The Near East since the First World War: A History to 1995 PDF
Preview The Near East since the First World War: A History to 1995
THE NEAR EAST SINCE THE FIRST WORLD WAR A History oft he Near East GeneralE ditor: ProfessorP .M. Holt *The Propheta nd the Age of the Caliphates:t he Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventhc entury Hugh Kennedy *The Age of the Crusades:t he Near Eastf rom the eleventhc enturyt o 1517 PM. Holt The Rise of the OttomanE mpire 1300-1574 C. Kafadar The Decline of the OttomanE mpire 1574-1792 R C. Reppa nd C. Piterberg *The Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923 M.E. Yapp *The Near Easts ince the First World War: A History to 1995. SecondE dition M.E. Yapp *Medieval Persia1 040-1797 D.O. Morgan * Already published The Near East since the First World War: A History to 1995 SecondE dition M.E. Yapp RO Routledge U TLEDG Taylor & Francis Group E LONDON AND NEW YORK First published1 991 by PearsonE ducationL imited Seconde dition 1996 This edition published2 014b y Routledge 2 ParkS quare,M ilton Park,A bingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue,N ew York, NY 10017,U SA Routledgeis an imprint oft he Taylor & Francis Group, an inJorma business © M.E. Yapp 1991, 1996 All rights reserved.N o part of this bookm ayb e reprintedo r reproducedo r utilised in any form or by any electronic,m echanical,o r otherm eans,n ow known or hereafteri nvented, including photocopyinga ndr ecording,o r in anyi nformations torageo r retrieval system, without permissioni n writing from the publishers. Notices Knowledgea ndb estp racticei n this field are constantlyc hanging.A s new researcha nd experienceb roadeno ur understandingc, hangesin researchm ethods,p rofessional practices,o r medicalt reatmentm ayb ecomen ecessary. Practitionersa ndr esearchersm usta lwaysr ely on their own experiencea ndk nowledgei n evaluatinga ndu singa nyi nformation,m ethods,c ompoundso, r experimentsd escribed herein.I n usings uchi nformationo r methodst heys houldb e mindful of their own safety andt he safetyo f others,i ncluding partiesf or whomt hey havea professional responsibility. To the fullest extento f the law, neithert he Publishern or the authors,c ontributors,o r editors,a ssumea nyl iability for anyi njury and/ord amaget o personso r propertya s a mattero f productsl iability, negligenceo r otherwise,o r from any useo r operationo f any methods,p roducts,i nstructions,o r ideasc ontainedi n the materialh erein. ISBN 13: 978-0-582-25651-4(p bk) British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationD ata A cataloguer ecordf or this book is availablef rom the British Library Library of CongressC ataloging-in-PublicationD ata Yapp. Malcolm The Near Easts ince the First World War: a history to 1995/ M.E. Yapp. -2nd ed. p. cm. - (A history of the Near East) Includesb ibliographicalr eferences( p. ) and index. ISBN 0-582-25651-8( PPR) I. Middle East-History-20thc entury.I . Title. II. Series. DS62.4.Y36 1996 956-dc20 95-51034 CIP Set by 7 in 10/12N ew Baskerville Contents List ofM aps VIn List ofA bbreviations ix Note: Names, Titles and Dates xi Prefacet o First Edition xv Prefacet o SecondE dition xviii Introduction: Social, Economic and Political Olange in the Near East 1 General 1 Society 5 Economy 23 Politics 35 Section 1: The Years of the Notables 49 1 Egypt to 1952 51 2 Iraq to 1958 69 3 Syria and Lebanon to 1958 85 Syria 85 Lebanon lO4 4 Palestine and Transjordan to 1950 116 Palestine 116 Transjordan 139 5 Turkey to 1950 147 6 Iran to 1960 167 7 Arabia to the 1960s 188 General 188 SaudiA rabia to 1964 189 v The Near East since the First World War: A History to 1995 North Yemen to 1962 193 SouthY emen to 1967 196 The PersianG ulf Statest o 1971 201 Oman to 1970 206 Section II: The Years of Revolution 209 8 Egypt, 1952-89 211 9 Iraq, 1958-89 232 10 Syria and Lebanon, 1958-89 251 Syria 251 Lebanon 265 11 Israel, Jordan and the Palestinians, 1950-89 280 Israel 280 Jordan 291 The Palestinians 300 12 Turkey, 1950-89 309 13 Iran, 1960-89 330 The Islamic Republic 344 14 Arabia from the 1960st o 1989 354 General 354 SaudiA rabia since 1964 356 North Yemen since 1962 361 SouthY emen since 1967 365 The PersianG ulf Statess ince 1971 370 Oman since 1970 375 Section ill: The Near East in International Relations 377 15 European Predominancea nd Its Decline, 1923-56 379 EuropeanS upremacy,1 923-39 379 The Near Easti n the SecondW orld War 389 The Post-WarN ear East, 1945-54 394 The SuezW ar 402 16 Superpowers and Regional Powers, 1956-89 411 The Superpowers 411 The Arab-IsraeliW ar of 1967 415 The Arab-Israeli Confrontation,1 967-79 419 The NorthernT ier and the Gulf 424 The Iran-IraqW ar, 1980-88 427 vi Contents The SouthernN ear East, 1979-89 432 Conclusion 436 Section IV: The Near East, 1989-95 441 17 Introduction: Changes,1 989-95 443 18 Egypt, 1989--95 452 19 Iraq, 1989-95 456 20 Syria, 1989-95 460 21 Lebanon, 1989--95 464 22 Israel, 1989-95 468 23 Jordan, 1989--95 471 24 The Palestinians, 1989-95 475 25 Turkey, 1989-95 479 26 Iran, 1989-95 485 27 Arabia, 1989--95 489 SaudiA rabia 490 Yemen 492 The PersianG ulf States 495 Oman 498 28 International and Regional Affairs, 1989--95 499 Bibliographical Guide 508 Glossary 545 Lists ofR ulers 550 Maps 559 Index 571 VII List of Maps 1 The Near Easti n 1923 560 2 Egypt 561 3 Syria and Lebanonu nderF renchm andate 562 Tran~ordan, 4 Palestinea nd 1947-8 563 5 Israel and her neighbours 564 6 Arabia 565 7 Iran and Iraq 566 8 Major oilfields and pipelinesi n the Near East 568 Vlll List of Abbreviations AlOC Angl(r-Iranian Oil Company ANM Arab NationalistM ovement ARAMCO Arabian-AmericanO il Company ASU Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) CENTO Central TreatyO rganization CFfU Council of FederatedT radeU nions (Iran) CGS Chief of the GeneralS taff DLP DemocraticL eft Party (Turkey) DP DemocratP arty (Turkey) EC EuropeanC ommunity EU EuropeanU nion DP DemocratP arty (Turkey) FLOSY Front for the Liberation of SouthY emen GeC Gulf Co-{)peration Council GDP GrossD omesticP roduct GNA Grand National Assembly GNP GrossN ational Product GPC GeneralP eople'sC ongress( Yemen) HQ Headquarters ICO Islamic ConferenceO rganization ICP Iraq CommunistP arty IDF Israel DefenceF orces ILO InternationalL abour Organization IMF InternationalM onetaryF und IPC Iraq PetroleumC ompany IRP Islamic RepublicanP arty (Iran) JP JusticeP arty (Turkey) KDP Kurdish DemocraticP arty KWP KurdistanW orkersP arty LF LebaneseF orces LNM LebaneseN ational Movement MB Muslim Brotherhood mbd million barrelsa day IX
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