The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525 PDF
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The Northern Crusades The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1 Ioo-1525 NEW STUDIES IN MEDIEVAL HISTORY General Editor: Denis Bethell Published J. K. Hyde, Sociery and Politics in Medieval Italy: The Evolution if the Civil Life, 1000-1350 Angus MacKay, Spain in the Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire, 1000-1500 Eric Christiansen, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier I 100-1525 Other volumes are in preparation. The Northern Crusades The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier I 100-1525 ERIC CHRISTIANSEN © Eric Christiansen 1 g8o All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. First published 1g/Jo by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Delhi Dublin Hong Kong Johannesburg Lagos Melbourne New York Singapore and Tokyo British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Christiansen, Eric The Northern Crusades.-(New studies in medieval history). 1. Baltic States-History 2. Teutonic Knights I. Ti tie II. Series 947'.4o3 DK511.B3 ISBN 978-0-333-26395-2 ISBN 978-1-349-16288-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-16288-8 This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement. The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Contents Acknowledgements Vll General Editor's Preface Vlll Chronological Table IX Northern Rulers Xll Spelling of Names XVI INTRODUCTION NoRTH-EAsT EuROPE ON THE EvE oF THE CRUSADES 6 Land and Sea 6 Peoples 18 Interactions 41 2 THE WENDISH CRUSADE IN THEORY AND PRACTICE, 1147-85 48 The Crusade of 1 14 7 48 Propagandists and Chroniclers 57 The Slav Wars ofHenry the Lion and Valdemar the Great 62 3 THE ARMED MoNKs:IDEOLOGY AND EFFICIENCY 70 Varieties of Monastic Knighthood, 1128-1237 70 The Monastic War-Machine, 1225-1309 79 4 THE CoNQUEST OF THE EAsT BALTIC LANDS, 1200-92 89 Livonia 89 Prussia 100 Estonia 105 Finland 109 5 THE THEOCRATIC ExPERIMENT, 1200-73 I 18 Popes and Legates I 18 The Battle for the Convert 122 The War on the Schismatic !26 6 THE INTERMINABLE CRUSADE, 1283-1410 132 The Roads to Collision, 1203-1309 132 The Morality and Recruitment of the Crusade 145 Wars and Politics, 1304-1409 153 Strategy and Tactics !60 VI CONTENTS 7 THE CRUSADE AGAINST NovGOROD, 1295-1378 171 The Debatable Lands 17 1 The Making of a Russo-Swedish Frontier, 1295-1326 177 The Crusades of King Magnus 182 8 THE CRusADING STATEs oF NoRTH-EAsT EuRoPE 192 Systems of Government 192 Conditions of Men 200 Civilisations 209 9 THE WITHERING OF THE CRUSADE, 1410-1525 219 Tannenberg and After, 1410-I4 219 The Debate at Constance, 1414-18 223 The Survival and Extinction of the Order in Prussia, 14 1 8- 1525 233 Livonia and the Russians, 1400-1562 240 CoNcLusiON 250 Further Reading 254 References to Sources 260 Index 267 MAPS The Baltic Region, 1 100 XVll 2 The Wendish Crusades, 1147-85 XVlll 3 The Livonian and Estonian Crusades, 1198-1290 XIX 4 The Prussian Crusades, 1230-83 XX 5 The Lithuanian Front, 12 80-1435 XXI 6 The Russian Front, 1242-1500 XXll PLATES I Crusading Coins II Crusading Seals III Crusading Castles IV Crusading Cities V The Crusade against the Heathen VI Catholicism versus Russia Acknowledgements The author thanks the Warden and Fellows of New College, Oxford, MrsJ. Grimond, Professor John Fennell, Alex dejonge, T.J. Binyon and Christopher Tyerman for their help. Denis Bethell has been an incomparable midwife. General Editor's Preface HISTORY is one of the arts of mankind: unless it is practised and renewed, it dies. It is one of the human sciences: it must therefore be a process of constant discovery. There must then always be new historical series: a civilisation which fails to produce them is like one without poets: a country without them is not only uncivilised, but it risks falling victim to historical myth and false political theory, risks losing its monuments, and lacks one of the best ways of explaining i tselfto itself and foreigners. 'Medieval' history is the history of a millennium of European history. Much in the monuments, civilisation and societies of modern Europe is most readily understood by studying it. Its needs are those ofo ther kinds ofhistory, but at the moment they are peculiarly urgent. If there is to be a new Europe, then there must be a new European history. No one who knows the subject will deny that at present available medieval history suffers unduly from myth, from an enforced uniformity, is deplorably patchy, and insufficiently related to the past of a real Europe or of real human societies. History is now chiefly studied and written in universities. It must be the aim ofa new series to broaden and change study and teaching. Thus the present series has been designed principally for university students, who may be described as intelligent persons requiring neither superfi cial general text books nor special monographs. It will also be of interest to the 'general reader' since no previous knowledge of the subjects treated is assumed. It is precisely an aim to widen and deepen the Knowl edge of medieval history in English-speaking countries and to assist teaching that special bibliographies of books in English are provided. It is part of a historian's duty to show why languages should be learnt, but it is realistic to say that this can only initially be done by teaching and using books in a student's own language. The books in this series are written by university teachers, and it is another of its aims to enable historians, and particularly younger historians, to write general history. If these authors were not scholars, did not base their writing on primary research, and failed to offer new insights, the series would fail to be new. There is nothing novel in maintaining that the results ofs cholarship can be broadly based, interesting, relevant, and readable. However, in providing a series in which they can be, Macmillans are reviving an old tradition, helping to bring a renaissance to medieval history. DENIS BETHELL Chronological Table First Northern crusade, against the Baltic Slavs. Revolt and subjugation of the Abotri tes by the Saxons and Danes. II68-g Conquest of Rugen by Valdemar I of Denmark. 1171 Alexander III authorises crusade against the east Baltic heathen. 1181 Fall of Duke Henry of Saxony. 1185 Pomeranian Slavs submit to Canute VI of Denmark. II88 Estonians raid Uppsala. First mission to the Livs. 1198 Innocent III authorises the Livonian crusade; Bishop Berthold slain. 1200 Bishop Albert establishes the see of Riga and Order of Sword-Brothers. 1200-g Conquest of the Livs and Letts by Bishop Albert and crusaders. 1215 Innocent III consecrates Christian bishop of the Prussians. 1217 Honorius III authorises crusade against the Prussians. 1219 Valdemar II founds Reval and begins conquest of northern Estonia. William of Sabina's first legation to the east-Baltic 1225 churches. 1226 Frederick II's Bull of Rimini grants Prussia to the Teutonic Order. Gregory IX authorises the Teutonic Order to con quer the Prussians. Teutonic Knights and crusaders conquer the western Prussians. Sword-Brothers annihilated by the Lithuanians at Siaulai (Saule). 1240 First crusade against the Russians; Swedes beaten on the Neva, Pskov taken. 1242 Teutonic Knights defeated at Lake Chud. Prussians revolt.
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