The Network Nation: Human Communication via Computer - Revised Edition

579 Pages·1993·28.016 MB·English

by  Starr Roxanne Hiltz, Murray Turoff

TheN etwoNrakt ion
CopyrighMtaetde rial
TheN etworNka tion:
HumanC ommunicatviioaCn omputer
RevisEeddi tion
StarRro xannHei ltz
MurraTyu roff
WithF orewobryd
SuzannKee ller
ThMeI TP ress
CambriMdagses,a chusetts
LondEonng,l and
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Secondp rinti.n1g9,9 4
FirMsItT P resesd iti1o9n9 3
Reviseeddi ti©o 1n9 9M3a ssachusIentsttsi otfuT teec hnology
Firesdti ti©o 1n9 7A8d dinso-WeslPeuyb lishCionmgp anyI,n c.
Allrig htrse servNeod p.ar to ft hibso okm ayb er eproduicnea dn yf ormb ya nye lectroorn ic
mechanimceaaln (si nc1updhiontgo copyriencgo,r doirnig n,f ormasttioorna agnedr etril)e va
withopuetr missiinwo rni tifnrgo mt hep ublisher.
Thibso okw asp rintaenddb ounidn t heU niteSdt atoefsA merica.
LibraroyfC ongreCsast aloging-in-Publication Data
HiltSzt,a rRro xanne.
Then etwonrakt i:o hnumanc ommunicavtiiaco onm put/eS rtar rR oxannHei ltMzu,r ray
Turoffw;i tfho rewobrydS uzannKee lle-rR.e ve.d .
p. cm.
Includbeisb liograrpehfiecraelan ncdei sn dexes.
ISBN0 -262-08219I-S5B.N 0 -262-581(2p0b-k5. )
-
1.Te lemati2c.Cs o.m putneert work3s.I. n fonnatinoentw ork4s.C. o mputer
conferencIi.Tn ugr.o fMfu,r rayI.IT .i tle.
TKSIOS.6.H1S949 3
004.6-dc20 92-41470
CIP
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Fort hen exgte neartion
ANDREDAE LPHTIU ROFF
KATHERIAMANNED A HILTZ
JONATHADNA VIHDI LTZ
MONIQUOEF RAT UROFF
Mayt helyi voeu rd reams
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Contents
Forewotrotd h Fei rEsdti tiboySn u zanKneel lexri x
Prefatcote h Fei rEsdti tixoxni
Prefatcote h eRe visEeddi tixoxni x
ParIt TheN aturoefC omputerCioznefde ren1c ing
TheB oswasThi mes-Ju7l,1y 9 94 3
1.AN OVERVIEWC:O MPUTERIZCoENDF ERENCIANNGDR ELATED TECHNOLOGIES
7
ComputerCiozneefdr enciWnhga:tI tI sa ndH owI tW orks7
TechnologaindcH ails torical 1F1a ctors
11
ComputTeerc hnology
CurreCnhta nge1s2
Communicat1i3o ns
OpeartioRness earacnhdR elatAenda lytSipce cial1t4i es
15
TheI nofrmaiton-BaSsoecdi ety
Computer-AsIsnissttreudc 1t6i on
NewP roblem-SoTlevcihnngo lo1g7i es
Summar1y8
EIESE:l ectrIonnofircm atiEoxnc hanSgyes tefmo rS cientRiefisce arch
Communiti1e8s
ScientSipfiecc ialtiSecsi eanintcCdi o fmmunicat1i9o n
EIESC ommunicatSitornu ctu2r1e s
AdvancFeeda tur2e5s
25
HAL: TheC omputWehro T alktsoC omputers
Sociaaln dP sycholoAgsipceaclt2 s7
ImpersonaanldiF trye edotmoB eO nese2l7f
AutonomUys:e r-DeterRmaitneeasnd d T opiocfsI nofrmatiFolno wi n
ComputeriCzoneefdr enci2n9g
Summar3y0
ForD iscuss3i0o n
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Contents
viii
32
AppendiAx C:o mmunicatSiyosntseM mo rphology
TheB oswasThi mes-Febru1a4ry1, 9 8140
2.D EVELOPMENT AND DIVERSIFICAOTFIC OONM PUTERIZECDO NFERENCING4 3
43
CollecItnitveel ligence?
45
TheD elpMheit hod
EMISARIA: C asHei stoorfay T echnoilcoagIln novat4i6o n
49
TheO rganizatCioonntxaetl
DesigonfE MISARIT:h eE mergenMcayn agemeInntf ormaStyisotnea mn d
52
RefereInncdee x
63
OtheCro mputer-Mediated ComSmyusntiecmast ions
AnothFeorr ebeCaorm:p uter-AugmKneonwtleedd gPer oduct6i3o n
BelCla nadaC'osm puter-MedIinatteerda c6t4i on
TheI nstiftoutrth eFe u turEex:et nsiFviee lTdr iawlist PhL ANET/FORUM
65
OnO urW ayt oa W ireWdo rldT?e loencferenicniS nogc ialist 6S7w eden
OtheSry stem6s9
Summar7y0
71
ForD iscussion
TheB oswasThi mes--rSeptem1b7e1,r9 9373
3.S OCIAL ANDP SYCHOLOGPIRCOACLE SSIENCS O MPUTER IZED CONFERENCIN7G6
76
PsycholoDgiifcfaelr eTnhceeN sa:r rowionfCg o mmunication Channels
78
VisuIanlf ormation
79
FaciEaxlp ression
TheI mportaonfEc yee C onta7c9t
BodyM ovemen8t0
80
PsychophysioRleosgpiocnasle s
AvailaCbhlaen neolfCs o mmunicaatnidoC nu inPgr ocesisnCe osm puterized
Conferen8c1i ng
Visual CaunidEn xgp ressiv8e3n ess
83
ComputerCioznefde renacsia nG go ffmanesEqsutea blishment
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Contents ix
WritteVno caliza9t1i on
ComputerCioznefde renacsSi envge rDailf ferCeonmtm unication9 1F orms
LettiGnogo f Face 95
PenN amesan dA nonymi9t5y
Normsa ndS ancti9o6n s
PhobiDaesv,i anacnedC, o mputerCioznefde ren1ci0n2g
StagTeh reAed:d ictainodDn e penden1c0e3
SociDayln amicTsh:eI mpaocftC omputMeerd iatoinot nh Ger ouDpi scussion
andD ecision-MParkioncge 1s0s5
InequaolfiP taryt icipa1t0i7o n
ReplicaBtailnegs : EvideanP ciel oftr oS1mt0 u9d y
SomeH ypothe1s1e5s
SatisfawcittiThoe nl econferMeendciifano gSr p ecific Aospfte hcGetr so up
Proce1s1s8
EIESa sa S ociSayls teSmo:c iSatlr atificaantdSi oocniM aolb ili1t2y2
WhyC onferences Fail 123
Summarayn dC onclusi1o2n4s
NewU ser1s2 4
RegulUasre rCso:n tinLueeadr nianngdC hangiensB ehavi1o2r5
ForD iscussion 126
ParItI P otentApipalli catainodIn msp acotfCs o mputerCioznefde rencing
129
TheB oswasThi mes-Septe1m7b1,e9r9 31 31
4. OTEPNT IAL IMPACTOSF C OMPUTERIZCEODNFE RENCINGO NMA NAGERIAALN DS TAFF
FUNCTIONS1 33
A ScenariAo M:o rninign t hCeo mputerCiozmemdu nicatWioorlndso f
ElizabAertmhs troSnmgi tPhr,e sidoefWn otr lOdi lC ompan1y 33
ChangiensO rganizatSitoynlaaenlsdE ffective1n3e5s s
ExperienocfeM sa nageirnts h AeR PANET1 36
PotentAidavla ntaogfRe esm otMee etinbgyCs o mputerCioznefde re1n3c7e
CopyrighMtaetde rial
x
Contents
Implciatisof noArl ternaOtrigvaen izatSitoruncatlu r1e3s8
FurtherD ecentraliozfaC toiropno rSattruec tur1e4s1
CrisiMsa nageme1n4t3
TheB udgetPirnogc e1s44s
TexPtr ocessainndt gh Aeu tomatOefdfi ce1 45
OthePro ssiAbplpel icat1i4o7n s
SomeP ossiNbelgea tvieC onsequen1c4e9s
BuildaiM nagn agemeCnotm munication-InSfyosrtmea1mt5 i0o n
W hyN ot?1 59
Summary1 60
ForD iscussino 161
163
TheB oswasThi mes-MaIy,1 981
5.C OMPUTER-MEDIACTEODMMUNI CATIONS AND THE DISADVANTAGE1D6 5
Who Aret hDei sdavantaged? 166
BringintghIe n teracLtoicoant tiootn h Hea ndicap1p6e7d
Computer-BEadsuecda tfiooHrna ndicappCehdi ldr1e6n8
Economi1c6s9
TheD eaafn dD eaf-Bl1i7n0d
Adult EmploatyH moemnet 1 70
HetereongeouGrso ups1 71
TheM entlalHya ndicap1p7e1d
PenetraPtriisnogWn a ll1s7 2
A SuppoNrett wofrkot rh Aeg ed 174
A SociSaelr viRceef erSryaslt e1m7 5
IntegraStoicniSgae lr vivcieCaso mputeTrh:eC asoef " Rivervi1l7l6e "
SomeP robleamnsdO pportuni1t7i8e s
A FalsPer oble1m8 0
CommunicaftoiDroe nv elopAirnega 1s8 1
Conculsoin 183
ForD iscussion 184
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Contents xi
TheB oswasThi mes-Ju1n,1e9 931 85
6.P UBLUISCE 1 88
188
AccestsoT erminals
189
EducatiTohneT: r entdoL ief-LonLge arning
191
ComputerCiozneefdr encaintg tSheec ondaLreyv el
193
ColleagnedC ontinuEidnugc ation
ParticipDaetmoorcyr atchyr ouCgohn efrenGcreo up1s9 5
197
HawaiiC'osn -CoPnr oject
198
Lobbying
198
CitizAednv isoGrryo ups
198
CitizPeanr ticipaantdAi iodn
199
Useb yE lectOefdif cials
199
ProefssioannadlO theSre rvices
201
ReefrentCioanls ultNientgw orks
201
TheB ritPisohsO tf ifceV'IsE WDATA
EFT:
Parotfa nA ll-PervaCsoimvpeu tCeorm municatSiyosntse m2?0 2
203
TheD omesticCaotmepdu teUrs:e isn t heH ome
203
Familayn dF riendsNheitpw orks
204
PeopFlien dearnsdR ecreatiCoonneafrle nces
205
Games
206
TheL ife-SCthyalneg Gea me
207
TheW illiYnogu nagn dI nofrmatiPoonw erA: P lea
208
Summary
209
ForD iscussion
210
Bulleotfti hnIe n ternatSioocniaefltyo rt hSet udoyfS ociSayls tems
7.S CIENANCDE T ECHNOLO2G1Y2
ProbleamnsdB ottlenienct khsTe raditiSocniaeln tific Communication Process
213
216
PotentIimapla cotfsC omputeriCoznefdre encing
217
TheP roductiPvriotbyl em
CopygrhiteMda terial
xii Contents
218
A FielEdx perimweinttEh n ergRye searchers
219
Wiltlh Sey stebmeU sedT?h eI .E.'Gsa. sa L esSsu ccessPfreuclu rsor
FundamenItmapla cotnsS cientSipfeicci al2t2i1e s
222
ImpaocntD evelopmaenndRt e solutoifSo cni entCiofnitcr oversies
225
Impaocntt hOev eraSltla goefD evelopmoefan S tc ientSipfeicci alty
226
NewI nterdisciSppleicniaarlyt ies
SociSatlr uctutrheSe c oife ntSipfeicci a2l2t9y
232
MethodoloWgeiackanle sosfet sh Ee IESF ielEdx periments
233
ImpacotnsO theFro rmosf S cientCiofmimcu nication
Sciteinf Jiocu rnParlo duct2i3o4n
234
PotentEifafle cotnts h Ger ant Process
238
ProfessMieoentailn gs
IntrenatioCnoanlf erenfcoSercs i entEixfcihca nagnedT echnology Transfer
239
239
ScienScoec,i eatnydC, o mputerCioznefde rencing
The GroowftS ho ciSatlu dioefSs c ienacsae n A specotft hCer isoifs
239
ConfideinnSc cei ence
241
PublDiecb ates
A ComputerSiczieedn Ccoeu r2t4 2
242
AccestsoS cientfiosCrti st izens
243
ManagemeonfSt c ienceT eacnhdn ology
244
ComputerAiszseids tatnotc heRe e search Process
244
ModelianngdS imulation
245
AccessiabnldEe v aluaDtaetdBa a ses
245
A Viewo ft hFeu ture
247
BarriaenrdPs r oblems
248
Conclusion
249
ForD iscussion
TheB oswasThi mes-Aguus1t5 1, 98625 0
8.R ESEARICMHP ERATIANDV EOSP PORTUNI2TI5E3S
253
Introduction
CopyrighMtaetde rial