The New Physics for the Twenty-First Century PDF
Preview The New Physics for the Twenty-First Century
TheNewPhysicsfortheTwenty-FirstCentury Recentscientificadvanceshaveledtoadramaticreappraisalofourunderstandingof theworldaroundus,andmadeasignificantimpactonourlifestyle.Underpinningall theotherbranchesofscience,physicsaffectsthewayweliveourlives. This book investigates the key frontiers in modern-day physics, exploring our Universe – from the particles inside an atom to the stars that make up a galaxy, frombrainresearchtothelatestadvancesinhigh-speedelectronicresearchnetworks. Eachofthenineteenself-containedchapterswrittenbyleadinginternationalexperts in a lively and accessible style will fascinate scientists of all disciplines and anyone wantingtoknowmoreabouttheworldofphysicstoday. GORDON FRASER workedinsciencepublicationsatCERNforover25years,wherehe was editor of Cern Courier, the international monthly news magazine of high-energy physics. After gaining his Ph.D. in theoretical particle physics at Imperial College, London,hebranchedoutintotechnicaljournalismandcommunications.Heisauthor, co-author, and editor of several science books, including Antimatter – The Ultimate Mirror,publishedin2000. New The PHYSICS for the Twenty-First Century Edited by GORDON FRASER CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB22RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521816009 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2006 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2006 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Thenewphysicsforthetwenty-firstcentury/editedbyGordonFraser. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13: 9780521816009 ISBN-10: 0521816009 1.Physics–History–20thcentury. 2.Physics–History–21stcentury. 3.Quantumtheory. I.Fraser,Gordon,1943– II.Title. QC7.5.N49 2005 530(cid:3).09(cid:3)05–dc22 2005006466 ISBN-13 978-0-521-81600-9hardback ISBN-10 0-521-81600-9hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Contributors page vii Editor’sacknowledgements viii Introduction:thenewphysicsforthetwenty-firstcentury 1 PartI MatterandtheUniverse 11 1. Cosmology 13 WendyL.FreedmanandEdwardW.Kolb 2. Gravity 41 RonaldAdler 3. Thenewastronomy 69 ArnonDar 4. ParticlesandtheStandardModel 86 ChrisQuigg 5. Superstringtheory 119 MichaelB.Green PartII Quantummatter 143 6. Manipulatingatomswithphotons 145 ClaudeCohen-TannoudjiandJeanDalibard 7. Thequantumworldofultra-coldatoms 171 WilliamPhillipsandChristopherFoot 8. Superfluids 200 HenryHall 9. Quantumphasetransitions 229 SubirSachdev PartIII Quantainaction 255 10. Essentialquantumentanglement 257 AntonZeilinger 11. Quanta,ciphers,andcomputers 268 ArturEkert 12. Small-scalestructuresand“nanoscience” 284 YosephImry v Contents PartIV Calculationandcomputation 309 13. Physicsofchaoticsystems 311 HenryD.I.Abarbanel 14. Complexsystems 334 AntonioPoliti 15. Collaborativephysics,e-Science,andtheGrid–realizingLicklider’sdream 370 TonyHeyandAnneTrefethen PartV Scienceinaction 403 16. Biophysicsandbiomolecularmaterials 405 CyrusR.Safinya 17. Medicalphysics 444 NikolajPavel 18. Physicsofmaterials 481 RobertCahn 19. PhysicsandSociety 505 UgoAmaldi Index 532 vi Contributors WendyFreedman,CarnegieObservatories,Pasadena RockyKolb,Chicago/Fermilab RonaldAdler,Stanford ArnonDar,TechnionHaifa ChrisQuigg,Fermilab MichaelGreen,Cambridge ClaudeCohen-Tannoudji,ENSParis JeanDalibard,ENSParis ChristopherFoot,Oxford WilliamPhillips,NIST HenryHall,Manchester SubirSachdev,Harvard AntonZeilinger,Vienna ArturEkert,CambridgeandSingapore YosephImry,WeizmannInstitute HenryAbarbanel,UCSanDiego AntonioPoliti,Florence TonyHey,Microsoft AnneTrefethen,UKe-ScienceCoreProgramme CyrusSafinya,UCSantaBarbara NikolajPavel,Humboldt,Berlin RobertCahn,Cambridge UgoAmaldi,Milan-BicoccaandTERAFoundation vii Editor’s acknowledgements MysincerethanksgotoSimonMittonofCambridgeUniversityPressfortheoriginal invitationtoundertakethischallengingwork.Subsequentprogresswassupervisedby Simon Capelin who first had the idea for such a physics anthology 20 years ago and whoworkedcloselywithPaulDaviesonthe1989editionofNewPhysics. Withmaterialfromsomanysources,itwasadifficultbooktoputtogether.However, the enthusiastic and diligent CUP production team transformed an immense pile of amorphousmaterialintoanattractivefinalproduct. Manythanksalsogotoallthecontributors.Itwasaprivilegetoworkwithsomany distinguishedscientistsandtolearnsomuchaboutnewphysicsanditsimpactonthe twenty-firstcentury. viii
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