The Navstar Global Positioning System

269 Pages·1992·20.988 MB·English

by  Tom Logsdon (auth.)

The Navstar Global
Positioning System
Tom Logsdon
~
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+B USINESS MEDIA, LLC
Copyright © 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Van Nostrand Reinhold in 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may
be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage
and retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher.
95 96 97 98 99 QEBKP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Logsdon, Tom, 1937-
The Navstar global positioning system / by Tom Logsdon.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6357-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-3104-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3104-3
1. Artificial satellites in navigation-United States. 2. Global
Positioning System. I. Title.
TL798.N3L64 1992
629.04'5-dc20 92-10521
CIP
Dedication
To Chad, who someday may be using the modulated
signals from the Navstar satellites to guide his noisy
trailer truck along the Interstate.
Contents
Preface xv
Chapter 1 The Science ofNavigation 1
What Is Navigation? 3
ATypical Ground-Based RadionavigationSystem 6
The Advantages ofSpace-basedTransmitters 7
TheTransit Navigation Satellites 8
GravityGradientStabilization 9
DisturbanceCompensationSystems 11
Compensatingfor IonosphericDelays 11
CompensatingforTroposphericDelays 12
NavigationTechniques 12
The Navstar Revolution 13
NavstarNavigationTechniques 13
TheNavstarClocks 14
Practical Benefitsfor All Mankind 16
Chapter2 The Navstar GPS 17
TheSpaceSegment 19
SignalStructureand PseudorandomCodes 20
NavigationSolutions 21
Correctingfor RelativisticTimeDelays 23
v
Vl Contents
CorrectingforIonosphericandTroposphericDelays 24
Decodingthe50-Bit-Per-SecondDataStream 25
TheVariousFamiliesofNavstarSatellites 26
The UserSegment 27
ATypicalHigh-Performance5-ChannelReceiver 27
OperatingProcedures 29
The ControlSegment 30
InvertingtheNavigationSolution 30
TheMonitorStationsandTheMasterControl
Station 32
Field Test Results 32
Chapter 3 Performance Comparisons for Today's
Radionavigation Systems 34
ASampling ofToday's Ground-based Navigation
Systems 34
LoranCjD 35
Omega 35
VORjDMETacan 36
TheMicrowaveLandingSystem 38
Inertial Navigation 39
JTIDSRelnavand PLRS 40
SignpostNavigationTechniques 40
ASamplingofToday's Space-based Navigation
Systems 42
Transit 42
TheNavstarGlobalPositioningSystem 43
TheFrenchArgos 44
Side-by-side Performance Comparisons 44
Chapter 4 User-Set Architecture 48
The Major Components ofa Typical Navstar
Receiver 48
TheReceiverAntennaand ItsAssociated
Electronics 49
TheTrackingLoops 49
NavigationProcessor 51
PowerSupply 52
Control-DisplayUnit 52
Contents Vll
Choosing the Proper User-set Architecture 52
Performance Comparisons 54
Selecting the Antennas 55
Selecting the Proper Computer Processing
Techniques 56
Solvingfor the User's Position 57
Computing and Interpreting the Geometrical
Dilution ofPrecision 58
Ranging Error Budgets 60
Kalman FilteringTechniques 61
Chapter 5 User-set Performance 63
Accuracy Estimates for Various Methods of
Navigation 63
Performance Criteria to Consider when Purchasing a
Navstar Receiver 65
Receiver Design Choices 66
NumberofChannelsandSequencingRate 66
AccesstoSelective-availabilitySignals 67
AvailablePerformanceEnhancementTechniques 69
ComputerProcessingCapabilities 70
Receiver DesignSmart Card 71
Today's Available Navstar Receivers 71
Hand-held Receivers 73
Commercially Available Navstar
Chipsets 74
Chapter 6 Differential Navigation and
Pseudo-satellites 76
Performance Comparisons: Absolute and
Differential Navigation 77
Special Committee104's Recommended Data-exchange
Protocols 78
The CoastGuard's Differential Navigation
System Tests 81
Motorola's Mini Ranger Test Results 82
Vlll Contents
COMSAT's DataDistributionServicefor the
Gulf ofMexico 84
Wide-areaDifferential Navigation Services 84
Pseudo-satellites 85
Special Committee104's Data Exchange Protocols for
Pseudo-satellites 87
Comparisons Between Differential Navigation and
Pseudo-satellites 89
Chapter 7 Interferometry Techniques 91
The Classical Michaelson-Morley Interferometry
Experiment 91
Measuring Attitude Angles withSpecial Navstar
Receivers 93
EliminatingSolutionAmbiguities 94
PracticalTestResults 95
Using Interferometry to Fix Position 95
Single,Double, andTripleDifferencingTechniques 96
ThePOPSPost-ProcessingSoftware 97
Spacebome Interferometry Receivers 98
Motorola'sCommerciallyAvailableMonarch 101
Tomorrow'sGenericSpaceborneReceivers 101
Chapter 8 Integrated Navigation Systems 103
Integrated Navigation 104
Inertial Navigation 104
ErrorGrowth Rates 106
ReinitializationTechniques 106
Ring LaserGyros 107
Monolithic Ring LaserGyros 108
Fiber Optic Gyros 109
Using the GPS for Testing Inertial Navigation
Systems 110
The Practical Benefits of Integrated Navigation 111
Chassis-level Integration 114
Contents IX
Chapter 9 Interoperability with Other
Navigation Systems 115
TheSoviet Glonass 115
TheGlonassSpecification Release at Montreal 117
TheGlonassConstellation 117
OrbitalManeuversfor theGlonassSatellites 117
Building Dual-capabilityGPS/Glonass Receivers 120
ReceiverDesignDifficulties 120
Dual-CapabilityReceiverTestsatLeedsUniversity 122
TheFANsJointResearchEffortswithSovietScientists 123
OtherAttemptstoBuildDual-capabilityReceivers 123
IntegrityMonitoringTechniques 123
Interoperability with Other Radionavigation
Systems 124
Eastport International's Integrated System for
Underwater Navigation 124
Chapter 10 The Navstar Satellites 128
The Eight MajorSpacecraftSubsystems 129
TheOrbitInjectionSubsystem 130
Tracking,Telemetry, andCommand 130
Attitudeand VelocityControl 132
ElectricalPower 133
NavigationSubsystem 134
ReactionControl 134
ThermalControl 134
Structuresand Mechanisms 135
On-orbit Test Results 137
The MultiyearSpacecraft Procurement 138
Booster Rockets 139
Orbital Perturbations 140
The Spacecraft Ephemeris Constants 142
SatelliteViewing Angles 144
Earth-shadowing Intervals 145
Repeating Ground-trace Geometry 146
X Contents
Chapter 11 Precise Time Synchronization 148
John Harrison's Marine Chronometer 149
Celestial NavigationTechniques 150
AShort History ofTime 151
The Atomic Clocks Carried Aboard the Navstar
Satellites 153
CesiumAtomicClocks 153
RubidiumAtomicClocks 155
DevelopingAtomicClocksLightEnoughtoTravel
IntoSpace 155
TheGrowing Need for Precise Time
Synchronization 156
TimeSync Methodologies 1?8
Fixing Time with the NavstarSignals 159
Lightweight Hydrogen Masers for Tomorrow's
NavstarSatellites 161
Crosslink Ranging Techniques 162
Chapter 12 DigitalAvionics and AirTraffic Control 165
TheSabreliner's Flight to the Paris
AirShow 165
FourMajor Concerns ofthe Federal Aviation
Administration 167
SelectiveAvailability 167
User-SetFees 167
Integrity-related Failures 169
ContinuousFive-satelliteCoverage 170
Using a Dedicated Constellationfor AirTraffic
Control 171
An Alternative Architecture Using theGPS 172
Comparisons BetweenGeosynchronous and
Semisynchronous Constellations 174
PiggybackGeosynchronous Payloads 175
The Autoland SystemTest Results 176
Contents Xl
Chapter 13 Geodetic Surveying and Satellite
Positioning 177
Detennining theShape ofPlanet Earth 178
TheTheoryofIsostasy 180
TheEarth'sContoursUnderHydrostaticEquilibrium 181
GPS Calibrations at theTurtmannTest Range 181
StaticSurveying Techniques 182
Kinematic and Pseudo-kinematicSurveying 183
FreewaySurveying During War in the Persian
Gulf 184
Navstar Positioningfor Landsat D 184
TheLandsat'sSpaceborneReceiver 187
On-OrbitNavigationAccuracy 187
Orbit Determinationfor High-altitudeSatellites 187
Today's AvailableSpaceborne Receivers 188
Chapter14 Military Applications 192
The Military Benefits ofthe Worldwide Common
Grid 193
Field Test Results 193
Projected BattlefieldBenefits 194
TestRange Applications 196
Military Receivers 198
Carrier-landingAccuracies 198
Amphibious Warfare Operations 200
Accuracy-enhancements for Strategic and Cruise
Missiles 202
Chapter15 Civil Applications 205
Dinosaur Huntingwith the GPS 206
Guiding Archaeological Expeditions 208
Tracking Hazardous Icebergs 209
Offshore Oil Exploration 211
Fixing the Positions of Railroad Trains 213