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TheNewCambridgeMedievalHistory The fourth volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers theeleventhandtwelfthcenturies,whichcomprisedperhapsthemost dynamicperiodintheEuropeanmiddleages. ThisisahistoryofEurope,butthecontinentisinterpretedwidely to include the Near East and North Africa as well. The volume is dividedintotwoPartsofwhichthis,thesecond,dealswiththecourse ofevents,ecclesiasticalandsecular,andmajordevelopmentsinanage markedbythetransformationofthepositionofthepapacyinaprocess fuelledbyaradicalreformationofthechurch,thedeclineofthewestern andeasternempires,theriseofwesternkingdomsandItalianelites, andthedevelopmentofgovernmentalstructures,thebeginningsofthe recoveryofSpainfromtheMoorsandtheestablishmentofwestern settlements in the eastern Mediterranean region in the wake of the crusades. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 TheNewCambridgeMedievalHistory editorial board DavidAbulaﬁa RosamondMcKitterick MartinBrett EdwardPowell SimonKeynes JonathanShepard PeterLinehan PeterSpufford Volume iv c. 1024–c. 1198 Part ii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE NEW CAMBRIDGE MEDIEVAL HISTORY VolumeIVc.1024–c.1198 PartII edited by DAVID LUSCOMBE ProfessorofMedievalHistory, UniversityofShefﬁeld and JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH DixieProfessorofEcclesiasticalHistory, UniversityofCambridge Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008  Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa~oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridge,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/ ©CambridgeUniversityPress Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. 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Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS Listofmaps pagex Listofgenealogicaltables xi Listofcontributors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvi Listofabbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1 jonathan riley-smith and david luscombe 2 Thepapacy,1024–1122 8 uta-renate blumenthal 3 ThewesternempireundertheSalians 38 hanna vollrath 4 Italyintheeleventhcentury (a) NorthernandcentralItalyintheeleventhcentury 72 giovanni tabacco (b) SouthernItalyintheeleventhcentury 94 g. a. loud 5 ThekingdomoftheFranksto1108 120 constance brittain bouchard 6 Spainintheeleventhcentury 154 simon barton 7 EnglandandNormandy,1042–1137 191 marjorie chibnall vii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 viii Contents 8 TheByzantineempire,1025–1118 217 michael angold (cid:1) 9 KievanRus,theBulgarsandthesouthernSlavs,c.1020–c.1200 254 martin dimnik 10 Polandintheeleventhandtwelfthcenturies 277 jerzy wyrozumski 11 Scandinaviaintheeleventhandtwelfthcenturies 290 peter sawyer 12 Hungaryintheeleventhandtwelfthcenturies 304 nora berend 13 Thepapacy,1122–1198 317 i. s. robinson 14 Thewesternempire,1125–1197 384 benjamin arnold 15 Italyinthetwelfthcentury (a) NorthernandcentralItalyinthetwelfthcentury 422 giovanni tabacco (b) NormanSicilyinthetwelfthcentury 442 g. a. loud 16 Spaininthetwelfthcentury 475 peter linehan 17 ThekingdomoftheFranksfromLouisVItoPhilipII (a) Crownandgovernment 510 john w. baldwin (b) Theseigneuries 530 michel bur 18 EnglandandtheAngevindominions,1137–1204 549 thomas k. keefe 19 Scotland,WalesandIrelandinthetwelfthcentury 581 geoffrey barrow 20 TheByzantineempire,1118–1204 611 paul magdalino 21 TheLatineast,1098–1205 644 hans eberhard mayer Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents ix (cid:1) 22 Abbasids,FatimidsandSeljuqs 675 michael brett 23 Zengids,AyyubidsandSeljuqs 721 stephen humphreys Appendix:genealogicaltables 753 Listofprimarysources 769 Bibliographyofsecondaryworksarrangedbychapter 790 Index 901 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 MAPS 1a Thewesternempire:BurgundyandProvenceinthe eleventhcentury 40 1b Thewesternempire:Germanyandthenorth-eastern frontierofChristendomintheeleventhcentury 42 2 Italy 73 3 ThekingdomoftheFranks 122 4 EnglandandNormandy 192 5 TheByzantineempireintheeleventhcentury 218 (cid:1) 6 KievanRus,BulgariaandthesouthernSlavs 255 7 Poland 278 8 Scandinavia 291 9 Hungary 305 10 GermanyunderFrederickBarbarossa,c.1190 386 11 Spain 476 12 TheAngevinempire 550 13 Scotland 584 14 Wales 594 15 Ireland,c.1160 601 16 TheByzantineempireinthetwelfthcentury 612 17 TheLatineast 645 18 Fatimids,Seljuqs,ZengidsandAyyubids 676 x Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008