The Neuropsychiatry of Epilepsy PDF
Preview The Neuropsychiatry of Epilepsy
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Trimble Bettina Schmitz CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaby CambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521154697 #CambridgeUniversityPress2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Theneuropsychiatryofepilepsy/editedbyMichaelR.Trimble,Bettina Schmitz.–2nded. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-15469-7(Hardback) 1. Epilepsy–Psychologicalaspects. 2. Epilepsy–Chemotherapy– Complications. 3. Neuropsychiatry. I. Trimble,MichaelR. II. Schmitz,Bettina,1960– [DNLM: 1. Epilepsy–complications. 2. Anticonvulsants–adverse effects. 3. BehavioralSymptoms–complications. 4. Epilepsy– psychology. 5. MentalDisorders–etiology. WL385] RC372.5.N4752011 616.8053–dc22 2010042246 ISBN978-0-521-15469-7Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurateand up-to-dateinformationwhichisinaccordwithacceptedstandardsand practiceatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcasehistoriesaredrawnfrom actualcases,everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguisetheidentitiesofthe individualsinvolved.Nevertheless,theauthors,editorsandpublisherscan makenowarrantiesthattheinformationcontainedhereinistotallyfree fromerror,notleastbecauseclinicalstandardsareconstantlychanging throughresearchandregulation.Theauthors,editorsandpublishers thereforedisclaimallliabilityfordirectorconsequentialdamagesresulting fromtheuseofmaterialcontainedinthisbook.Readersarestrongly advisedtopaycarefulattentiontoinformationprovidedbythemanufac- turerofanydrugsorequipmentthattheyplantouse. Contents List of contributors vi 1 Introduction 1 11 Emotional agnosis and theory ofmind 109 Michael R. Trimble andBettinaSchmitz Sarah Broicher and Hennric Jokeit 2 Neuropsychiatric disorders in epilepsy: 12 Nonepileptic seizures 124 epidemiology andclassification 3 Tanvir Syed andW. Curt LaFrance,Jr. Dale C.HesdorfferandEnnapadam 13 The effects ofantiepilepticdrugs on S.Krishnamoorthy behavior 133 3 Geneticdisorders associated with Bettina Schmitz intellectual disability 14 14 Antiepileptic drugs and suicide 143 Mike Kerr and Penny Blake Michael R. Trimble 4 Epilepsyand autisticspectrum disorders 24 15 Antiepileptic drugs and cognitive ThierryDeonnaand Eliane Roulet-Perez disorders 153 5 Subtle cognitive andbehavioraleffects Albert P. Aldenkamp of epilepsy 39 16 Psychiatric illness andpsychotropic Frank M.C. Besag medication use inepilepsy 165 6 Dementia and epilepsy 46 Jane V. Perrand Alan B. Ettinger Bernd Pohlmann-Eden andMarie-AlineEden 17 Psychiatric effectsof surgery for temporal 7 Peri-ictal psychiatric phenomena 57 lobe epilepsy 197 AndresM. Kanner Steffi Koch-Stoecker 8 Postictalpsychoses: established facts 18 Brain mechanismsofimpairedconsciousness and new clinical questions 67 in epilepsy 209 KousukeKanemoto AndreaEugenioCavanna and Fizzah Ali 9 The interictal dysphoric disorder 80 Marco Mula 10 Behavioral and neuropsychological aspects Index 221 of frontal andtemporal lobe epilepsy 90 The colour plates appear between pages 152 Christoph Helmstaedter and and153. Juri-Alexander Witt v Contributors Albert P.Aldenkamp AlanB. Ettinger Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, Neurological Surgery P.C., Lake Success, NY, USA The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Christoph Helmstaedter, PhD Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universitatsklinik fur Epileptologie, Bonn, The Netherlands; Head Epilepsy Group in the Germany Division Neurosciences of the Research School MHeNS, Maastrisch, The Netherlands DaleC. Hesdorffer, MPH,PhD Fizzah Ali, BMedSc Associate Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Columbia University, Honorary Research Fellow, New York, USA Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Birmingham and BSMHFT, Hennric Jokeit, PD Dr.rer. Nat. Birmingham, UK Head of the Neuropsychology Department, Frank M.C. Besag, FRCP, FRCPsych,FRCPCH Swiss Epilepsy Centre, Zurich, Switzerland Bedfordshire and Luton Partnership NHS Trust, Kousuke Kanemoto Bedford, UK Aichi Medical University, Penny Blake, MBBCh, MSc Neuro-psychiatric Department, Learning Disability Directorate, Aichi, Nagakute, Japan Abertawe-Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Andres M. Kanner, MD Wales, UK Professor of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Sarah Broicher,MSc Rush Medical College at Rush University; Swiss Epilepsy Centre, Zurich, Switzerland Director, Laboratory of Electroencephalography and Video-EEG-Telemetry; and Associate Director, Andrea Eugenio Cavanna, MD Section of Epilepsy and Rush Epilepsy Center, Consultant in Behavioral Neurology and Honorary Rush University Medical Center, Senior Lecturer, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Chicago, USA University of Birmingham and BSMHFT, Birmingham, UK Mike Kerr, FRCPsych Professor of Learning Disability Psychiatry Thierry Deonna and Honorary Consultant Neuropsychiatrist, Unité de Neurologie et de Neuroréhabilitation School of Medicine, Pédiatrique, Département Médico-Chirurgical de Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Pédiatrie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland Steffi Koch-Stoecker Marie-AlineEden Epilepsy Centre Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany Research Associate, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Ennapadam S. Krishnamoorthy KlinikumrechtsderIsarderTechnischenUniversität The Institute of Neurological Sciences, München, Munich, Germany VHS Hospital, Chennai, India vi Listofcontributors W. Curt LaFrance, Jr., MD, MPH Eliane Roulet-Perez Director of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Unité de Neurologie et de Neuroréhabilitation Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and Pédiatrique, Département Médico-Chirurgical de Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Pédiatrie, CHUV, Lausanne, Brown Medical School, Providence, Switzerland Rhode Island, USA Bettina Schmitz, MD,PhD Marco Mula, MD, PhD Head of the Department of Neurology, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, the Stroke Unit and Epilepsy Center, Amedeo Avogadro University; Vivantes Humboldt-Klinikum, Berlin, and Professor Division of Neurology, of Neurology at the Charité University Hospital, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, Berlin, Germany Novara, Italy Tanvir Syed,MD, MPH Jane V.Perr,MD Assistant Professor of Neurology, Assistant Attending, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, The Zucker Hillside Hospital & North Shore Cleveland, Ohio, USA University Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Long Island, New York; MichaelR. Trimble, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych Staff Psychiatrist, Advantage Care Diagnostic & Emeritus Professor of Behavioural Neurology at the Treatment Center, Brookville, New York; Institute of Neurology, Psychiatric Consultant, R.E.S. Company, Inc., Queen Square, Medford, New York London, UK Bernd Pohlmann-Eden, MD,PhD Juri-Alexander Witt Professor of Neurology and Epilepsy Program Columbia University, Director, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada New York, USA vii Chapter Introduction 1 MichaelR.TrimbleandBettinaSchmitz The first edition of this book was published in 2002, problems are now easy currency in discussion about at which time there was a growing interest in the epilepsy,in contrast toearlier times. psychobiological associations between epilepsy and In the intervening years, there has been a clear psychiatry, spurred on by an appreciation of neuro- appreciationinbiologicalpsychiatryoftheneurobio- anatomical and neurochemical affinities between logical bases of such psychopathologies as major them,andthegrowingrecognitionofclinicalbridges depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder which were relevant to everyday clinical practice. and other anxiety-related conditions, and there has Since then, the neuropsychiatry of epilepsy has been further development of psychotropic and anti- become a central focus of epileptology and interest convulsantdrugs(AEDs)(TrimbleandGeorge2010). inpsychiatriccomorbiditieshasledtomuchresearch These advances have brought with them an appreci- and publication of peer-reviewed articles. The ationofthepossibleneuroanatomicalandneurochem- number of PubMed citations for psychosis and epi- ical underpinnings of these comorbid conditions in lepsydoubledbetween2002and2009,whilethosefor epilepsy,anda growing number ofpatients with epi- depressionandepilepsyquadrupled.Further,epilepsy lepsy being treated with drugs conventionally more meetings have given over more time to discussion of familiar to psychiatrists than neurologists. This has these matters, and earlier this year a meeting totally beenanimportantclinicaladvance,butonewhichalso devotedtoepilepsy andbehaviorwasheld inPrague. has some hazards in terms of potential drug inter- Comorbidity, but especially psychiatric comorbidity, actions and side effects. The potential for AEDs to is on everyone’s lips. provoke or exacerbate psychopathology is now well It had been recognized that psychoses in people recognized, but in some cases controversial. Such with epilepsy occurred, but it was not until the links matters,however,emphasizethegrowingimportance between limbic structures, especially the amygdala ofneuropsychiatricdebateinepileptology. and hippocampus, and both medial temporal lobe This interest in the neuropsychiatry of epilepsy is epilepsyandschizophreniawereclarifiedthatasecure paralleled by a growth in neuropsychiatry across the biological foundation for the association became neurological spectrum from movement disorders to accepted. Yet, even at the time of the first edition, multiplesclerosisandfromheadinjurytothedemen- the frequency, presentations and complications of tia syndromes. The uncovering of the neurology and such states as the postictal psychoses were relatively geneticsofmanypatientswithlearningdisability,and unrealizedinclinicalpractice.Thesamecouldbesaid the CNS abnormalities discovered in disorders such about the Landolt phenomenon, the alternation as autism, broadens the spectrum of the interface of between states of psychosis and seizures with a neurology and psychiatry even further, especially as “normalization of the EEG”. The former syndrome manyoftheseproblemsinterfaceatoneorotherlevel was one of the many themes which the volume with epilepsy. opened out to those interested in managing some Wehavebeenencouragedbytheappreciationand of the complications of seizure disorders, while continuinginterestinthecontentsofthefirstedition the latter was well discussed in one of our earlier ofTheNeuropsychiatryofEpilepsyandhavetherefore collaborations (Trimble and Schmitz 1998). Such venturedonthissecondedition.Itiscomposedoftwo TheNeuropsychiatryofEpilepsy,ed.MichaelR.TrimbleandBettinaSchmitz.PublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress. #CambridgeUniversityPress2011. 1
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