveVladeck,ClausKress,Dave Glazier, David Luban, Bill Schabas, Jens Ohlin, Mark Osiel, Gideon Boas, Kai Ambos,CarstenStahn,DianeAmann,FredericMegret,AlexZahar,DapoAkande, GregGordon,ChrisJenks,EdwinBikundo,JohnDehn,andMichaelSalter.And, of course, thanks go to all of my colleagues at Opinio Juris, who have both supportedmeandkindlyindulgedmyself-promotoryblogging. IwouldberemissifIdidnotextendmyappreciationtothewonderfullibrarians inthelawlibraryatColumbiaUniversity,whohelpedmenavigateTelfordTaylor’s papers,andtothelibrariansattheNationalArchivesinBaltimore.JonathanBush was also kind enough to share with me his knowledge of the archives in both locations. In terms of producingthe book, Iwant to thankMerel Alstein, OUP’sanony- mous reviewers, and the Estate of Ben Shahn for allowing me to use “The Red Stairway”onthecover. Finally,Ineedtosingleoutthreeindividualsformymostheartfeltappreciation. The first is John Louth, who gave a young, untested scholar the opportunity to writeabookfortheworld’sleadingacademicpressandthensupportedhiminso manydifferentwaysduringthewritingprocess.Iamforeverinyourdebt,John;all scholarsshouldbefortunateenoughtohaveaneditorlikeyou.ThesecondisMark viii Acknowledgments Drumbl,whohasbeenmymentorandmyfriendsincemyfirstyearinacademia. Heisaremarkablescholarandanevenmoreremarkableperson.Thankyou,Mark, foryourboundlessgenerosity.Thethird,firstbybeinglast,isBiancaDillon,who has been my friend, my constant companion, and my strongest supporter for the past two years. My debt to you, Bianca, is incalculable; without you, this book couldquiteliterallynothavebeenwritten. Contents ListofAbbreviations xi TableofCases xiii TableofInstruments xvi Introduction 1 1. FromtheIMTtotheZonalTrials 9 2. TheOCCandtheTribunals 25 3. TheEvolutionoftheTrialProgram 43 4. TheTrials 85 5. JurisdictionandLegalCharacteroftheTribunals 107 6. Evidence 139 7. Procedure 159 8. CrimesAgainstPeace 179 9. WarCrimes 203 10. CrimesAgainstHumanity 231 11. ModesofParticipation 251 12. Conspiracy,EnterpriseLiability,andCriminalMembership 275 13. Defenses 295 14. Sentencing 313 15. Aftermath 331 16. Legacy 369 Conclusion 399 AppendixA: TableofDefendants 403 AppendixB: CharteroftheInternationalMilitaryTribunal 465 AppendixC: ControlCouncilLawNo.10 473 AppendixD:OrdinanceNo.7 477 AppendixE: UniformRulesofProcedure 483 Bibliography 487 Index 493
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