The Non-Aligned Movement: Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927-1992)

366 Pages·2018·13.443 MB·English

by  Jurgen Dinkel

The Non-Aligned Movement: Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992)
New Perspectives on the
Cold War
Series Editors
Jussi M. Hanhimäki (Graduate Institute Geneva)
Marco Wyss (Lancaster University)
Advisory Board
Nigel Ashton (The London School of Economics and Political Science)
Mark P. Bradley (The University of Chicago)
Anne Deighton (University of Oxford)
Mario del Pero (Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po [CHSP], Paris)
Bernd Greiner (Hamburg Institute for Social Research)
Tanya Harmer (London School of Economics and Political Science)
Hope M. Harrison (The George Washington University)
Wolfgang Mueller (University of Vienna)
Andrew Preston (University of Cambridge)
Sergey Radchenko (Cardiff University)
VOLUME 5
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ npcw
The Non- Aligned Movement:
Genesis, Organization and Politics
(1927– 1992)
By
Jürgen Dinkel
Translated by
Alex Skinner
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Originally published as, Dinkel, Jürgen: Die Bewegung Bündnisfreier Staaten
© Walter de Gruyter GmbH Berlin Boston. All rights reserved.
This work may not be translated or copied in whole or part without the written permission of the publisher
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Genthiner Straße 13, 10785 Berlin, Germany).
Cover illustration: The official emblem of the fifth summit conference of non-a ligned states in Colombo,
1976. The emblem embodies the ideals of the Non- Aligned Movement. 1. To establish, maintain and ensure
a lasting peace in the world – the white Dove, the traditional symbol of peace is therefore depicted on
the emblem. 2. Non- Aligned movement also supports the struggle for freedom from Colonialism and
imperialism – the hands with the broken chains represent the breakup of Colonial Empires and freedom
for their peoples. 3. The map of the World broadly depicts the Third World. 4. The Unity and solidarity of
the Non- Aligned group is shown in the hands grasped in friendship across the world. 5. The rising sun is
symbolic of the dawn of a new era for the Third World.
The Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available online at http:// catalog.loc.gov
LC record available at http:// lccn.loc.gov/2018960504
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ISSN 2452-2 260
ISBN 978-9 0-0 4-3 3612-4 (hardback)
ISBN 978-9 0-0 4-3 3613-1 (e-book)
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Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Abbreviations xi
Introduction 1
1 Brussels 1927 – the Globalization of Anticolonial Resistance 16
1 Anticolonial Movements and Organizational Activities in the
Interwar Period 16
2 The Brussels Congress and the League against Imperialism and for
National Independence (1927– 1937) 20
3 The Limits to Anticolonial Solidarity and the Dissolution of the
League against Imperialism 29
4 The Results and Legacy of Anticolonial Conference Diplomacy 39
2 Bandung 1955 – a Moment of Transformation 42
1 The Asian- African Conference in Bandung 42
2 Bandung and the End of the Colonial Era 44
2.1 The Construction of the Asian- African Movement in
Bandung 49
2.2 The Asian- African States’ Demands and Performative, Symbolic
and Argumentational Strategies 51
2.3 Media Strategies and Conferences as International Media
Events 57
3 After the Bandung Conference 61
3.1 Reactions in the Postcolonial World 61
3.2 Reactions in East and West 68
4 Bandung, Decolonization and the Cold War 78
3 Belgrade 1961 – Focal Point of the East- West and North- South
Conflicts 84
1 Non- Alignment as an Aspect of International Relations in the Late
1950s and Early 1960s 84
1.1 Domestic Political Reasons for a Policy of Non- Alignment 88
1.2 International Reasons for a Policy of Non- Alignment 92
2 In the Run- Up to the Belgrade Conference: Events, Expectations and
the Participants’ Motives 95
vi Contents
3 The Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non- Aligned
Countries of 1961 100
4 After the Belgrade Conference 103
4.1 Reactions in the Western World 103
4.2 Reactions at the United Nations 108
4.3 Reactions in the Non- Aligned World 112
4.3.1 The Non- Aligned States’ Organizational Efforts in
Belgrade (1961) and Cairo (1964) 112
4.3.2 The Tripartite Meeting between Indira Gandhi,
Gamal Abdel Nasser and Josip Broz Tito in Delhi in
1966 115
4.3.3 Yugoslav Conference Initiatives after the Prague
Spring 118
5 Reasons for the Non- Emergence of Non- Aligned Institutions 122
5.1 Political Change in the Non- Aligned Countries 122
5.2 Shifts in International Relations 127
6 The Belgrade Conference in International Relations 128
4 The Formation of the Non- Aligned Movement in the 1970s and the
North- South Conflict 132
1 Global Transformations – Opportunities and Risks from the
Perspective of the Postcolonial Governments 134
2 Postcolonial Governments’ Global Responses and Reactions 139
3 The Movement’s Organizers and Their National Motives 142
3.1 Yugoslavia 143
3.2 Algeria 146
3.3 Sri Lanka 153
3.4 Interim Conclusion 156
4 The Institutionalization of the Non- Aligned Movement 159
4.1 The Nam’s Aims and Objectives 159
4.2 The Organization as Institution 161
4.2.1 Membership Criteria and the Members of the
Non- Aligned Movement 162
4.2.2 The Issues of a Permanent Secretariat and
Financing Model 167
4.2.3 Non- Aligned Summit Conferences 169
4.2.4 The Chairman of the Movement 174
4.2.5 The Non- Aligned Movement’s Preparatory
Committee and Coordinating Bureau 175
Contents vii
4.2.6 Regional Groups and Representatives at the United
Nations 178
4.2.7 Working Groups, Contact Groups and Solidarity
Funds 179
4.2.8 Self- Descriptions and the Invention of Nam
Traditions 181
4.2.9 Summary of the Nam’s Institutional Structure 184
4.3 The Nam’s Strategic Orientation 184
5 Consequences of the Non- Aligned Movement’s Policies 190
5.1 The Non- Aligned Movement’s Policy on Israel 190
5.2 The Demand for a New International Information Order 195
5.3 Demands for a New International Economic Order 201
6 Eastern and Western Responses to the Movement’s Formation and
Politics 210
6.1 The Nam and Media Coverage 211
6.2 Responses from Political Scientists 212
6.3 Responses from the Soviet Union, Western Governments and the
United Nations 214
7 The Nam, the North- South Conflict and the 1970s in International
Politics 225
5 The Non- Aligned Movement in the 1980s 227
1 Between the North- South and East- West Conflicts: The Sixth Summit
Conference of Non- Aligned States in Havana 227
2 Divergences and Disagreements among the Non- Aligned
Countries 229
2.1 The Non- Aligned World and the Cold War in the 1980s 229
2.2 Military Conflicts between Non- Aligned States 233
2.3 Setbacks in North- South Negotiations 235
2.4 Conference Fatigue and the Crisis of Multilateralism 242
3 Unifying Elements and Themes 246
3.1 The Movement’s Organizational Structure 246
3.2 Substantive Consensus and Shared Goals 247
6 The Non- Aligned Movement after the East- West Conflict 253
1 The Tenth Summit Conference of Non- Aligned States in Jakarta,
1992 253
2 “No One Pays Attention to Them Anymore”: the Non- Aligned States in
Western Analyses 254
viii Contents
3 The Non- Aligned States and the End of the East- West Conflict 259
3.1 The End of the Cold War as Interpreted by the Non- Aligned
States 259
3.2 Institutional Reforms of the Non- Aligned Movement 261
3.3 Thematic Reforms of the Non- Aligned Movement 266
3.4 Consequences of the Reforms 269
4 The Non- Aligned Movement and the Historiographical Caesura of
1989/ 1991 271
Conclusion 274
1 Summary 274
2 Future Prospects 286
Overview of Key Conferences 289
A Note on Sources 290
Sources 294
Archival Sources 294
Arhiv Srbije Crne Gore (Arhiv Jugoslavije), Belgrade, Serbia (AJ) 294
Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv), Berlin (BArch) 294
Museum Konferensi Asia Afrika, Bandung (Mkaa) 295
National Library of Indonesia, Jakarta 295
The National Archives (Kew) 295
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, USA
(Nara) 296
Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (Politisches Archiv des
Auswärtigen Amtes), Berlin (Paaa) 297
Rossijskij Gosudarstvennyj Archiv Social’no- Političeskoj Istorii (Russian
State Archive of Socio- Political History), Moscow, Russia
(rgaspi) 298
United Nations Archives and Records Management Section, New York
City, USA (una) 298
Newspapers and Weeklies 298
Published Primary Sources 300
Bibliography 301
Websites and Internet Sources 348
Index 351
Acknowledgments
The present study is based on my doctoral thesis, submitted and accepted at
the Justus Liebig University, Gießen, in March 2013. The German edition was
published by De Gruyter Oldenbourg in 2015 as Die Bewegung Bündnisfreier
Staaten. Genese, Organisation und Politik, 1927–1 992. I have revised the manu-
script and brought it into line with the state of research as at summer 2017 for
the English version.
This book would have got nowhere without support from many quarters.
My thanks go first of all to Dirk van Laak for his helpful and straightforward
supervision and for many years of outstanding collegial collaboration. I have
learnt a great deal from his intellectual curiosity and astute observations over
the last ten years. He has always encouraged me to look deeper, formulate my
own ideas and trust my own arguments. I thank Eckart Conze for his erudite
appraisal of my thesis and I am grateful both to him and to the editors of the
“Studies in International History” (Studien zur internationalen Geschichte)
series for their constructive comments during revision of the German manu-
script and for including it in the series.
Many other individuals have taken the time to discuss my ideas and argu-
ments with me. I would like to express my gratitude to the members of the
International Graduate Centre for the Study of Culture (gcsc) in Gießen, ev-
eryone involved in the symposia of Ulrich Herbert and Patrick Wagner and the
Gießen- Marburg Doctoral Symposium, as well as the directors and staff of the
German Historical Institutes in London (Andreas Gestrich), Moscow (Victor
Dönninghaus) and Washington D.C. (Hartmut Berghoff and Simone Lässig).
Nada Boškovska, Frank Bösch, Sandra Bott, Emmanuel Droit, Annika Estner,
Jessica Gienow- Hecht, Bernhard Gißibl, Jussi M. Hanhimäki, Jan Hansen, Pe-
ter Hoeres, Darwis Khudori, David Kuchenbuch, Sönke Kunkel, Isabella Löhr,
Christoph Meyer, Nataša Mišković, Frank Reichherzer, Janick M. Schaufen-
buehl, Arvid Schors, Naoko Shimazu, Suzan Stutz, Harald Fischer- Tiné, Marco
Wyss and Rubina Zern gave me the opportunity to present my ideas at work-
shops and conferences. I also profited from conversations with Jovan Čavoški,
Amit Das Gupta, Jan Jansen, and Dane Kennedy and – during my archival re-
search in Washington D.C. – from discussions at the Woodrow Wilson Center
and at the annual meeting of the Society for Historians of American Foreign
Relations. I am indebted to Naoko Shimazu and Jan Eckel for lengthy conver-
sations from which I benefited greatly. Special thanks go to Nataša Mišković
for inspiring new thoughts on a number of areas and for practical advice on
archival research.
x Acknowledgments
I also owe a debt of gratitude to my colleagues in Gießen. The pleasant, col-
legial and constructive working atmosphere at the chair of Dirk van Laak did
much to foster the writing of the present study. My doctoral studies in Gießen
will always be a source of fond memories.
Hubertus Büschel, Christian Diem, Florian Greiner, Peter Hoeres, Jan Jan-
sen, Daniel Maul, Vadim Popov, Konstantin Rometsch, Christian Schwöbel and
Michael Schellenberger read sections of the manuscript while Elisa Engert
and Florian Hannig tackled the whole thing. My thanks to all of them for their
many comments both lengthy and brief. As I completed the dissertation I was
fortunate enough to be able to rely on the valuable support of Michael Schel-
lenberger whenever something came up. Florian Hannig, meanwhile, was not
only the colleague most closely involved in the genesis of the present work but
made his contribution over the longest period of time. I am grateful to him for
countless encouraging and insightful conversations. The present study owes a
great deal to his curiosity, critique and advice.
This book could not have been written without the financial support of the
Justus Liebig University, the German Historical Institutes in Moscow, London
and Washington D.C., and the dfg. The fazit- Stiftung and the Geschwister
Boehringer Ingelheim Stiftung generously facilitated its publication in Ger-
man by helping cover the printing costs. My thanks also go to Rabea Rittgerodt
at de Gruyter for smoothing the original German edition’s path to publication.
Through the Geisteswissenschaften International Translation Funding for
Work in the Humanities and Social Sciences programme the German Publish-
ers & Booksellers Association (Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels), the
Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the German Foreign Office, and VG Wort supported
and funded the book’s translation into English. I’m grateful to Daniel Maul and
Bernd Greiner for their straightforward and knowledgeable assistance as I set
about applying for the Translation Grant. My thanks also to Alex Skinner for
his translation of the manuscript, flawless professionalism and outstandingly
constructive approach.
The two reviewers of the English text helped me hone my core arguments,
while Jason Prevost and Gerda Danielsson Coe of Brill ensured that the pub-
lication process has been easy sailing. I thank Jussi M. Hanhimäki and Marco
Wyss for supporting my application for the translation prize and, as editors,
for incorporating this book into the “New Perspectives on the Cold War” series.
Finally, I owe my family a special debt of gratitude. They have always sup-
ported me and have been a tremendous source of confidence and strength.
Thanks for being there!