The Necropolis of Kaloriziki: Excavated by J. F. Daniel and G. H. McFadden for the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

103 Pages·1973·38.73 MB·English

by  Benson, Jack L.

STUDIES IN MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
VOL. XXXVI
THE NECROPOLIS OF KALORIZIKI
EXCAVATED BY]. F. DANIEL AND G. H. McFADDEN
FOR THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM
:i. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA
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GOTEBORG 1973
PAUL ASTROMS FORLAG
SODRA VAG EN 61, S-412 54 GOTEBORG
STUDIES IN MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
PUBLISHED BY PROFESSOR PAUL ASTROM, SODRA VAGEN 6r, S-412 54 GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN
SUGGESTED ABBREVIATION FOR THIS SERIES: SIMA
IN MEMORIAM GEORGE McFADDEN
1907-1953
On An Archaeologist Drowned
Hands reaching to dead hands. The ragged coin
ISBN 91 85058 55 6
The token, and always the white earth and the vines
And the sea under the arched cliff.
The lost world imaged in the laureled head
@J. L. BENSON 1973 Was his reality. He could not know
PRINTED IN SWEDEN Hands reaching to dead hands would only meet
In the sea's dark gape.
LUND 1973
BERLINGSKA BOKTRYCKERIET Cyprus, 1954 Linda Benson
CONTENTS
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations of Book and Periodical Titles
Previous Publications of Kaloriziki Material
Illustrations
Introduction
Chapter I. Characteristics of the Necropolis . 17
Extent and Topography 17
History of the Site 17
Tomb Types . 19
Burial Customs . 20
Historical Conclusions 22
Chapter II. Description of the Tombs 26
Table of Sherds . 53
Chapter III. Proto-White Painted and White Painted I Pottery. 54
Introduction 54
Characterization of Proto-White Painted Technique . 55
Proto-White Painted Shapes . 55
Proto-White Painted Decoration . 58
Characterization of White Painted I Pottery 59
Dating of Tombs with Proto-White Painted and White Painted I Wares 60
Chronology . 61
Chapter IV. Catalogue of Finds 64
M
c~~b
Notes Explanatory to the Catalogue 65
Part I: Cypriote Pottery . 66
Part II: Foreign and Miscellaneous Pottery . 118
Part III: Miscellaneous Finds . 121
Appendix A. Glyptics by E. Porada . 129
Appendix B. A Shield of Warrior Vase Type from Kaloriziki Tomb 40 by E A.
and H. W. Gatling . 130
Appendix C. Conversion List of Finds . 133
Plates
Index
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The circumstances m which the present volume, ranean Archaeology to Kaloriziki; secondly, to Mrs.
prepared contemporaneously with the volume on Carolyn B. McFadden and Mrs. Emily McFadden
its sister site, Bamboula, was undertaken and car Staempfli, sisters of the late George H. McFadden,
ried out have been set forth in detail in the Preface for generous financial contributions in his memory
to Bamboula at Kourion: The Necropolis and the towards the costs of printing; and thirdly, to the
Finds ( q.v.). In view of the fact that for Kaloriziki Research Council of the University of Massachu
the same type of work, where appropriate, was setts which has also given a generous subsidy. It is
performed at the same time by the same people, the cooperation of all these benefactors which has
it does not appear necessary to repeat specifically made the appearance of this report possible.
the detailed acknowledgments which have been When I undertook work on this volume, prac
made there. It is sufficient to refer to them as being tically all skeletal remains from the Kaloriziki
in effect here also. However, in addition, I wish necropolis had vanished: this explains the lack of
to express a great measure of gratitude to Miss an anthropological analysis here corresponding to
Geraldine Bruckner for invaluable editorial assist the one in Bamboula at Kourion: The Necropolis
ance on both volumes. Further, I should like to and the Finds. A mention of the Kaloriziki necrop
express deep appreciation to the following, whose olis will be found in Appendix B of that volume.
concern has made possible the printing of this
volume: first, to Professor Paul Astrom for offering Amherst
the hospitality of the series Studies in M editer- ]. L. Benson
Lachish IV 0. Tufnell, Lachish IV. The Bronze Age (London, 1958).
ABBREVIATIONS OF BOOK AND
LMTS V. R. d'A. Desborough, The Last Mycenaeans and Their Successors (Oxford, 1964).
PERIODICAL TITLES Megiddo II G. Loud, Megiddo II (Chicago, 1948). Oriental Institute Publications, Vol. 42.
MP A. Furumark, The Mycenaean Pottery. Analysis and Classification (Stockholm, 1941).
M yrtou-Pigadhes J. du Plat Taylor and others, Myrtou-Pigadhes (Oxford, 1957).
Nouveaux Documents Vassos Karageorghis, Ecole fran<;aise d'Athenes, Etudes Chypriotes III, Nouveaux Documents
pour l'Etude du Bronze Recent a Chypre (Paris, 1965).
OA Opuscula Archaeologica. Skrifter Utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Rom.
OpusAth Opuscula Atheniensia. Skrifter Utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Athen.
Problems E. Sjoqvist, Problems of the Late Cypriote Bronze Age (Stockholm, 1940).
The following list contains abbreviations used in this tion IV ( 2), in Problrms of the Late Cypriote Bronze RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.
publication in addition to those current in American Age by E. Sjoqvist and in The Mycenaean Pottery by
RGZM ]ahrbuch des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz.
journal of Archaeology (see Vol. 69, 1965, 201 ££.). As A. Furumark, it has not been thought necessary to repeat
copious bibliographies for the field of Aegean and them here. SCE E. Gjerstad, ed., Swedish Cyprus Expedition, Vols. I-IV (Stockholm, 1934-continuing).
Levantine studies are available in Swedish Cyprus Expedi-
TAPS Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia).
TFKC J. and S. Young, Terracotta Figurines from Kourion in Cyprus (Philadelphia, 1955).
Vounous E. and J. Stewart, Vounous 1937-38 (Lund, 1950). Svenska Institutet i Rom. Skrifter,
AFF Arkeologiska Forskningar och Fynd: Utgiven till H.M. Gustaf VI Adolfs 70. Arsdag 11.11.1952
Vol. 14.
(Stockholm). The preliminary report on Sinda published in AFF by A. Furumark has been
republished in English in OpusAth 6 (1965) 99-116: "Excavations at Sinda."
Alalakh C. L. Woolley, Alalakh (Oxford, 1955).
Ancient Gaza I W. F. Petrie, Ancient Gaza. Tell el Ajjul (London, 1931). British School of Archaeology in
Egypt, Vol. 53.
Bamboula NF J. L. Benson, Bamboula at Kourion: The Necropolis and the Finds (Philadelphia, 1972).
Beth-Shan II, Pt. 2 The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-Shan. Vol. II, Pt. 2: The Pottery, by G. M. FitzGerald
(Philadelphia, 1930).
CBW H. W. Gatling, Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World (Oxford, 1964).
CCM J. L. Myres and M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum (Oxford, 1899).
CesAt L. P. di Cesnola, A Descriptive Atlas of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriote Antiquities in the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Vols. I-III (Boston, 1885-1903).
CesCol J. L. Myres, Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus (New York, 1914).
ClR Clara Rhodos. Studi e materiali pubblicati a cura dell' Istituto storico-archeologico di Rodi
(Rhodes, 1928-1941).
CMP A. Furumark, The Chronology of Mycenaean Pottery (Stockholm, 1941).
CT A. J. B. Wace, Chamber Tombs at Mycenae (Oxford, 1932) =Archaeologia 82 (1932).
DFCL Judy Birmingham, "The Development of the Fibula in Cyprus and the Levant," PEQ, 1963,
80-112.
Dikaios, Guide P. Dikaios, A Guide to the Cyprus Museum (Nicosia, 1961).
Enkomi-Alasia C. F. A. Schaeffer, Enkomi-Alasia (Paris, 1953).
ExC A. S. Murray, A. H. Smith and H. B. Walters, Excavations in Cyprus (London, 1900).
Hama H. Ingholt, Rapport Preliminaire sur Sept Campagnes de Fouilles a Hama en Syrie. Det Kg!.
Danske Videskabers Selskab, Arkeologisk Kunsthistoriske Meddelelser, III (Copenhagen, 1940).
KBH M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Kypros, The Bible and Homer (London, 1893).
Kerameikos I W. Kraiker and K. Kubler, Kerameikos, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen. I: Die Nekropolen des
12. bis 10. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1939).
Ktima Jean Deshay es, Institut fran<;ais d' Archeologie de Beyrouth, Bib!. Arch. et Hist., Tome LXXV,
La Necropole de Ktima (Paris, 1963).
Lachish III 0. Tufnell, Lachish III. The Iron Age (London, 1952).
PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
KALORIZIKI MATERIAL
Excavations and excavated material from Kalori J. F. Daniel, "Two Late Cypriote III Tombs from Plate Plate
ziki have been treated in special studies prior to Kourion," AJA 41 (1937) 56-84.
1 Plan of necropolis (frontispiece) 34 Black Slip Bucchero I; Black Slip Bucchero
the present volume as listed below (excluding broad G. H. McFadden, "A Late Cypriote III Tomb
2 Tomb views II (K 634-51); Black Slip Painted I
studies which include objects found at Kaloriziki) : from Kouri on, Kaloriziki no. 40," A]A 58 ( 1954)
3 Tomb18;Tomb20 (K657)
131-142.
A. S. Murray, A. H. Smith, H. E. Walters, Excava J. L. Benson, "Bronze Tripods from Kourion," 4 Tomb19 35 Black-on-Red I and II
5 Tomb 21; Tomb 23 36 Black-on-Red II (upper two registers) and
tions in Cyprus, (London, 1900) 56-58. GRBS 3 ( 1960) 7-16.
6 Tomb24;Tomb25 III; Red Wheel Burnished I; Red Wheel
7 Tomb26;Tomb28;Tomb30 Burnished II; Red Slip I and Red Slip II;
8 Tomb 27 LC III Plain
9 Tomb 31 37 Plain Wheelmade II; Plain White I-IV
10 Tomb 33; Tomb 34 38 Plain White IV, V; LC IIIB and CG I
11 Tomb 35; Tomb 36 Coarse
12 Tomb 37; Tomb 39 39 CG I Coarse; CG I to CA I Coarse; Ware
13 Tomb 40 VII
14 Tomb 41; Tomb 42; Tomb 44 40 Ware VII, Burnished Grooved and Myce
15 Tomb 41 naean; Bronze, Iron, Ivory, Silver, Stone
16 Proto-White Painted 41 Bronze, Stone, Terracotta, Glyptics
17 Proto-White Painted 42 Proto-White Pain ted
18 Proto-White Pain ted 43 Proto-White Pain ted
19 Proto-White Pain ted 44 Proto-White Pain ted
20 Various wares: pilgrim flask and barrel jug 45 Proto-White Painted (upper two registers);
21 White Pain ted I White Painted I
22 White Painted I plate and bowl designs 46 White Pain ted I
23 White Painted I 47 White Pain ted I
24 White Pain ted I 48 White Painted I-V
25 White Painted I 49 Bichrome I, III; LC III Black Slip; Black
26 White Painted I Slip Bucchero I
27 Proto-White Painted and White Painted I 50 Black Slip Bucchero I, II; Black Slip Bi
28 CG I jugs in various wares chrome; Black Slip Painted I; Black-on
29 White Painted I-III Red II
30 Bowl and plate designs of various wares and 51 Black-on-Red II; Red Wheel Burnished;
periods Red Slip II; LC III Plain; Plain Wheel
31 White Painted IV, V (K 480-483); Bi made II
chrome I 52 Plain Wheelmade II (top register) : Plain
32 Black Slip Painted I; CG II-III Coarse; White I-V
Plain Wheelmade II; White Painted II-V 53 Plain White VI; LC III~-CG III Coarse
33 Bichrome; LC III Black Slip Bucchcro; 54 Coarse (including K 967, K 965); Pink
Black Slip Bucchero I Burnished; Ware VII (except K 1000);
Burnished Grooved 59 White Painted Ware Shapes INTRODUCTION
55 Bronze, Stone and Terracotta; Gold, Stone, 60 Proto-White Painted Pottery Designs
Terracotta and Various Wares 61 Proto-White Painted Pottery Designs
56 Reconstruction of shield: see Appendix B 62 Proto-White Painted Triangle Designs
57 White Painted Ware Shapes 63 CG I Pottery Designs
58 White Painted Ware Shapes
The necropolis of Kaloriziki (including the adjoin excavated at about the same time by P. Dikaios
ing field called Mersinoudhia) can only be under in behalf of the Department of Antiquities of the
stood as the concomitant of a settlement, as yet Cyprus Government. These latter have not as yet
unlocated, which was the younger sister of the been published, so that it is obvious that the
Late Bronze Age settlement on the neighboring hill picture presented here may be changed in some
called Bamboula. For this reason, the present respects when the full evidence from the site has
volume can only be an adjunct to the report of been presented. Fortunately, through the generosity
the excavation of Bamboula, sharing in the con of Dr. Dikaios in putting his material at my disposal
clusions stated there, and also contributing much (seep. 18), it has been possible to gain some
to those conclusions. Thus it is not practicable to intimation of this full evidence. However, one
provide a special chapter on conclusions derived awaits with interest the presentation of Dr. Dikaios'
from a study of the Kaloriziki necropolis other than excavations and the modifications which may be
those already incorporated in Chapters I and III. proposed in such matters as pottery types and
The description of the tombs and particularly their interrelationships which have been postulated
of the pottery in Chapters II and IV is detailed in this publication.
and may offer much of interest to specialists on the It would be of great interest if the settlement to
Bronze Age. It seemed necessary to treat the mate which Kaloriziki-or to which the very similar
rial in this way first of all to fill a need; for the necropolis at Lapithos-belonged could be found
scope of the excavations of the Swedish Cyprus and excavated. Better than a necropolis, a settle
Expedition was so great that it could not possibly ment would reveal the way in which the displaced
have published its finds, especially ceramic, in settlers from Greece adapted themselves to their
great detail. Yet, as will be evident from the con new environment. A thorough exploration of the
clusions based on the excavations at Bamboula and large coastal plain of which Kaloriziki forms a part
Kaloriziki, it is exactly this kind of detailed treat would almost certainly yield the site. From the
ment of the results of modern excavation which is necropolis evidence and the few hints given by the
needed in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age uppermost strata of the Bamboula settlement, it
Cypriote archaeology. Secondly, it seemed incum would appear that the incoming settlers imposed a
bent on me to provide sufficiently detailed informa Greek manner of doing things onto the culture they
tion here to enable scholars of the future to relate found, but in the course of a few generations al
what was excavated at Kaloriziki by J. F. Daniel lowed themselves to be invested irrevocably with a
to the tombs in the same necropolis which were Levantine character.
I. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NECROPOLIS
EXTENT AND TOPOGRAPHY
The excavations conducted by the Cyprus Museum vicinity of these two tombs did not reveal much,
and the University Museum of the University of so that it is not to be assumed that the area was as
Pennsylvania on the coastal plain below and to the thickly pitted with tombs as the center of the
southeast of the so-called "Acropolis" of Curium Kaloriziki field. More extensive investigations
found evidence for the location and nature of the would be necessary to gain any certainty about the
necropolis belonging to the city during the Iron actual limits of the cemetery, except on the west.
Age. The location was described concisely by The area is clearly bounded on the west by the
Daniel many years ago in a paper which can be stream which, as Daniel mentioned, separates Kalo
appropriately quoted here: riziki from Area B of the British Museum expedi
tion." A few tombs with Cypro-Archaic burials
Kaloriziki field, which forms part of a large Geometric ( OT 8 and 21) were found in Area B which
cemetery, occupies the west corner of a low table land,
relates that area to Kaloriziki in the Archaic period.
bounded on the southwest by a stream which descends
Of course, there can be no certainty-nor is there
from the steep valley east of Palaiokastro hill, and on
the north by a low field, often flooded in winter, which much likelihood-that Area B was used as a
abuts on the new Paphos road. Directly across the necropolis also during the Geometric period. On
stream, to the west, lie the church of Ayios Ermogenes the other hand, Area A of the British excavations
and the fields where Cesnola and the British expedition
would appear from the crude chart of Excavations
found classical tombs.1
in Cyprus, p. 56 to have been approximately in the
The extent of the necropolis has never been Kaloriziki-Mersinoudhia region. Their finds suggest
positively determined. There is a certain basis for that a tomb of the early Iron Age ( OT 1: 4 =
speculation that it was considerable: Tombs 30 and C 708) was re-used in the Archaic period. How
31 were found in a field called Mersinoudhia ever, the excavators were easily discouraged and
about two hundred meters to the south of the thus barely established contact with the Geometric
Kaloriziki field (Pl. 1), where the majority of the necropolis before abandoning the area.
tombs were. On the other hand, trial pits in the
HISTORY OF THE SITE
The great coastal plain between the bluff of of the plain was being used as a necropolis, the
Curium and the Kouris River has yielded evidence location of the city was presumably on the bluff.
of human occupation since at least the Early Between the cemeteries of the east and west part
Cypriote period. The necropolis and settlement of of the plain-early and late in date, respectively
this period have been discovered by S. Weinberg the gap is in part filled, both spatially and tem
in the southeastern part of the plain called Phan porally, by the necropolis of Kaloriziki-Mersinoud
eromeni." At the opposite end of the plain, just hia, with a chronological range from the Late
below the cliffs of the acropolis lies a cemetery Cypriote IIIB period to Archaic times. For the
used from Archaic to Hellenistic and later times, period immediately preceding this, the settlement
in the vicinity of Ayios Ermoyenis.' While this part and necropolis were on the Bamboula hill, just to
2-J. L. Benson
18 J· L.BENSON THE NECROPOLIS OF KALORIZIKJ 19
the north of the plain. What is lacking to com In the CG I period the numerical peak of tomb
TOMB TYPES
plete our knowledge of the ancient history of the uses appears to have been reached, viz., Tombs 1,
Curium area is the location of the Middle Cypriote 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 33, 34, Owing to the flat terrain of the Kaloriziki-Mer certain cases subjected to a kind of regularization.
settlement and necropolis (assuming, as we may 35, S6, 37, 39, 41, 42. Owing to the difficulty of sinoudhia fields, the majority of the tombs were The chambers of Tombs 20, 24 and 27 are nearly
without undue temerity, that these existed) and distinguishing very sharply at this site between the better preserved than those of the Bamboula accurate rectangles. The dromoi have rather con
the location of the settlement which corresponded CG II and CG III periods, tomb uses in these necropolis which was built on a sloping terrain and sistently a stone flooring (Tombs 20, 21, 34, 35,
to the Iron Age tombs of the Kaloriziki-Mer periods are treated as a whole, viz., Tombs 4, 8, 9, exposed to the devastations of erosion. Only a few 37). One might speculate that the stone flooring
sinoudhia necropolis. 11, 15, 16, 17, 23, 27, 29 and 41. Still in the Cypro tombs on the brow of the raised field of Kaloriziki of the dromos to Tomb 19 was also added as a
The marked reduction in the number of houses Archaic I period there is steady activity, viz., Tombs - principally the important Tomb 40-were af concession to the vogue in this period. A tendency
and tombs of the Bamboula area during the LC 1, 2, 18, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 38, 44. In the later fected in this way. So little were the majority of of the earlier period to narrow the dromos at the
IIIB period was interpreted as the result of a periods the numbers decline. The Cypro-Archaic II the tombs eroded that the gifts of the very shallow top (in section) all but disappears, although the
transfer of the site of the settlement to another period is represented by Tombs 6A, 30 and 31, pit grave, Tomb 44, just below the reach of the dromoi of Tombs 34 and 35 are quite deep.
place. Where exactly? It has been speculated that whereas the Cypro-Classic I period is attested by plow, were found in quite good condition. There Insofar as information is available, it appears that
it was moved from Bamboula directly to the bluff.' Tomb 31 alone. Allowing for the impossibility of had been a certain amount of clandestine excava it was customary to close the stomia with unworked
Although some Proto-Geometric sherds were re distinguishing with mathematical precision among tion, probably mostly modern ( cf. Tomb 40) and stones (Tombs 19, 26, 33, 34, 36 East, 37, 39).
ported from deep trenches on the bluff, this does the CG I, II and III periods-so that a few of the the British expedition had explored this area super This is a distinct change from the one extant
not constitute conclusive evidence. No other traces tombs considered here in one classification might ficially, but on the whole the necropolis had not example belonging exclusively to the LC IIIB
of any kind were found in the excavations on the actually belong to the other- it seems safe to con suffered the disturbances, before it was scientifically period- Tomb 25 with sun-dried bricks. Tomb 36
bluff. While it is true that all architectural traces clude that there was unbroken and fairly constant excavated, which were the fate of the Bamboula West, on the other hand, was closed with a flat
could have vanished in later building activity, it use of the necropolis from approximately the necropolis. In the discussion that follows, only the slab set in small stones. Attention must also be
seems equally plausible to seek the immediate twelfth to the fifth centuries B.C., with greater tombs excavated by the University Museum and called to the seeming preference for a northerly
successor to the Bamboula settlement in the vicinity activity and richer tombs noted for the earlier than those mentioned in Excavations in Cyprus can be orientation of the dromoi: Tomb 20 (north-or
of the necropolis itself, just as at Bamboula and at for the later part of this range. If my suggestion taken into account, although there is no reason to northwest?), 21 (north), 24 (northwest), 33
Enkomi the necropolis was actually in the settle about the location of the Geometric city should be suppose that the tombs excavated by Dr. Dikaios (north), 37 (northeast). Tomb 34 on the other
ment. Unfortunately, this suggestion cannot be correct, it may well be that its site was moved to would, in supplementing the picture, alter it es hand has an eastern orientation, Tomb 35 a south-
reinforced by any evidence at present beyond the the bluff about the end of the Cypro-Archaic I sentially. " ern orientation. This may be fortuitous; in any case
report of Daniel's foreman, Christos Grigoriou, period, when use of this necropolis seems to have Among the earliest tombs, Tomb 40 was, in the the evidence does not permit the postulation of any
that some remains of walls were found in the declined drastically in favor of the area further excavator's opinion, a shaft grave. If so, it remains religious significance in it. Still, the evidence from
course of excavating the necropolis, and my own west.
unparalleled in the necropolis, as McFadden point Tombs 1 to 17 on this matter may be awaited with
observation that a continuous ridge-like formation, In the above summary no account was taken of ed out,' although not unusual for the LC III interest.
somewhat to the northwest of the necropolis, could the number of interments (where known) in tombs period. Other tombs (Tombs 19, 25, 26 and 41) Differing from the principal tomb type are
conceivably be part of a city wall now, of course, cited as being used in a particular period, in order dated by their pottery to the same period (LC Tombs 36 and 39. The former is a double tomb,
completely covered by earth. In any case, additional to be able to include the tombs excavated by IIIB), are of the more characteristic chamber tomb with one chamber on the east and one on the west
excavations for the specific purpose of locating Dikaios. On the other hand, in the tombs published type with long dromos-sometimes stepped-which served by a single dromos, on the analogy of Tombs
the Geometric city in the vicinity of the necropolis here there were few instances of multiple burials became the usual type during the Geometric period. 17 and 1 7A in the Bamboula necropolis. The
might be profitable. (perhaps Tomb 30) and none of mass burials The ground plan of these tends to be rectangular, chambers themselves are irregular in shape and
For the following discussion, the writer acknowl contrary to the situation in the Bamboula tombs but never with pedantic nicety; the dromoi are orientation. Tomb 39 has a round floor reminis
edges his indebtedness to Dr. P. Dikaios, formerly so that a fair picture of the history of the necropolis quite long. The dromoi of Tombs 25 and 26 are cent of LC II types (d. Bamboula Tomb 18). Also
Director of Antiquities in Cyprus, for generously has probably been obtained. Re-use of tomb cham narrower in section at the top than at the bottom; in this context should be mentioned Tomb 22,
making available photographs of all the objects bers seems assured in a number of cases, viz., Tombs that of Tomb 19 is rectangular in section. There is which may possibly have been a pit grave (see
from Tombs 1-17 excavated by the Cyprus Mu 4, 6, 11, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31 and 41. In no corresponding information for Tomb 41. The p. 29).
seum in the Kaloriziki necropolis. It has thus been at least some cases, considerable re-use is indicated, only one of these tombs not re-used at a later period The tombs which appear to have been construct
possible to control in a general fashion all the viz., Tombs 27, 31 and 41. This might suggest that (Tomb 25) had its stomion closed with sun-dried ed in the later part of the Geometric period are
finds from this necropolis and, without anticipating the location of the tombs was clearly marked so bricks. The orientations of the various dromoi are too few and poorly documented to yield much
Dr. Dikaios' detailed remarks about his own ex that they could be easily found again ( cf. also northeast (Tomb 19), northwest (Tomb 25), ap information. Tombs 23, 27 and 42 are not, so far
cavations, to speak with more assurance about the Tomb 32). On the other hand, complicated dis proximately south (Tomb 26) and approximately as the plans reveal, different in type from the
general situation than would have been possible turbances noted in the cases of Tombs 23-28 seem north (Tomb 41). There is already here a tendency tombs of the preceding period. The first two have
otherwise." A small number of tombs correspond to conflict with this conclusion, or at least suggest to prefer a north orientation, but no ritual signifi northerly oriented dromoi, whereas the dromos of
roughly to the LC IIIB phase of the Bamboula that the location of tombs was not marked with cance can be attached to the fact. Tomb 42 is oriented toward the south and had a
settlement, viz., Tombs 5, 19, 25, 26, 40 and 41. any exactitude (see pp. 29-3 7). In the CG I period this type is continued and in step cut at the stomion. The dromos of Tomb 23
20 J. L. BENSON THE NECROPOLIS OF KALORIZIKI 21
probably was set obliquely to the chamber. It may of considerable interest to know whether the two dorsal burials, one with head south towards was the time-honored practice of covering the
also be noted that after the latest use of Tomb 41, architectural fragment K 1140, which has been the door, the other slightly earlier with head west existing occupant with a layer of earth to make a
which falls in the period under discussion, the interpreted as part of a stele, actually marked a across the door. One dorsal burial of the Cypro floor for the new burial (Tombs 18, 24); also in
stomion was closed with unworked stones, thus grave, and if so, at what period. Unfortunately, Classical period is preserved, in Tomb 31, with this context belongs the superimposition of corpses
continuing the practice which prevailed in the there is no definite basis for connecting it with head southwest to the door. noted in Tombs 23 and 27 (and Tomb 2 at
CG I period. Tomb 32, which in any case is very uncertainly When all these instances are taken together, it Bamboula). Of course, it was also possible merely
There is equally little to be said about the tombs dated. is clear that a southerly orientation of the skeletons to stake a claim to an unused part of the chamber,
constructed during the Cypro-Archaic period. The principal conclusion to emerge from this (with head usually toward the door) often occur as in Tomb 26.
Tomb 18, if completely excavated, had a round survey of tomb types is that an experimental phase red. This is the counterpart of the tendency already However, the most interesting solution to this
shape recalling that of Tomb 33 of the CG I can be recognized in the LC IIIB tombs, where the noted of the dromoi to face north (or, in other problem was the practice of collecting together the
period. Tombs 30 and 31 continue the canonical features which were to become characteristic of words, of the tombs to face south). In any case, bones of a previous interment and depositing them
Geometric type. Their dromoi, oriented to the the Geometric period were introduced in somewhat in view of existing exceptions and the small number in a large pot. This may well have been suggested
north, were not paved with stones. Since evidence tentative, transitional as it were, form. In the CG I of burials and tombs involved, it is not advisable by the placing of cremation-burials in vessels, but
on this feature is totally lacking for the later part period these features were systematized and regu to do any more than note these facts for future it nonetheless greatly outlived that practice. In
of the Geometric period at Kaloriziki, it is not larized, and apparently remained more or less reference, without risking any definite conclusions. Tomb 41 alone there are three instances of this
possible to say when the practice was discontinued. canonical during the Geometric and even the Although the greater portion of all recorded method of disposition of old bones. In Tomb 34
The shape of the chamber of both of these tombs Archaic periods. This development provides a per interments were of the inhumation type, cremations one skeleton was found in a pot, a partial skeleton
was quite irregular. The stomion of Tomb 30 was fect parallel to the stylistic history of the pottery were also known in the earlier period, the ashes in another pot- with the remainder of the second
closed by small stones, that of Tomb 31 by two which was found inside the tombs. For the later being deposited in a vessel. The LC IIIB period is skeleton perhaps in situ. I have discussed this
large slabs. A feature of Tomb 45, which was used, Geometric and the Archaic periods, unfortunately, represented by Tomb 19, with the remains in an situation in detail on p. 43. Again, in Tomb 21,
though not necessarily built, in the Archaic period, an insufficient number of tombs came to light to amphora, and by the rich and important Tomb 40, a skull was found in a pot, the remainder (?) of
was a large cut stone used as the threshold to the allow more than the conclusion that the standard which provided at least one, possibly two, burials the skeleton being piled against the wall. In Tomb
stomion. Tomb 44 was a very shallow pit grave. Early Geometric type survived with some varia in bronze urns. Tomb 39 likewise yielded an 36, bones were found in an amphora, likewise in
It may be recalled that the British expedition• tions. The evidence of Tombs 1 to 17 will certainly amphora with ashes. Also in this context must be Tomb 33 (perhaps half a skeleton?). The most
found a large number of surface graves in Area A, enrich our knowledge of this later development to considered the contemporary Tomb 30 in the curious case of all is surely Tomb 37. The bones
which was presumably in the general area of the some extent. Bamboula necropolis. Burnt material found in the of a skeleton (not a cremation) were found in a
dromos of Tomb 39 indicates that the funeral pyre pot, yet the tomb had never been re-used. There
Kaloriziki-Mersinoudhia necropolis. It would be
was probably quite near to the dromos so that its were two instances of bones in pots in Tomb 31.
remains could simply be shovelled in. In a general way the occurrences of these pot
To cremation burials in vessels is related another interments can be said to begin during the CG I
practice which involves the disposition of former period (Tombs 20, 33, 34, 36 and 37) and to con
BURIAL CUSTOMS
occupants in the case of re-used tombs. Such tinue through the later Geometric period (Tomb
The interments in the necropolis of Kaloriziki CG IB period m Kaloriziki Tomb 20, with head evidence as exists from the tombs excavated by 41) into the Cypro-Archaic and even Cypro-Clas
Mersinoudhia present a number of problems in south-southwest towards the door, was placed the University Museum suggests that the Late sical I periods (Tomb 31). Thus the range of this
spite of the relatively small number of tombs chest and face down-a unique position in this Cypriote practice of sweeping aside bones of former practice covers the entire history of the necropolis."
under discussion. It may be well first to consider necropolis so far. A contemporary skeleton in occupants was largely discontinued (see Bamboula The following summary can now be given.
the uncomplicated cases of inhumation before Tomb 24 also had a southerly orientation with head NF, 8 ff.). The evidence is unfortunately not so Burials were of inhumation or cremation type, but
moving on to more complex matters. From the to the door. clear as one may wish, e.g., Tomb 19 was disturbed the latter is attested only in the LC IIIB and the
LC IIIB period only one skeleton survived (Tomb In the Middle and Late Geometric periods oc by robbers, Tombs 21, 24, 25, 30, 31 and 35 CG I periods. Cremation was at least sometimes
26) in dorsal position, with head to south-southwest, curred several instances of superimposed burials were at least partially disturbed and the bones to carried out very close to the tomb (Tomb 39).
away from the door. To this must be added Tombs (in which context Tomb 2 of the Bamboula ne a greater or less extent dispersed by undetermined Tombs were often, but far from consistently, re
19 and 33 of the Bamboula necropolis, with LC cropolis must also be mentioned): in Tomb 23, causes, which doubtless include flooding. On the used. This raises the question as to whether the
IIIB burials: in the former, nothing is known of where the orientation of two dorsal skeletons is other hand, there is not a single clear instance of tombs were marked in any way, since there is no
the orientation; in the latter, the skeleton had a southwest, and in Tomb 27, where three skeletons, the sweeping aside of bones. This is partly condi possibility that the very long dromoi were left
northeast-southwest orientation. In the above also with southwest orientation, are approximately tioned by the fact that tombs were not so con open. The fact that tombs and dromoi were often
mentioned Tomb 26 of Kaloriziki, a second skeleton over one another. These latter remains are not well sistently re-used as had been the case at the Late cut across and damaged by later tomb diggers'"
(CG IA) had its head to the northeast. Further preserved but suggest in one instance a dorsal Cypriote necropolis. Thus Tombs 25, 35, 37, 39 and (d. Tombs 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28) fairly proves
more, its legs were crossed. A poorly preserved position with crossed legs, in another a lateral possibly 33 appear to have been used for one that there were no markers for this group at least.
contemporary skeleton in Tomb 33 at Bamboula position. interment only. Moreover, other methods of dis On the other hand, the architectural fragment
had a north-south orientation. A skeleton of the In the Cypro-Archaic I period, Tomb 18 had posing of previous occupants were current. One found in connection with Tomb 32 prevents any