Table Of Content

THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF DATING AGGRESSION: INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN DATING AGGRESSION A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Katherine M. Klipfel December 2015 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Katherine M. Klipfel B.A., Minnesota State University Moorhead, 2009 M.A., Kent State University, 2012 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2015 Approved by Manfred van Dulmen , Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee John Gunstad , Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Mary Beth Spitznagel , Christopher Was , Eric S. Jefferis , Accepted by Maria Zargoza , Chair, Department of Psychological Sciences James L. Blank , Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS…………..……………………………………………...………….….iii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………..…….....xii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………...……..xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………..………………..………xvi CHAPTERS I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..…………...1 Theoretical Models of Dating Aggression……………………………...……………..3 Executive Functions……………………………………..……………...……………..5 Definition………………………………………………………………………….6 Executive Dysfunction and General Aggression…………………………………….10 Executive Dysfunction and Marital Aggression……………………………………..14 Marital Aggression Perpetration………………………………..……………..…14 Head Injury and Marital Aggression Perpetration……………….………15 Executive Dysfunction and Marital Aggression Perpetration in Non-Head Injured Populations……………………………………………………....20 Dyadic Investigations of Executive Dysfunction and Marital Aggression Perpetration…………………………………………....…………………22 Marital Aggression Victimization.……………………………………………….24 Summary of Marital Aggression Literature……………………………………...26 Executive Dysfunction as a Risk Factor for Dating Aggression…………………….29 Strengths of the Current Study………………………..……………...……………....33 Normative Sample.……………………………………..………...……………...34 iii Frequency……………………………………..……….……...………………….35 Partner Characteristics……………………………………..……………...……..36 Measurement……………………………………..……………...……………….38 Gender. ……………………………………..……………...………………….…40 Subtypes of Aggression……………………………………..……………...……41 II. AIMS & HYPOTHESES……………………………………..……………...………44 Aim 1……………………………………..……………...………………………..…44 Aim 1a. ……………………………………..……………...…………………….44 Hypothesis I. ……………………………………..……………...………45 Hypothesis Ia……………………………………...……………..45 Hypothesis Ib…………………………...………………………..45 Hypothesis Ic…………………………………………...………..45 Hypothesis Id…………………………………………...………..45 Hypothesis II..……………………………………..……………...……...45 Hypothesis IIa……………………………………………………45 Hypothesis IIb……………………………………..……………..46 Hypothesis IIc…………………………………………..………..46 Hypothesis IId…………………………………………..………..46 Hypothesis III..……………………………………..……………...……..46 Hypothesis IIIa………………………………….………………..46 Hypothesis IIIb……………………………………….…………..46 Hypothesis IIIc………………….………………………………..46 Hypothesis IIId…………………….……………………………..46 iv Aim 1b.…………………………………..……………...……………………….47 Hypothesis IV……………………………………..…...…………...……47 Hypothesis IVa…………………………………………….……..47 Hypothesis IVb…………………………………………………..47 Hypothesis IVc…………………………………………….……..47 Hypothesis IVd…………………………………………………..48 Hypothesis V……………………………………..……………...……….48 Hypothesis Va……………………………………………………48 Hypothesis Vb……………………………………………………48 Hypothesis Vc…………………………………………………....48 Hypothesis Vd……………………………………………………48 Hypothesis VI……………………………………..………………..……48 Hypothesis VIa…………………………………………………...49 Hypothesis VIb…………………………………………………..49 Hypothesis VIc……………………………………………….…..49 Hypothesis VId…………………………………………………..49 Aim 2……………………………………..……………...…………………………..49 Aim 2a……………………………………..……………...…………………...…49 Hypothesis VII……………………………………..……………….……50 Hypothesis VIIa………………………………………………….50 Hypothesis VIIb………………………………………………….50 Hypothesis VIIc………………………………………………….50 Hypothesis VIId………………………………………………….50 v Hypothesis VIII……………………………………..……………...……50 Hypothesis VIIIa…………………………………………………51 Hypothesis VIIIb………………………………………………....51 Hypothesis VIIIc…………………………………………………51 Hypothesis VIIId………………………………………………....51 Hypothesis IX……………………………………..……………...…...…51 Hypothesis IXa…………………………………………………...51 Hypothesis IXb…………………………………………………..51 Hypothesis IXc…………………………………………………...52 Hypothesis IXd…………………………………………………..52 Aim 2b……………………………………..……………...……………………..52 Hypothesis X……………………………………..……………...………52 Hypothesis Xa…………………………………………..………..52 Hypothesis Xb…………………………………………..………..52 Hypothesis Xc………………………………..…………………..53 Hypothesis Xd……………………………..……………………..53 Hypothesis XI……………………………………….……………...……53 Hypothesis XIa…………………………………………………...53 Hypothesis XIb…………………………………………………..53 Hypothesis XIc………………………………………….………..53 Hypothesis XId…………………………………………………..54 Hypothesis XII……………………………………..……………...……..54 Hypothesis XIIa………………………………………………….54 vi Hypothesis XIIb………………………………………………….54 Hypothesis XIIc………………………………………………….54 Hypothesis XIId………………………………………………….54 Aim 3……………………………………..……………...…………………...……...55 Aim 3a……………………………………..……………...……………………...55 Hypothesis XIII……………………………………..……………...…….55 Hypothesis XIIIa…………………………………………………56 Hypothesis XIIIb…………………………………………………56 Hypothesis XIIIc…………………………………………………56 Hypothesis XIIId…………………………………………………56 Hypothesis XIV……………………………………..……………...……56 Hypothesis XIVa…………………………………………………56 Hypothesis XIVb………………………………………………...57 Hypothesis XIVc………………………………………………....57 Hypothesis XIVd………………………….……………………..57 Hypothesis XV……………………………………...……………...….…57 Hypothesis XVa………………………………………………….57 Hypothesis XVb………………………………………………….57 Hypothesis XVc………………………………………………….58 Hypothesis XVd………………………………………………….58 Aim 3b……………………………………..……………...…………………..…58 Hypothesis XVI……………………………………..……………...……58 Hypothesis XVIa…………………………………………..……..58 vii Hypothesis XVIb………………………………………………...59 Hypothesis XVIc……………………………………………..…..59 Hypothesis XVId…………………………………………….…..59 Hypothesis XVII……………………………………..……………...…...59 Hypothesis XVIIa………………………………………………..59 Hypothesis XVIIb………………………………………………..59 Hypothesis XVIIc………………………………………………..60 Hypothesis XVIId………………………………………………..60 Hypothesis XVIII……………………………………..…………….....…60 Hypothesis XVIIIa…………………………………...…………..60 Hypothesis XVIIIb……………………………………………….60 Hypothesis XVIIIc……………………………………………….60 Hypothesis XVIIId………………...……………………………..61 III. METHOD………..…………………….………………………………………….…62 Participants………………………………………….………………………………..62 Procedure…………………………………………………..………………………...63 Measures……………………………………………………...……………………...63 Control variables.………………………………………………………………...63 Age.……………………………………………………………….……...63 Ethnicity.……………………………………...……………………….…64 Cohabitation Status.………………………………………………...……65 Relationship Length.…………………………………..…………...…… 65 Romantic Relationship Satisfaction.…………………...………………...65 viii Head Insult/Injury. ………………………………………...…………….66 Alcohol Use. ………………………………..…...……………..………..67 ADHD Symptoms. ……………………….…………………...…………67 Premorbid IQ. …………………………………………...........................68 Clinically Normed Measures of Executive Functions.…………..………………68 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.……………………………...…………….68 Miyake and Colleagues’ (2000) Conceptualization of Executive Functions….…69 Shifting..…………………………………….............................................70 Updating..…………………………………………..………………….....70 Inhibition.……………………………………...........................................71 Dating Aggression.…………………………………............................................72 Psychological Aggression. ………………………………………………72 Physical Aggression. ……………………….............................................73 Sexual Aggression. ……………………………………………………...73 Analysis Plan………………………………………………………………………...76 Preliminary Analyses and Considerations……………………………………….76 Missing Data..……………………………………………………………76 Control Variables………………...………………………………………76 Statistical Power…………………….……………………………………77 Statistical Assumptions………………..…………………………………77 Indicators………………………………...……………………………….78 Dyadic Data………………………………...……………………………80 ix Primary Analyses………………………………………………………………...81 Aim 1 Analyses………………………......................................................81 Aim 1a Analyses. …………………………………..................................83 Aim 1b Analyses...…………………………….................………84 Aim 2 Analyses ……...…………………………………………………..85 Aim 2a Analyses…………..………………………………..……86 Aim 2b Analyses. ………………………………..........................86 Aim 3 Analyses………………………………..........................................87 Aim 3a Analyses. ……………………………..............................87 Aim 3b Analyses. ………………………………..........................90 IV. RESULTS…………………..…………..……………………………………………93 Preliminary Analyses………………………….…………..........................................93 Descriptive Statistics…..……………………………………................................93 Control Variables………………………………..……….....................................95 Primary Analyses……………………………………………………………...……102 Baseline Model Fit for Study Aims 1 & 2..…………………………………….102 Aim 1………………………………………………………………...…120 Aim 1a.……………………….……………...……………….…120 Aim 1b.………………………..……………...………...………122 Aim 2…………………………………………………...………………124 Aim 2a………………………………..………….……...………124 Aim 2b………..……………...…………………………………126 Baseline Model Fit for Study Aim 3……………………………………………128 x

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Head Injury and Marital Aggression Perpetration……………….………15 most individuals first experiences aggression from a romantic partner before reflects the literature suggesting that subtypes of dating aggression tend to
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THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF DATING AGGRESSION: INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN DATING AGGRESSION A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Katherine M. Klipfel December 2015 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Katherine M. Klipfel B.A., Minnesota State University Moorhead, 2009 M.A., Kent State University, 2012 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2015 Approved by Manfred van Dulmen , Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee John Gunstad , Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Mary Beth Spitznagel , Christopher Was , Eric S. Jefferis , Accepted by Maria Zargoza , Chair, Department of Psychological Sciences James L. Blank , Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS…………..……………………………………………...………….….iii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………..…….....xii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………...……..xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………..………………..………xvi CHAPTERS I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..…………...1 Theoretical Models of Dating Aggression……………………………...……………..3 Executive Functions……………………………………..……………...……………..5 Definition………………………………………………………………………….6 Executive Dysfunction and General Aggression…………………………………….10 Executive Dysfunction and Marital Aggression……………………………………..14 Marital Aggression Perpetration………………………………..……………..…14 Head Injury and Marital Aggression Perpetration……………….………15 Executive Dysfunction and Marital Aggression Perpetration in Non-Head Injured Populations……………………………………………………....20 Dyadic Investigations of Executive Dysfunction and Marital Aggression Perpetration…………………………………………....…………………22 Marital Aggression Victimization.……………………………………………….24 Summary of Marital Aggression Literature……………………………………...26 Executive Dysfunction as a Risk Factor for Dating Aggression…………………….29 Strengths of the Current Study………………………..……………...……………....33 Normative Sample.……………………………………..………...……………...34 iii Frequency……………………………………..……….……...………………….35 Partner Characteristics……………………………………..……………...……..36 Measurement……………………………………..……………...……………….38 Gender. ……………………………………..……………...………………….…40 Subtypes of Aggression……………………………………..……………...……41 II. AIMS & HYPOTHESES……………………………………..……………...………44 Aim 1……………………………………..……………...………………………..…44 Aim 1a. ……………………………………..……………...…………………….44 Hypothesis I. ……………………………………..……………...………45 Hypothesis Ia……………………………………...……………..45 Hypothesis Ib…………………………...………………………..45 Hypothesis Ic…………………………………………...………..45 Hypothesis Id…………………………………………...………..45 Hypothesis II..……………………………………..……………...……...45 Hypothesis IIa……………………………………………………45 Hypothesis IIb……………………………………..……………..46 Hypothesis IIc…………………………………………..………..46 Hypothesis IId…………………………………………..………..46 Hypothesis III..……………………………………..……………...……..46 Hypothesis IIIa………………………………….………………..46 Hypothesis IIIb……………………………………….…………..46 Hypothesis IIIc………………….………………………………..46 Hypothesis IIId…………………….……………………………..46 iv Aim 1b.…………………………………..……………...……………………….47 Hypothesis IV……………………………………..…...…………...……47 Hypothesis IVa…………………………………………….……..47 Hypothesis IVb…………………………………………………..47 Hypothesis IVc…………………………………………….……..47 Hypothesis IVd…………………………………………………..48 Hypothesis V……………………………………..……………...……….48 Hypothesis Va……………………………………………………48 Hypothesis Vb……………………………………………………48 Hypothesis Vc…………………………………………………....48 Hypothesis Vd……………………………………………………48 Hypothesis VI……………………………………..………………..……48 Hypothesis VIa…………………………………………………...49 Hypothesis VIb…………………………………………………..49 Hypothesis VIc……………………………………………….…..49 Hypothesis VId…………………………………………………..49 Aim 2……………………………………..……………...…………………………..49 Aim 2a……………………………………..……………...…………………...…49 Hypothesis VII……………………………………..……………….……50 Hypothesis VIIa………………………………………………….50 Hypothesis VIIb………………………………………………….50 Hypothesis VIIc………………………………………………….50 Hypothesis VIId………………………………………………….50 v Hypothesis VIII……………………………………..……………...……50 Hypothesis VIIIa…………………………………………………51 Hypothesis VIIIb………………………………………………....51 Hypothesis VIIIc…………………………………………………51 Hypothesis VIIId………………………………………………....51 Hypothesis IX……………………………………..……………...…...…51 Hypothesis IXa…………………………………………………...51 Hypothesis IXb…………………………………………………..51 Hypothesis IXc…………………………………………………...52 Hypothesis IXd…………………………………………………..52 Aim 2b……………………………………..……………...……………………..52 Hypothesis X……………………………………..……………...………52 Hypothesis Xa…………………………………………..………..52 Hypothesis Xb…………………………………………..………..52 Hypothesis Xc………………………………..…………………..53 Hypothesis Xd……………………………..……………………..53 Hypothesis XI……………………………………….……………...……53 Hypothesis XIa…………………………………………………...53 Hypothesis XIb…………………………………………………..53 Hypothesis XIc………………………………………….………..53 Hypothesis XId…………………………………………………..54 Hypothesis XII……………………………………..……………...……..54 Hypothesis XIIa………………………………………………….54 vi Hypothesis XIIb………………………………………………….54 Hypothesis XIIc………………………………………………….54 Hypothesis XIId………………………………………………….54 Aim 3……………………………………..……………...…………………...……...55 Aim 3a……………………………………..……………...……………………...55 Hypothesis XIII……………………………………..……………...…….55 Hypothesis XIIIa…………………………………………………56 Hypothesis XIIIb…………………………………………………56 Hypothesis XIIIc…………………………………………………56 Hypothesis XIIId…………………………………………………56 Hypothesis XIV……………………………………..……………...……56 Hypothesis XIVa…………………………………………………56 Hypothesis XIVb………………………………………………...57 Hypothesis XIVc………………………………………………....57 Hypothesis XIVd………………………….……………………..57 Hypothesis XV……………………………………...……………...….…57 Hypothesis XVa………………………………………………….57 Hypothesis XVb………………………………………………….57 Hypothesis XVc………………………………………………….58 Hypothesis XVd………………………………………………….58 Aim 3b……………………………………..……………...…………………..…58 Hypothesis XVI……………………………………..……………...……58 Hypothesis XVIa…………………………………………..……..58 vii Hypothesis XVIb………………………………………………...59 Hypothesis XVIc……………………………………………..…..59 Hypothesis XVId…………………………………………….…..59 Hypothesis XVII……………………………………..……………...…...59 Hypothesis XVIIa………………………………………………..59 Hypothesis XVIIb………………………………………………..59 Hypothesis XVIIc………………………………………………..60 Hypothesis XVIId………………………………………………..60 Hypothesis XVIII……………………………………..…………….....…60 Hypothesis XVIIIa…………………………………...…………..60 Hypothesis XVIIIb……………………………………………….60 Hypothesis XVIIIc……………………………………………….60 Hypothesis XVIIId………………...……………………………..61 III. METHOD………..…………………….………………………………………….…62 Participants………………………………………….………………………………..62 Procedure…………………………………………………..………………………...63 Measures……………………………………………………...……………………...63 Control variables.………………………………………………………………...63 Age.……………………………………………………………….……...63 Ethnicity.……………………………………...……………………….…64 Cohabitation Status.………………………………………………...……65 Relationship Length.…………………………………..…………...…… 65 Romantic Relationship Satisfaction.…………………...………………...65 viii Head Insult/Injury. ………………………………………...…………….66 Alcohol Use. ………………………………..…...……………..………..67 ADHD Symptoms. ……………………….…………………...…………67 Premorbid IQ. …………………………………………...........................68 Clinically Normed Measures of Executive Functions.…………..………………68 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.……………………………...…………….68 Miyake and Colleagues’ (2000) Conceptualization of Executive Functions….…69 Shifting..…………………………………….............................................70 Updating..…………………………………………..………………….....70 Inhibition.……………………………………...........................................71 Dating Aggression.…………………………………............................................72 Psychological Aggression. ………………………………………………72 Physical Aggression. ……………………….............................................73 Sexual Aggression. ……………………………………………………...73 Analysis Plan………………………………………………………………………...76 Preliminary Analyses and Considerations……………………………………….76 Missing Data..……………………………………………………………76 Control Variables………………...………………………………………76 Statistical Power…………………….……………………………………77 Statistical Assumptions………………..…………………………………77 Indicators………………………………...……………………………….78 Dyadic Data………………………………...……………………………80 ix Primary Analyses………………………………………………………………...81 Aim 1 Analyses………………………......................................................81 Aim 1a Analyses. …………………………………..................................83 Aim 1b Analyses...…………………………….................………84 Aim 2 Analyses ……...…………………………………………………..85 Aim 2a Analyses…………..………………………………..……86 Aim 2b Analyses. ………………………………..........................86 Aim 3 Analyses………………………………..........................................87 Aim 3a Analyses. ……………………………..............................87 Aim 3b Analyses. ………………………………..........................90 IV. RESULTS…………………..…………..……………………………………………93 Preliminary Analyses………………………….…………..........................................93 Descriptive Statistics…..……………………………………................................93 Control Variables………………………………..……….....................................95 Primary Analyses……………………………………………………………...……102 Baseline Model Fit for Study Aims 1 & 2..…………………………………….102 Aim 1………………………………………………………………...…120 Aim 1a.……………………….……………...……………….…120 Aim 1b.………………………..……………...………...………122 Aim 2…………………………………………………...………………124 Aim 2a………………………………..………….……...………124 Aim 2b………..……………...…………………………………126 Baseline Model Fit for Study Aim 3……………………………………………128 x

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Head Injury and Marital Aggression Perpetration……………….………15 most individuals first experiences aggression from a romantic partner before reflects the literature suggesting that subtypes of dating aggression tend to
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