new encyclopedia southern culture The of volume 5 : language This page intentionally left blank Volumestoappearin TheNewEncyclopediaofSouthernCulture are: AgricultureandIndustry LawandPolitics ArtandArchitecture Literature Education Media Environment Music Ethnicity Myth,Manners,andMemory FolkArt Race Folklife Recreation Foodways Religion Gender ScienceandMedicine Geography SocialClass History Urbanization Language Violence new The encyclopedia southern culture of charles reagan wilson GeneralEditor james g. thomas jr. ManagingEditor ann j. abadie AssociateEditor volume 5 Language michael montgomery & ellen johnson Volume Editors Sponsoredby the center for the study of southern culture attheUniversityofMississippi the university of north carolina press ChapelHill ©2007TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress Allrightsreserved ThisbookwaspublishedwiththeassistanceoftheAnniversary EndowmentFundoftheUniversityofNorthCarolinaPress. DesignedbyRichardHendel SetinMiniontypesbyTsengInformationSystems,Inc. ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thepaperinthisbookmeetstheguidelinesforpermanenceand durabilityoftheCommitteeonProductionGuidelinesforBook LongevityoftheCouncilonLibraryResources. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData ThenewencyclopediaofSouthernculture/CharlesReagan Wilson,generaleditor;JamesG.ThomasJr.,managingeditor; AnnJ.Abadie,associateeditor. p.cm. Rev.ed.of:EncyclopediaofSouthernculture.1991. ‘‘SponsoredbyTheCenterfortheStudyofSouthernCulture attheUniversityofMississippi.’’ Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Contents:—v.5.Language isbn:978-0-8078-3114-4(cloth:v.5:alk.paper) isbn:978-0-8078-5806-6(pbk.:v.5:alk.paper) 1.SouthernStates—Civilization—Enclyclopedias.2.Southern States—Encyclopedias.I.Wilson,CharlesReagan.II.Thomas, JamesG.III.Abadie,AnnJ.IV.UniversityofMississippi. CenterfortheStudyofSouthernCulture. V.EncyclopediaofSouthernculture. f209.n47 2006 975.003—dc22 2005024807 TheEncyclopediaofSouthernCulture,sponsoredbytheCenterfor theStudyofSouthernCultureattheUniversityofMississippi,was publishedbytheUniversityofNorthCarolinaPressin1989. cloth 11 10 09 08 07 5 4 3 2 1 paper 11 10 09 08 07 5 4 3 2 1 TellabouttheSouth.Whatit’slikethere. Whatdotheydothere.Whydotheylivethere. Whydotheyliveatall. william faulkner Absalom,Absalom! This page intentionally left blank contents GeneralIntroduction xi SiouanLanguages 106 Introduction xvii Spanish 109 TexasEnglish 115 language in the south 1 TidewaterVirginiaDialect 117 YuchiLanguage 120 AfricanAmericanEnglish 29 Afro-SeminoleCreole 36 AfricanAmericanDiscourse AlgonquianLanguages 38 Features 123 AmericanSignLanguage 40 AfricanAmericanNaming AppalachianEnglish 42 Patterns 124 BahamianEnglish 45 Conversation 127 Caddo 47 Creolization 129 CajunEnglish 49 DictionaryofAmericanRegional Catawba 50 English 131 CharlestonEnglish 52 Fixin’to 133 ChesapeakeBayEnglish 54 FolkSpeech 134 Conch 57 Grammar,Changesin 137 ConfederateEnglishinBrazil 58 Illiteracy 141 French 60 LinguisticAtlasoftheGulfStates 142 German 65 LinguisticAtlasoftheMiddleand Gullah 69 SouthAtlanticStates 147 ImmigrantLanguages,Recent 72 LinguistsandLinguistics 149 IndianTradeLanguages 78 LiteraryDialect 150 IndigenousLanguages,Other 82 McDavid,RavenI.,Jr. 154 IroquoianLanguages 85 Narrative 156 JewishLanguage 88 NorthCarolinaLanguageandLife LiberianSettlerEnglish 91 Project 159 LumbeeEnglish 93 OratoricalThemes 161 MuskogeanLanguages 94 PerceptionsofSouthernEnglish 164 NatchezLanguage 98 PersonalNames 168 NewOrleansEnglish 100 Place-Names 171 OuterBanksEnglish 104 Politeness 174 OzarkEnglish 105 PreachingStyle,Black 178
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