The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics

1425 Pages·1993·26.48 MB·English

by  Alex Preminger

THE NEW
PRINCETON
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF POETRY
AND POETICS
ALEX PREMINGER
AND T.V .F .B ROGAN
CO-EDITORS
t t
FRANK]. WARNKEO,.B .H ARDISNO,JR.,
ANDE ARL MINER
ASSOCIATEED ITORS
PRINCTEON,N EW JERSEY
PRINCTEON UNIVERISTY PRESS
1993
Copyrig©h t1 993b yP rincetUonni versPirteys s
PublishbeydP rincetUonni versPirteys s
41W illiaSmt reePtr,i ncetNoenw J erse0y8 540
Int heU niteKdi ngdom:
PrincetUonni versPirteys Csh,i chestWeers,tS ussex
AllR ightRse served
Preparaotfi otnvh oilsu mwea sm adep ossiibnlp aer bty g enerogursa nftrso m
theN atioEnnadlo wmefnotrt heH umanitainei sn,d ependfeednetr aalg ency
dedicattoef du rthertihnevg a luoefsh umane scholaanrdcs huiulprt ei n
Americaan,d gbrya nftrosm othemraj ofrou ndatiaonnds pridvoantoerw sh o
wistho r emaiann onymoWuist.h otuhte siurp potrhtib so okwo ulndo th ave
beenp ossibPlueb.l icahtaisbo ene nai debdy a granftro m theL acLyo ckert
Fundo fP rinceUtnoinev rsyiP tress.
LibroafCry o ngrCeastsa loguing-Diant-aP ublication
The New Princeton EncycloofPp oeedtiraay n dP oetics
AlexP remingearn dT .V .F .B roganc,o -editors;
Frnak].W arnkeO,. B .H ardisoJnr,,.a nd
EarMli nera,s socieadtiet ors
p. cm.
Includbeisb liograprheifcearle nces
ISBN:0 -691-0327(1h-a8rd back edition)
ISBN0:- 691-0212(3p-a6p erbaecdki tion)
1.P oetry-Diction2a.rP ioeest.i cs-Dictionaries.
3.P oetry-HistaonrdCy r iticism.
I.P remingeArl,e xI.I B.r oganT., V .F .( TerrVy.F .)
PN102.1P75 808.1 '03-dc20 92-41887
PrinceUtnoinvr esiPtrye ss baoroepk rsi ntoenda cdi-fer peaper maenedtt h e
guidelfionrep se rmanenacnedd urabiolfi ttyCh oem mittoeneP roduction
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Composedi nI TCN ew Basekrvilalned c ustofmo nts
Designeadn dp roducebdy L eximetriIcnsc,.S ,o utBhe nd,I ndiana
Printeidnt heU nited StoaftA emse rica
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JacqueliVnaeu ghtB rogan
AugustPar eminger
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R.M . E.D e Rycke
PREFACE
Thisi sa booko fk nowledogfef ,a cttsh,e oriqeuse,s tiaonndsi ,n formed
judgmenatb,o upto etrIyt.as i mi st op roviad ceo mprehencsoimvpaer,a tive,
reasonaabdlvya ncyeedrt,e adabrleefe refnocarel slt udenttesa,c hesrcsh,o lars,
poetosr,g enerraela dewrhsoa rei ntereisntt ehdeh istoorfya nyp oetirnya ny
natiolniatle raotftu hrewe o rlodr,i na nya speocftt het echnioqruc er itiocfi sm
poetrIytp. r ovisduersv eoyf1s 0 6n atiopnoaelt rideessc;r ipotfip oonestf iocr ms
andg enrmeasj or mainndo r, traadnidte imoenragle dnett;a ielxepdl anatoifo ns
thed evicoefs proasnoddr yh etoraincdo; v ervioefaw lsml a josrc hooolfps o etry
ancientm oadnedr Wne,s tearnndE asteIrtpn r.o vibdaelsa ncaenddc omprehen­
sivaec couontfts h em ajomro vemenatnsdi ssuiencs r itiacnidsl mi tertahreyo ry,
andd iscusosfit ohnem anifold reolfpa oteitotrnoyts h eo thefri elodfhs u man
thougahntd a ctivity-hsicsiteonrpcyoe,l, i trieclsi,g pihoinl,o sompuhsyi,tc h,e
visuaarlt s.
Thitsh ierddi tfioolnl uopwosnt hfei resdti toifo1 n9 6s5u,p plemeinnt1 e9d7 4,
whicwha sw ell recanediw vheidch ha sb eecno nsulotveedtr,h ye earsb,yc ountless
readersi nbA omtehr iacnada broaidn:d eeodn,eB urmessceh olwarro tuest os ay
"theraer er elativebloyo kifsnoe uwr l ibraarnydt, h eP rinceton iEson ncey clopedia
oft hem osth eaviulsye od fa llW.e havef ewg ooda ccounotfEs n glipsohe try
availatboul seh erei;n deewde,h avfee wr eliaabclceo unotfBs u rmespeo etry
eithWeer s.e nodu rs tudetnott sh eE ncyclfoopbreo tdhi.a"
Inl at1e9 84w,h ent heE ditors atgour nedeedr taa kteh iredd itiiotwn a,s
obviotuoas l tlh awth awto ulbde r equirweodu lbde a lmoesntt irae nleywt ext.
Thep erisoidn c1e9 6h5a sb eeant imoefe xtraordivniagroirloayul sm,o st dizzying
changienl itersatruyd ibeost:th h ea mounatn dt hev arioeftw yo rhka si ncreased
geometriocvaeltrlh yap tr iotor1 965w,i tthh er esutlhtai ts suoefis n terpretation,
histogreyn,d ecru,l tuarnedt, h eonroyw d ominattheec ritisccaelnw eh ich were
larguenlkyn owinn1 965T.h es amec anb es aifdo dre velopmiennt thsep oetries
ofM ricEaa,s teErunr opAes,i aan,d L atiAnm ericrae:c epnotl itcihcaanlg iens
thesaer eaosft hew orlhda veb eens wifetx,t ensainvdec ,o mplexr,e sultiinn g
burgeonniantgi olniatle rreastA.ul tlo ltdh,e l as2t5y earhsa vwei tnesesneodr ­
mousc hangiensb otthh ep ractoifcc rei tiicnit shmeW esatn da lstoh ew ritoifng
poetarryo untdh ew orld.
- v[i ]i -
PREFACE
We havseo ugthotp roduacw eo rwkh icrhe tawihnaswt a sm osvta luafbrloem
thel asetd itiaodnd,es x tensciovvee raogfae l nle wp oetrainedcs r ititchaelo ries,
provimdoerse e xtensbiivbel iograopnhe iveesrt yo pifco rf urthreera diinmg­,
provoensc ross-refearnedni cswi rnigt,ti encn l eaprr osyee,t keweiptsh tihne
boundosfa single vVoilrutmuen.ao lf loyr meern trhya sb eerne prinwtietdh out
significcahnatn geasn,do ve9r0 %o ft heo rigiennatlr iheavsbe e enex tensively
revisMeods.mt a joern trhiaevsbe e erne writatletno getWhee hra.v aed de1d6 2
entirneelwey n triSetsi.wl elh ,a vneo td iluttehdee ditosrtiaaanlrd dfso src ope,
treatmaecnctu,r aacnydc, l aroiftd yi scouwrhsiecr he adehrasv ceo met oe xpect
frotmh ibso okT.h ed esiogfnt heb ooki,to sr ganizaptriionnlcaeilasp n df ormat,
wilblef amiltiora era deorfts h ep revieoduist ions.
Thiesd itidoinf fferrosim t psr edescoersisnfi ver especFtisr.ss to,m eo ft he
accoungtisv einnt heo rigiendailt iwoenr teh eb esotft hekiirn adv ailabbolteh
theann dw,i tmho derarteev isnioownI.,n t hescea sewse,t hougihtet s sential to
builtdh en ew teuxptosnw haotu re xperretv iewteorlusds w asi rreplaciena ble
thepr evieoduist iWoenh sa.v neo sto ugnhetw t reatmseinmtpsl y becaaursee they
newW.e havneo th,o wevelre,f t fotrrmeeart meunntcsh angoendt ;h ec ontrary,
weh avien m anyc asreesd ucaenddc ombintehdet reatmgeinvtsei nnt heo riginal
entrsioea ss mtaok er oomf odri scusosfin oenwp erspecotnit vheosst eo piOcnse.
oft hes ignifriecaasnotfn osur n dertaakn ienwgE ncycliosnp oetmd eiraesl oyt hat
wec ana ddrenseswt opiocras p proacbhuetas l ssoot hawte c ans urvneeyw w ork
ono ldt opiWces a.r en owa blteog ivmeu chm ores ophtiiscaatcecdo uonfts so me
traditsiuobnjael(c et.spg r.o sodtyh)aw ne rper eviously possible.
Seconwde,h avien creadsreadm atiocuarlc loyv eraogfee m ergeanntdn on­
Western poIetwt arsti heesp .r esewnotr wkh icfihr sptr ovidAemde ricraena ders
witehx tendseudr veoyfts h ew orldp'ose trainedsw ,eh avseo ugthotb uiludp on
thafto undatOiuorfn o.r emost choansbc eeertnno p rodumcoer e extemnosriev e,
accuraatnedm, o res ophicsattieadc couontfts h ed evelopmoefpn ote tirnye ach
languaWgee n.o wp rovicdoev eraogfee v ersyi ginciafnpto ettirca ditiinto hne
worlcdo,v erwahgiec hha si ncreaasleld ,t boyfl udl,al t yh idr over itnht ahtel ast
editiWoen h.a vme adem ajoerx pansioofon usr t reatmoefnA tf ricMaind,d le
EasteCrenn,t rAamle ricSaonu,t Ahm ericCaanr,i bbePaanc,i faincdA, s iapno et­
rieCse.r tatirna dithiaovnbese egni vegnr eatly inscpraecTaehs.ee n du merous
languaagnedsp oetroifet sh eI ndisaunb contianreesn utr veyienad n e ntroyn
"IndiaPno etrwyh"i cthr ipliensd i zaen di sf lankbeydn ewe ntroine" sIn dian
Poetiacnsd"" IndiaPnr osodAyf.r"ai ncp oetwrryi ttienbn o thv ernacualnadr
foreilgann guaigsne osw c overiensd e veenn triOeusrt. r eatmoefnt th es everal
- vi[i ]i -
PREFACE
indigenloaunsg uaogfet hse A merichaassb eeen xpanded.
Thiesf forretfl ecntosat n i ntenttiogo invd ei sproportsipoanctaeoot neeg roup
oft raditoivoenarsn othbeurtr athtehred ramatiincc reianso eu rk nowledogfe
non-Westpeorent rrieelsa ttioWv ees teornne s otvheepr a s2t5 y earWse. h ave
soughttob rinag w idepre rspecitnitmvoae n yo thekri nds of aeswn etlrIlin.e s
manye ntrioenps o etiacnsdt heorey.,gt .h ee ntroyn" Poeticist"s ewlefh ,a ve
worketdod ifferentthieda itsec ussoifOo rnise natnadlO ccidenptoaelt iWces .
havaed deadc omparadtiimveen stiooa nw idrea ngoefe ntrwiheisc thr etaotp ics
thamti ghbte a ssumetdob ec hieWfelsyt eren.,g" .E pic",N"a rratPioveet ry,"
"Lyri(cn"o awg lobsaulr ve"yL)o,vP eo etr"yR,h"y me",M"e tera,n""d A llegory,"
ande vetno s malleenrt riee.s"g,R. h yme-pro(sweh"id cihs cusnsoetos n lLya tin
butC hinesPee,r siaanndA, r abiacn)d" PoetCiocn tesWtes h.a"v aed demda jor
newe ntroineA sr abiHce,b reCwh,i neasned,J apanepsoee tics.
Thirwde,n owc ovearlt lh omseo vemenitnrs e cecnrti tiacnidls im tertahreyo ry
thabte aorn p oetWreyp .r oviednet irneelway c couontfsC" r itic"iTshme,o"r y,"
"Poeti"cRso,m"a ntaincd P ostromaPnoteitci "cTsw,e"n tieth-cPeonettuircys "
(finveew lwyr itsteecnt io"nMso)dr,en isamn dP ostmodern"iSstmr,u"c turalism,"
"Semioti"cMsa,r"x iCsrti tic"iPssmy,c"h oloCgriictailc "iFsemm,i"n Piosett ics,"
"Reader-resCprointsiec "iCsuml,t"u Crrailt ic"iHsims,t"o ric"iDsemc,o"n struc­
tion",E"t hiacnsdC ritic"iPslmu,r"a liasnmd", R"e presentaWtei eoxnp.a"n ded
thee ntroyn" Poet,Tr hyeories of.o"f t hSeesnveee wre anlt riaersea mongt he
longeisntt h ev olumTeh.r oughowueht a,v seo ugthotp roviadb ea lancterde at­
mento fc ritiicsaslua ensdn oncritoinceasml:a nye ntraireses u bdivisdoase tdo
trebaott thh eoarnydh istorfyo,er x ample.
Stiwlelm ,u srte itetrhaattteh iissp rimarainel nyc yclopoefpd oieat nroyta, n
encyclopoefcd riiat icWies tmr.e tahto saes pecotfcs r ititchaelot rhya bte aorn
poettroya nys ignifidceagnrteh ee;n cteh ed iscussailownasry est utronp oetry.
Whent hef iresdti tiwoansc ompiliendt ,h ee arl1y9 60tsh,ea xeosf c ritiicni sm
Ameriwcear lea rgeallyi gnweidt thh es tudoyfl yrpioce t,ra yndN ewC riticism
overewlhmindgolmyi napteedd agoignAy m ericuanni versIintt hieie nst.e rvening
25y eartsh,ea xeosf c ritihcaivsiemn p arsthi ftaewda fyr opmo ettroyt hes tudy
ofc ritiictissemal nfdp, o etirtys iesln fo wm uchl esrse aidn A meritchaa pnr ose
narratYievpteo .e ttirca ditairofenl so urisehlisnegw hientr heew orladn,dr eaders
everhyewrset iwlalni tn formaatbiooutnth ef ormasn dt echniqoufpe ose tMrayn.y
readewrislc lo met ot hep resewnotr fko arc leeaxrp lanaotfhi eornm eneuotri cs
deconstruocfct oiuorns,be u,tm anyo thewrislc lo mef oarn i nformaotvievrev iew
ofC hinepsoee trayn,ds omew ilclo mes impwlayn tiannga ccurdaetfien itoifo n
- i[ x] -
PREFACE
zeugWmea h.o pet om eeta ltlh esnee esd.I na dditiwohne,r iet h ass eemed
approprwiaeht aev,e alloouwrce odv ertaoge ex teanl di twtalype a spto etirnyt o
prosnea rratainvdde r amaT.h eoryn aorfr atiisav ded resisnel do negn trioens
"NarratPioveet rayn""d E pict,h"e oorfyd ramas,i milairn"l Dyr,a matPioect ry,"
"Trage,d"ay n"d ComedyC.o"n velryss,eo meo theern trtiheasmt i ghbte t hought
meretloyc oncern naer.r"gaF.ti icvtei,ao nn"d"P loth,a"v bee ecno nceimvoerde
broadalsyi ,sp roper.
Int hes elecotfin oenwt opiwcesh ,a veex ercicsaerdRe i.g orous schraese ning
reducaem du ch longoefrc ulrirsetn t critaincdta elr mttsoo1 p6in2ce sw e ntries.
Wed on otp rovicdoev eroafgc er ititcearlmw sh icahr mei noorrn arroowrw hich
haveh ada versyh orhta lf-ltihfeesc:ea nb ef ounidn a nyo ft hen umerous
dictionaanrdli ietse rhaarnyd bootkhsah ta vaep pearienrd e ceyneta rs.
Fourtthh,eE ditohrasv tea keanm orea ctirvoeli ent heb uildoifnb gi bliog­
raphiOensv .i rtualltyo peiwvceen, r oyw p rovimdoer ee xtendyeedst t irlilg orous
findingf-olfriu srttshr eera diAsn gb.e forbei,b liograaprheci oensfi netdos econ­
darwyo rkosn lyp;r imatreyx tasr en ormally icnti hteet de xotf t hee ntries.
Bibliogriatpehmaispc p eairnc hronoloogridceaarll,w l o rkbsyo nea uthboeri ng
listteodg etheedri;t icointsae rdte heb esotrm osrte ceonnte tsh aatr aeu thorita­
tivneo,tt hef irasntd,r eprianrteis g norPeedr.i odaibcbarle viactoinofnostr om
thea cronyimnts h eM LA InternaBtiibolniaolog ror tahpeshrt yan dds aorurcseusc h
asL 'Anpnhiiegl ioqluoe.
Fifth, cross-broetfwhei rtehenincnti rnaigne dsb yi ndepenbdleinnetdn tries­
a practnioctfe u lelxyp loiitnpe rde vieoduist iwohnisc,wh e rneo tp reparoend
computer-bheaesng reatelxyp andeEdx.p eriewnicteth h efi rsttw oe ditions
showetdh atth ev aluoefc ross-refiesrd einffciectsuo lo tv erestiWmea htaev.e
addende arfliyvh eu ndrneedw b linedn trainedsl itertahloluys aonfcd sr oss-refer­
enceisnt het exatn da tt hee ndosf e ntriIenbs l.i nedn tricerso,s s-refaerree nces
oftelni stienod r deorfs ignifircaatnhcteehr a anl phabetically.
Thea uthoorra uthoorfes a cehn trayrl ei stbeyad c ronaytmt hee ndosf t heir
respecctoinvter ibuTthieos nesq.u enocfie n itaitat lhsee ndo fa ne ntrdyo enso t,
therefnoercee,s sarildye crreefalosericdntego r fr esponsifboiarlu itthyo rsThhiep .
relatbieotnwse oelnda u thoarnsdn ew( i.bee.t weoerni gitneaxlat nsd r evisions)
andt hep roportoifow nosr ka mongm ultipaluet hohrasv eb eenv ariaendd
compleixns; o mec asetsh ea uthowrh osien itials laaspwtpa esta hrep rincipal
authoIrth. a sp roveinm possitborl eep resaelntlth esree latisoucncsi nacntdl y,
sintchei esn tivroel umhea sb eevne rmyu cha c ollaboreaftfioivrtheta ,ss eemed
tot he edirteoarsso nasbilmep tloyl isatu thobrysi nitiiancl hsr onolosgei-cal
- [] -
X
PREFACE
quencNeo.t et,o ot,h aste ctioofnl so ngeern triaersec ommonlsye parately
authorseotd h,a otn ea cronaytmt hee ndo fa ne ntrdoye s nneocte ssianrdiilcya te
thaitth ada s olaeu thoWre.h avter iteodg ivcer edtioet a cphe rswohno m adea
signifciocnatnrti btuota inao rnt icTlheen .a measn da ffiliaotfia ountsh ocrosr re­
sponditnotg h eiarc ronywmislb lef ounidn t hel iosftC ontribuitnao f rosr,m at
whicwhe b elietvobe e i mprovoevde trh auts eidn p revieoduist ioBnyps o.l icy,
every manuscriptw assr uebabmdyi t thteEe ddi toarnsdr eferbeyea dtl eaosnte
independeexnpte rotf,t esne vertahle,rn e visbeyid t asu thoirnl igohftt hese
reviebwesf obreei nagc ceptfeopdru blication.
Somec ommensth oubledm adea boutth ec ircumstiannw cheisct hh ivso lume
appeaTrhse.o rigiendailt otreiaamwl h ich bewgoarnik n 1 98c4o mprifsievde
editowrhsod, i vidreeds ponsibaisfl oiltlioPewrsso :f esPsroerm inhgaenrd eldt he
natiopnoaelt ernyt riPerso;f esBsroorg ahna ndeldp oetipcrso,s ody, rahnedt oric,
genrPer;o fesMsionreh ra ndleAds iapno etrPireosf;e sWsaorrn khea ndlterda ns­
latioannsdP; r ofesHsaorrd ishoann dlcerdi ticBiustim n1. 9 88P,r ofesWsaorrn ke
wask illienda na ccideinnAt n twerapn,di n1 990P,r ofesHsaorrd isdoine d
unexpectienWd alsyh ingtDo.nCF,.i nally, PPrroefmeisnsgtoehrrem , a jofro rce
behintdh ibso oksi ncieti sn ceptwiaosfn o,r cteodw ithdrparwe matuirne1 l9y8 8
ona ccouonftd eclinhienagl tanhd u nsuccesssufrugle Erdyi.t orwioarlks ub­
sequetnott h eseev enfteslt lot her emainfiunlEgld itFoorr.t hesaen de,v emno re
direcottlhye,r rehaasvoinntsgo d ow itthh es taotfet hep rofessoarnidta htee
conditoifok nnso wlejdugsent o wt,h ihsa sb eeand iffictuilmtte o a ttemapw to rk
sucahs t hep reseonnte .
A referewnocremk u sta lwadyiss tancef riotmis tetsli fm weh ilietw orktso
embratchea tti meI.th asn otb eeonu ra ims imptloyc overre cetnrte nadnse :y e
fofra shiiosnn o to neo ft her equisoifrt eefse rewnocrek Osu.r p urpohsaesb een
tor ecorads,s imialnadtae p,p raniesewp erspectniovtte oes m,b odayn yoneo f
themI.nc ertain rtehsesp heacptoesft heE ncyclhoapse daidaaip ttsetedol t fh e
changcerd iticclailm awthei cihts eektsoe mbodayn dd escriwbhei,li eno ther
respectsi-nat nhdel o nvgi etwh esaers eu retlhyme o rei mportanhta-ssi otu ght
top lacnee wc ritipcearlse pctiwvietsh tihnel argpehri losopchoinctaelsx otf sa r
develofpoedrdi scouirnps oee tigcis,v idnugea ttenttiowo any isnw hicthh en ew
viewmsa yh avael tertehdeb ounadrioefst hosceo ntexItncs e.r tariens pects-on
issuoefgs e ndefro,er x ample-carlwi otriokcv etrh ep as2t5 y eahrassa ltertehde
natuorfoe u rt hinkaibnogu lti terapteurrmea nenBtultsy o.m oet hetrh eorhiaevse
quickcloym ea ndg onea,n dy eott hearrses titlolon ewt oj udgvee rwye lWle. d o
notb rinfgo rtah n ewe ditiooftn h iwso rikn t heb elitehfa tth en ewm odeosf
- x[i ] -
PREFACE
thinkoifnt gh ep asttw od ecadheasv peu ta ne ndt ot hosoeft hep recedtiwnog
millenqnuiiatt;eh ec ontraWreyh .a vber ougfhotr tanh e we ditiboenc auistie s
nowi mperattihvawete t akset ocka,s f ully acacnudr aast eilspy o ssiwbilteh in
preselnitm itatoifto hnossn,ee wm odesa,n di ns od oinsge tth ema longsoilddee r
modes totwhaeir ndc reausnedde rstanodfbi ontgh .
Ina nye ventth,es tandafrodrds i scouhrasvene o tc hangeWde. s uppoar t
critidciaslc ouwrhsiec ihsp luraalnidsc ti vwihle,r etihnes amec ritefroirea v i­
dencpee,r suasairognu,m eanntdp, r ooafp pltyoa lwlh ow isthoe ngacgrei taincds
readeorfps oe trWye.c ontitnoub ee liienvte h en ecesosfia tdym ittailndlgi ffering
voicase st hes olmee anfso re nsuritnhgec ontinuaonftc hea dti scouWres e.
reitertahtere e alaintdyi mportaonfcf ea catsst hei ndpiesnsabcloer reltaot es
valuWees c.o ntintuobe e lietvheai tti sp ossitbolg ei vaen a ccouonfwt o rokn a
givetno pitch aitsa fairre presentoafgt rieoantd ilfyf erpienrgs pecotnit vheast
topiWce.h avaei metdop reseanctc outnhtasat r neo mte rseu mmaroifeo sp inions,
fori nf acsto mee ntriients h ivso lumper ovimdoer es ophtiiscattehde oretical
accoutnhtasan r ep resenatvlayi laabnlyew heerlesi enp rinWte.s eoeu rp urpose
aso nen oto fp uttifnagci tnsb oxebsu to fm akincgo nnecthiitohnesr utnom ade,
ofb ringnienwg perspetcoat w iivdeeasru dienacnedo, fb ringailnplge rspectives
intcoo nstructive csoona jstu oni cntciroenta hseea mounatn dt heq ualiotfy
discouarbsoeup to etry.
- [xiiJ-