The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870-98

706 Pages·1962·49.23 MB·English

by  F. H. Hinsley

THE NEW
CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
G.N.CLARK J.R.M.BUTLER J.P.T.BURY
THE LATE E.A.BENIANS
VOLUME xr
MATERIAL PROGRESS AND
WORLD-WIDE PROBLEMS
i870-1898
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE NEW
CAMBRIDGE MODERN
HISTORY
VOLUME XI
MATERIAL PROGRESS AND
WORLD-WIDE PROBLEMS
1870-1898
EDITED BY
F. H. HINSLEY
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
LONDON • NEW YORK • MELBOURNE
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Published by the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press
The Pitt Building, Tnimpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP
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© Cambridge University Press 1962
Library of Congress catalogue card number: 57-14935
ISBN 0 521 04549 5 hard covers
ISBN 0 521 29109 7 paperback
First published 1962
Reprinted 1967 1970
First paperback edition 1976
Printed in Great Britain
at the
University Printing House, Cambridge
(Euan Phillips, University Printer)
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
By F. H. HINSLEY, Fellow of St John's College and Professor of the
History of International Relations in the University of Cambridge
General characteristics of the age pages 1-2
Economic developments 2-11
Social changes: the trend towards organisation and regulation . . . . n-17
The rise of the modern state 17-25
Domestic politics: stability and conservatism; the decline of liberalism; the
beginnings of socialism 25~34
International relations; armaments; imperialism 34-48
CHAPTER II
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
By CHARLES WILSON, Fellow of Jesus College and Professor of Modern History
in the University of Cambridge
Industry, transport, capital and economic growth 49-53
World trade and international payments 53-6
Changes in the economic balance of power: the rise of new industrial states in the
United States and Germany 56-64
The adjustment of the British economy 64-70
Economic fluctuations: their effects on business organisation . . .. 70-5
CHAPTER III
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
By TREVOR I. WILLIAMS, Editor of'Endeavour'
Closer relations of science and technology 76-7
Progress in physics 77-So
Progress in biology 80-3
Progress in chemistry 83-6
Developments in technology: the electrical industry 86-9
The chemical industry 89-93
The metallurgical industries 93-6
Transport; the petroleum and rubber industries 96-8
The textile industries; printing; machine tools 98-100
CHAPTER IV
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT
By the late DAVID THOMSON, formerly Master of Sidney Sussex College and
Lecturer in History in the University of Cambridge
Marxism and Darwinism 101-3
The influence of scientific thought and political developments . . .. 103-5
The applications of Darwinism 105-9
The applications of Marxism 109-12
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CONTENTS
Sorel and Nietzsche pages 112-13
Idealism, Utilitarianism and Positivism 113-17
Christian theology and thought 117-19
CHAPTER V
LITERATURE
By A. K. THORLB Y, Professor in Comparative Literature, School of
European Studies, University of Sussex
Symptoms of decadence 121
British writings 121-9
French literature: Symbolism, Naturalism 130-9
Literature in the German lands 139-45
Ibsen and Strindberg 145-9
Chekhov and Tolstoy 149-53
CHAPTER VI
ART AND ARCHITECTURE
By Sir NIKOLAUS PEVSNER, Emeritus Professor of the History of Art,
Birkbeck College, University of London
The dominance of painting . 154-5
Impressionism and the Impressionists 155-9
Whistler and William Morris 159-63
Architecture: the domestic revival in England; new trends in the United States . 163-5
The Neo-Impressionist painters; Cezanne, Gauguin, van Gogh . . .. 165-70
Art Nouveau 170-4
New technical possibilities in architecture 174-6
CHAPTER VII
EDUCATION
By the late A. VICTOR MURRAY, formerly Emeritus Professor of Education,
University of Hull, and President of Cheshimt College, Cambridge
The change from a social to an educational elite 177-80
University education 180-4
Education as a state concern; the movement towards secularisation . . . 184-9
Secondary education 189-93
Educational theory 193-4
The scientific movement 194-7
The education of women 197-200
The development of adult and technical education 200-3
CHAPTER VIII
THE ARMED FORCES
By M. E. HOWARD, Fellow of All Souls College, University of Oxford
General situation 204-6
Technical developments: small arms;, artillery; fortification . . .. 206-8
Tactics: infantry; cavalry 208-10
Strategy and mobilisation; strategic railways 210-14
Conscription 214-17
Organisation; the officer corps; their influence on policy 217-25
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CONTENTS
Colonial wars pages 225-6
British military reforms 226-8
Naval development: shipbuilding and gunnery; torpedo-boats and submarines . 228-32
Naval policy; the influence of Mahan 232-5
New naval powers; Germany, the United States, Japan 235-40
The increase in military expenditure; the first Hague Conference . . . 240-2
CHAPTER IX
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE
By THEODOR SCHIEDER, Emeritus Professor of Medieval and Modern History
in the University of Cologne
General characteristics of the period 243-5
Increase in population, urbanisation and the migration of population . . 245-8
The nation-state and the European states' system 248-54
Forms of government and developments in domestic politics . . .. 254-62
The problems facing liberalism: protectionism; state interventionism; imperialism;
the relations of Church and state 262-8
The rise of socialism 268-73
CHAPTER X
THE GERMAN EMPIRE
By WERNER CONZE, Professor of History in the University of Heidelberg
The conflict of conservatism and national dynamism 274-5
The imperial constitution; the political parties 276-84
Social and economic developments 284-7
Bismarck's policy: the Kulturkampf; the attack on social democracy; social
reforms; economic and financial measures; colonial policy . . .. 287-93
The new emperor and the resignation of Bismarck 293-4
Developments after the fall of Bismarck 294-9
CHAPTER XI
THE FRENCH REPUBLIC
By J. NERE, Professor, Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Sociales, University of Brest
The Commune; the conclusion of peace; the new constitution . . .. 300-3
The crisis of 1877 and the victory of'the Republicans by Birth' . . . 303-4
Republican divisions: Opportunists and Radicals 304-7
Economic stagnation 307-9
Political consequences of economic depression; Boulangism . . .. 309-12
Opportunist social policies; Catholic Ralliement 312-15
The rise of socialism; the decline of the right wing; political regroupings . . 315-19
The Dreyfus affair and the triumph of the Radicals 319-21
Intellectual and artistic activity; the decline of the dominance of Paris . . 321-2
CHAPTER XII
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, TURKEY AND THE BALKANS
By W. N. MEDLICOTT, formerly Stevenson Professor of International History,
London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London
Two empires in decline 323-4
Conditions in the Balkans and the Ottoman empire in the 1870's . . . 324-30
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CONTENTS
The situation in Austria-Hungary P"ges 33°-4O
Austrian advance and Muslim resistance in the Balkans after the Congress of
Berlin: Bosnia; the Pomaks; Albania 340-7
Th? Armenian and Macedonian problems 347-8
The rule of 'Abd al-Hamid in Turkey 348-51
CHAPTER XIII
RUSSIA
By J. L. H. KEEP, Professor of History, University of Toronto
The emancipation of the serfs and the reforms of the 1860's . . .. 352-9
The intellectual climate; Pan-Slavism; the Polish insurrection; the Russo-Turkish
war; the assassination of Alexander II 359-62
Reaction and repression under Alexander III. The realignment of foreign policy:
the Franco-Russian alliance 363-7
Economic and social conditions; the beginnings of industrialisation; rural back-
wardness; intellectual discontent 367-74
Adventure and disaster in the Far East; the revolution of 1905; the granting of
parliamentary institutions 374-8
The dissolution of the parliaments and the triumph of autocracy . . . 378-82
CHAPTER XIV
GREAT BRITAIN AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE
By the late PAUL KNAPLUND, formerly Emeritus Professor of History,
University of Wisconsin
The British world position; changes in the attitude towards overseas empire . 383-7
The political situation in Great Britain and the self-governing colonies . . 387-90
Their advance towards political democracy 390-4
Developments in communications and changes in the economic structure . . 394-402
Social and intellectual developments 402-7
Divergencies between Great Britain and the self-governing colonies; the advance
of colonial self-government 407-10
CHAPTER XV
INDIA, 1840-1905
By PERCIVAL SPEAR, Fellow ofSelwyn College and former Lecturer
in History in the University of Cambridge
Great Britain and India 411-14
1840-58: the completion of the Company's dominion 414-22
The Mutiny 422-4
1858-80: the effects of the Mutiny and the heyday of imperialism . . . 424-31
1880-1905: the Indian empire and the beginnings of Indian nationalism . . 431-6
CHAPTER XVI
CHINA
By C. P. FITZGERALD, Emeritus Professor of Far Eastern History,
Australian National University, Canberra
The rejection of the Alcock Convention, the 'Tientsin Massacre' and the failure of
the Tung Chih restoration to modernise the country 437-44
The Manchu dynasty and the empress dowager 444-7
Foreign relations: the encroachments of neighbouring states to 1885 . . . 447-51
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CONTENTS
Divisions between modemisers and reactionaries pages 451-2
The Sino-Japanese War, 1894-5; the 'Battle for the Concessions'; a further
attempt at modernisation and reform 452-5
Defeat of the reform movement, 1898; the Boxer movement; siege and relief of
Peking, 1900 455-63
CHAPTER XVII
JAPAN
By W. G. BEASLEY, Professor of the History of the Far East,
School of Oriental and African Studies,
University of London
Overthrow of the shogun and the Meiji revolution 464-70
Modernisation programme of the Meiji leaders 470-5
Political and constitutional developments 475-82
Changes in Japan's international position; the Sino-Japanese war . . . 482-4
Economic and political consequences of the war 484-5
The Anglo-Japanese alliance 486
CHAPTER xvm
THE UNITED STATES
By W. R. BROCK, Professor of Modem History, University of Glasgow
The structure of politics; the Republican and Democratic Parties; the state legis-
latures 487-90
Congress; the Supreme Court; the presidency; the civil service . . .. 490-4
Reconstruction in the South; subsequent developments in the Southern states . 494-500
Agrarian radicalism in the Mid-West 500-4
Social assumptions and economic problems: laissez-faire and regulation; capital
and labour; the city and the immigrant 504-12
Nationalism and conservatism 512-15
CHAPTER XIX
THE STATES OF LATIN AMERICA
By CHARLES C. GRIFFIN, Emeritus Professor of History, Vassar College,
Poughkeepsie, New York
Rapid development of their connections with the outside world . . . . 516-19
Their economic development 519-25
Changes in their political life 525-30
The beginnings of protest against oligarchical dictatorships . . .. 530-2
Revolution in Cuba 532-3
Their wars and rivalries 533-6
Intellectual and cultural developments 536-41
CHAPTER XX
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
By A. J. P. TAYLOR, Fellow of Magdalen College and former Lecturer in
International History in the University of Oxford
The European balance of power . .. 542-4
The Eastern Question and the Congress of Berlin 544-50
The decline of the Concert of Europe; the beginning of the alliance systems . 550-4
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The British occupation of Egypt; British isolation; Bismarck's diplomacy . pages 554-9
The Franco-Russian alliance; stalemate in a changed balance in Europe, increased
rivalry beyond 559-63
The spread of European rivalry to Africa and the Far East . . .. 563-5
The Boer war and the Anglo-Japanese alliance; the end of the deadlock in Europe 565-6
CHAPTER XXI
RIVALRIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, THE
MIDDLE EAST AND EGYPT
By A. P. THORNTON, Professor of History, University of Toronto
The interests and policies of the European powers 567-71
The Eastern Question: the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-8 and the British occupa-
tion of Cyprus 571-3
The local rulers; the problem facing the European powers 573^5
Anglo-Russian rivalry in Central Asia: the Afghan war; Penjdeh; the struggle in
Persia 575-83
The British occupation of Egypt; its consequences for the relations between the
powers 583-90
Germany's incursion into the Middle East: Turkish and Persian railway systems 591-2
Diversion of attention from the Middle East to Africa, the Far East and Europe 59-
CHAPTER XXII
THE PARTITION OF AFRICA
By R. E. ROBINSON, Fellow of Balliol College and Beit Professor of the History of
the British Commonwealth, University ofOxford and J'. GALLAGHER,
Fellow of Trinity College and Vere Harmsworth Professor
of Imperial and Naval History, University of Cambridge
The nature of imperialism in Africa 593-5
The situation in North Africa: the occupation of Tunis and Egypt . . . 595-602
The partition of Tropical Africa: West Africa, 1883-91 . . 602-11
The partition of Tropical Africa: East Africa, 1883-91 . . 611-17
Types of African Society 617-20
France in West Africa, 1891-6 620-2
Egypt and the struggle for the Nile, 1891-8 622-9
Anglo-French rivalry in West Africa, 1896-1900 629-33
The struggle in Southern Africa, 1870-1900 633-9
Imperialism and African nationalism 639-40
CHAPTER XXIII
EXPANSION IN THE PACIFIC AND THE
SCRAMBLE FOR CHINA
By F. C. LANGDON, Professor of Economics and Political Science,
University of British Columbia
Disorder and conflict in the Pacific Islands: Fiji and Samoa . . .. 641-4
China's border areas; expansion by Japan 644-7
Great Britain, Germany and the United States in the Pacific: New Guinea, Samoa,
Hawaii 647-50
.France in Indo-China 650-2
Rivalries in Korea; the Sino-Japanese war 652-8
The scramble by the European powers for concessions in China . . .. 658-62
American expansion in the Pacific: the occupation of the Philippines; Samoa . 662-3
The struggle in China: the Manchurian crisis, the Anglo-Japanese alliance . . 663-7
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