the national liberation movements

193 Pages·2008·1.05 MB·English

The African liberation reader, Vol. 2: the national
liberation movements
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The African liberation reader, Vol. 2: the national liberation movements
Author/Creator de Bragança, Aquino (editor); Wallerstein, Immanuel (editor)
Publisher Zed Press (London)
Date 1982
Resource type Books
Language English
Subject
Coverage (spatial) Southern Africa (region), Portugal, South Africa, Zimbabwe,
Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Angola, Namibia
Coverage (temporal) 1950 - 1974
Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits
Library of African Studies, 320.9603 A2585, V. 2
Rights By kind permission of Sylvia Braganca, Immanuel
Wallerstein, and Zed Books.
Description VOLUME 2: THE NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS
includes: 1. Historic Roots. 2. The Road to Armed Struggle.
3. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Theory. 4.
National Movements and the Class Struggle: Practice. 5.
Racism and Anti-Racism. 6. African Churches and the
Movements.
Format extent 224 pages
(length/size)
http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20040
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Africana
Africana320.9603A2585v.2
714
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VOLUME24
THENAINLLBRTO OEET
Northwestern UniversityLibraryEvanston, Illinois 60201
AL1LL
TheAfrican LiberationReader
EditedbyAquinodeBraganpaand Immanuel Wallerstein
TheGuerillas
Forthe FightingMenin SouthernAfrica
1
...and Iliewithmybodycurvedtothelightclayanditliesalongthelength ofmy
hipandthighlikethe yieldingfirmnessof yourwarmfleshand mybodymelts
withatenderness alongmyframewhilebrittlethorn-twigs piercetheclear sky
whilefar-offsounds -harshbirds -blunderings
cracklelikesnappedtwigs...
andants scurryonthesmoothcurveoftheclay.
2
..thebirdswheelintheir greatcirclesinthemindheatbeatsatthe eyesthrougha
curtainofsweatthesalt-tastingmouthispapered bythirst
andotherthings
Intime,heatandfatiguewillbeatthestiff,anxious,achingneckdown.
3
...asenseoflostopportunitylikeasquallofrain marchingawayleavingan
achinghollowness whilethebigarits crawloverthetornfleshandthe black
streaksofcrustedblood.Who willbreakthroughthebarriersofindifferent bone
andstubbornfleshandthegreywaves ofnewsprintgruel?
Omyfriendswherearethevoicestoplead yourcausetoroar yourchallengeto
trumpet yourheroism?tospeakthewords ofbraveresolvethat youliveanddie?
4
Thereis such apleasureatlastinhandlingacoolefficientweapon mostmodem,
highlyautomaticand movingoffatthereadywishingtheycouldseeathome -the
friends,andespeciallythechildren,andimagingthedeedsofflameandterror-
terrorfromthisweapon,terribleand cold.
5
Chiefly~itisajobtobedone,withdrillstobefollowedandobserved,the enemy
ananalysablefactororabrutesodeadlythathe mustdiefirst:butsometimes
therecomes thethought ofhometheangrylongingoftheexileandafiercewillto
smashan evilcruelthing.
DennisBrutus
TheAfrican LiberationReaderVolume2TheNationalLiberation Movements
EditedbyAquinodeBraganoaand Immanuel Wallerstein
ZedPress,57Caledonian Road, LondonN19DN
A4rec&v~&
320,o 3
V.2
TheAfrican LiberationReaderwas originallypublishedinPortuguese;first
publishedinEnglishbyZedPress Ltd.,57CaledonianRoad,London NI9DNin
1982.
Copyright©AquinodeBragancaand ImmanuelWallerstein
CopyeditedbyBeverleyBrownProofreadbyStephenGourlay,Rosamund
Howe, LizHasthorpeandAnneGourlayTypesetbyLyn CaldwellCoverdesign
JacqueSolomonsCover photocourtesyofMAGIC PrintedbyKripsRepro,
Meppel,Holland
Allrightsreserved
U.S.Distributor
LawrenceHillandCo.,520RiversideAvenue, Westport,Conn.06880,USA
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
TheAfricanliberationreader.
Vol.2:Thenationalliberationmovements
1.Africa,Sub-Saharan -Politics and
government -Addresses, essays,lectures
I.Braganca,Aquinode II.Wallerstein,
Immanuel
320.9'67 JQ1872 ISBN0-86232-068-2
TheAfrican Liberation
Reader
VOLUME I:THEANATOMY OFCOLONIALISM
1.TheAnatomyofColonialism
2.ThePortugueseEmpire
3.TheRuleof WhiteSettlers
4.Roles ofVarious ClassesandGroupsinColonialSociety
5.TheBourgeoisie
6.Workers andPeasants
7.Students
8.Women
9.TheModes ofCulturalOppression10.TheChristianChurches 11.Economic
Inter-Relationsof SouthernAfrica
VOLUME2:THENATIONALLIBERATION
MOVEMENTS
1.HistoricRoots
2.TheRoadtoArmed Struggle
3.NationalMovementsandtheClassStruggle:Theory4.National Movements
andtheClassStruggle: Practice
5.Racismand Anti-Racism
6.AfricanChurches and theMovements
VOLUME3:THESTRATEGYOFLIBERATION
1.TheEnemy'sPlans
2.TheEnemy'sContradictions
3.ResponsestoReformism
4.WhattoDoAboutBantustans
5.HowtoCollaboratewithOtherNational Movements
6.Howto Wage Warfare
7.ThePartyandtheArmy
8.TheStruggleforCultural Liberation
9.Conclusion
3
6
3867
7183102124138167187
1
3379
114136180
1
477295115133162176
204
Publisher's Note
ZedPress gratefullyacknowledgeagrantfromthe WCC ProgrammetoCombat
Racismtowardsthecostoftypesettingthis project.ZedPress alsowishestothank
theSwedish InternationalDevelopmentAuthorityformakingpossiblethegiftof
copies ofeachofthese3 volumestotheliberationmovementsofSouthern Africa.
Contents
Preface i
Introduction iii
1. HistoricRoots
Editors'Introduction 1
OurAnti-ImperialistCommitment -Alfred Nzo 2
DayofCommemoration -SWAPO 5
From FraudulentConcessionto Federation -Joshua
Nkomo 6
Appealfor Unity- FRAIN 8
OurHeritage:PortraitofaGreatAngolanQueen - MPLA 9
TheOrigins oftheAngolan Insurrection - Mariode
Andrade 10
PreludetotheRevolution-FNLA 14
ThePeasantryoftheSouth-A.Vakulukuta 15
DevelopmentofNationalisminMozambique-Eduardo
Mondlane 15
Mondlane:EarlyDaysinSouthAfrica- 'Spartacus' 20
Guinea:PhasesofPortugueseActivity-Amilcar
Cabral 23
CapeVerde:Slaves,PovertyandAridity- Maria Dulce
Almada 25
SaoTome: ProductofCross-Breeding-CONCP 30
2. TheRoadtoArmed Struggle
Editors'Introduction 33
TheRoadto Freedomis ViatheCross-AlbertLutuli 34 WhyWeHadto Act -
NelsonMandela 37
OntheRivoniaTrial-AlbertLutuli 40
CalltoRevolution-OliverTambo 42
FromGandhito Mandela -ANC 43
TheStateoftheNation-Mangaliso Sobukwe 47
SouthAfrica, Intruderin OurCountry-Toivo
HermannJa Toivo 53
TheAlgerianExample- ZAPU 58
ByWhat Methods? -ZANU 59
AnHistoricLesson:Pijiguiti -AmilcarCabral 62ASituationofPermanent
Violence-AmilcarCabral 63MessagetothePortuguesePeople-MPLA
65
LetterstotheMinister -AgostinhoNeto 66
ReturntoAngola -AgostinhoNeto 71
Guerrilla Warfare:OnlyValid Formof Struggle-MPLA 73Colonization and
Africa -UPA 75
TothePortuguesePeople-FRELIMO 76
TotheMozambican People-FRELIMO 77
3. NationalMovements andtheClass Struggle:Theory
Editors'Introduction 79
TheFreedomCharter-CongressofthePeople 81
Who Arethe Liberation Forces? -ANC 84
Arusha,Africa andSocialism-ANC 87
IAmNotaCommunist- NelsonMandela 91
TheANC andCPSA -MosesKotane 95
Pet Ideas ofOppressors- ZAPU 96
TheComplex Enemy-ZAPU 97
ZAPU's IdeologicalPosition-GeorgeSilundika 99MPLA's Ideology-
AgostinhoNeto 100
OnCommunismand Africa-HoldenRoberto 101
African Marxists-JonasSavimbi 102
FRELIMO's Ideology-JoaquimChissano 103
SharpeningoftheClass Conflict -SamoraMachel 104NoCommunistInfluence
-ArturVilankulu 105
TheRelevanceof Marxism-Leninism-AmilcarCabral 107HomagetoNkrumah
-AmilcarCabral 109
OurSolidarities- AmilcarCabral 110
NotOurQuarrel -PermanentCommissionof Writers
&ArtistsofGuine&CapeVerde 112
4. NationalMovements andtheClass Struggle:Practice
Editors'Introduction 114
TotheNationalistsofMozambiue-CONCP 116
TheTribalQuestionintheAdvancedStageofthe
Struggle-Eduardo Mondlane 119
TheEvolutionofFRELIMO -Eduardo Mondlane 121
Self-Criticism- FRELIMO 122
GloomySituationin FRELIMO-UriaT.Simango 125OnUriaT.Simango -
FRELIMO 127
InternalCorruption-SamoraMachel 128
WhatPriceUnity? -SWAPO 131
Open LettertotheISC- EmilAppolus 132
HasSWANU Failed.? -Festus U.Muundjua 133
5. Racismand Anti-Racism
Editors'Introduction 136
TheLuthulianApproach -PAC 138
The White'Left'at Work-PAC 140
The WhiteGroupintheSouthAfricanStrugglefor
Liberation-ANC 142
BlackAwareness-ANC 145
AgainstSectionalism-Cardiff Mamey 147
TheRoleoftheIndian PeopleintheSouthAfrican
Revolution-Y.M.Dadoo 150
TheRoleoftheColoured Community-RegSeptember155 TheyPreferred tobe
British-Searchlight 160
Stop ImmigrationtoSouthAfrica -SACTU 164
Allianceswith Whites -SamNujoma 167
ZAPUandRacialism -ZAPU 168
No WhiteLiberals -ZANU 169
TheFutureof White Settlers-HerbertChitepo 171NotanIsolated Struggle-
AgostinhoNeto 171
The WhiteCommunityintheStruggleforAngolan
Independence -FUA 173
Rumbezia, NotMozambique-UNAR 174
WhiteMozambicans -SamoraMachel 177
OntheChiefs inGabu- Aristides Pereira 177
TheTacticofDivision-AmilcarCabral 178
6. AfricanChurches and theMovements
Editors'Introduction 180
TheNecessityofDialogue-JoaquimdaRocha
PintodeAndrade 181
ApologiaandAccusation-PintodeAndrade 182
TheSouthAfricanChurchhas Failed - M.B.Yengwa 187Church Pretence -
Mangaliso MkhaTshaet al 191
NoCognizanceofHumanRights-Open Letter....
fromChurchBoardsof EvangelicalLutheran
Ovambokavango andEvangelicalLutheranChurches 193
TheFalseImpressionof Peace- L.Aualaand
P.Gowaseb 195
Preface
This collectionofdocumentswas originallyassembledbytheeditors in1973-74
andcompletedjustastherevolutioninPortugalbrokeoutinApril1974.This
event,completedin1975 bytheindependenceofalltheformer Portuguese
coloniesinAfrica,transformedthepoliticalsituationinSouthernAfrica. We
decidedtoproceedwiththepublicationofthisbookinitsPortugueseversion,
sinceindependenceintheformerPortuguesecoloniesconstitutedaclearturning-
pointinthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheirnationalliberationmovements.
WehesitatedhoweveraboutanEnglish-language version.Thestrugglewas
continuinginZimbabwe,Namibia, andSouthAfrica.Shouldthe storystop in
1974?Iftodaywehavedecidedtopublishthis collectionas itwas constructedin
1974,itis becausewebelievethatthePortugueseRevolutionandthe
Independence,particularlyofAngolaand Mozambique,constitutedanhistorical
turning-pointforthenationalliberationmovementsofZimbabwe,Namibia,and
SouthAfricaaswell.
Indeedso muchhashappenedinthosethreecountriessince1974thatallof usare
temptedtoforgetthehistoricalevolutionofthemovementsinthesecountries as
wellastheimportanceoftheearlyintellectualdebateswithinthemovementsand
theircontinuingrelevancetoday. Wewishtoreinvigoratethishistoricalmemory
whichhopefullymayserveas atooloftheongoingstruggleitself. Itisinthis
spiritthatwehavedecidedtopublishtodaytheEnglish-languageversionofthis
collection.
Introduction
Nationalliberationmovementsdonotemergeonefinedayoutofthemind of
somesupermanor attheinstigationofsomeforeignpower.Theyareborn outof
populardiscontent.Theyemergeoverlongperiods tocombat -oppressive
conditionandex irationsforadifferentkindof society.Theyare,in
short,theagentsofclassandnationalstruggle.
Neithertheclassesnorthenations,however, havebeenthereforever.They,too,
arecreationsofthemodemworld and,inthecaseofSouthern Africa,theywere
borninthecrucibleofthecolonil 'peri-ience.To understandtheriitional
liberationmovements,wemustfirstunderstandthesocialforces theyrepresent
andthewaysinwhichthesesocialforces wereshapedbytheirhistorical
circumstances.
ThecapitalistworldeconomycameintoexistenceinEuropeinthe16thCentury.
Its internalfunctioning-theendlessdriveforcapitalaccumulation,thetransferof
surplus fro'mproletarian to o-birg"o-iS-andfromperipherytoc6re,thecyclical
patternofalternatingphasesofeconomicexpansionandstagnation -combinedto
makenecessarythe gular,albeitdiscontinuous,expansionoftheouterboundaries
oftheworldeconomy.Slowly,overseveralcenturies,otherhistoricalsystems
weredestroyedandincorporatedintothisever-growingoctopus.
Theformsofincorporationintotheworldeconomyhavevariedboth accordingto
thestrengthofthepoliticalsystems inplaceinthezonesundergoing
incorporationandaccordingtotheinternal configurationofforces amongcore
stateswithintheworldeconomyduringtheperiod ofincorporation. Sometimes
incorporationinvolveddirectcolonialoverrule,sometimes 'informalimperialism',
andsometimesfirstthisindirectmodeof conquestfollowedbyalaterphaseof
directcolonialism.
Incorporationhas everywhereinvolvedtwo majorchanges forthezone
beingincorporated. First,theproductionstructures werereorganizedsothatthey
contributedtotho.overall divisionoflabourintheworldeconomy. Secondly,the
politicalstructures werereorganizedso"thatitheyfacilitatedtheflowoffactors of
productionintheworldeconomy.inti-cai-f6itheriiAfrica,thiereorgiizationof
productionstructures-dthedevelopmentbotfiof cashcropsandofmining-
operationsforexportontheworld market.Thereorganizationofpolitical
structures meantthecreationofcolonial
TheAfrican LiberationReader
statesintheregion,theeventualboundaries of whichwereafunctionprimharily
6fth&-tuggles amongthevariousEuropeanimperialandsetter-forces.
It-s-ThFi-reorganization ofproductionstruciwr-ewhichE-atedtheii--eclasses
andthisreorganizationofpoliticalstructures whichcreatedthenewnations.
Theseclassesandnationsareinstitutionalconsequencesofthedevelopmentof
thecapitalistworldeconomy.Theyare,infact,theprincipalstructuraloutcomeof
itshierarchicalrelations. Theyareatoneandthesametimethemodeofsocial
impositionofthesehierarchies andthemodeofsocialresistancetothe
inequalitiesbredbythesystem.
Theobjectofimperialistexpansionistoutilizethelabour-powerofthepeoplesof
thenewlyincorporatedperipheries atratesofrealremunerationas lowas
possible.Securingsuchalabourforcerequires the establishmentofathree-part
geographicaldivisionofperipheralareas:afirstzonetoproducetheexport
products,withinwhichthereisinitiallyoften forcedlabour,laterlow-paid wage
labour;asecond zoneto producesurplusfoodtofeedthelabour forceofthefirst
zone,withinwhichtheretends tobehouseholdproduction;athirdzoneto serve
asamanpowerreservetoproducethelabourforceforthefirstzone(and even
occasionallyforthesecond),withinwhichtheretends tobeso-calledsubsistence
production.(Thethreezones donotnecessarilyhavetofallwithinasingle
colonialstate.)
Itisthis three-zonesystem,withits largecomponentofmigrantlabour(persons,
largelymen,leavingthethirdzoneforlimitedperiods,sometimesonlyonceina
lifetime,and returningafterwards tothatzone),whichpermitsthesuper-
exploitationoflabourinthefirst(orwagelabour)zone.The'migrant'workers
locatedinsucha zoneparticipateinextendedhouseholds,andovertheirlifetime
thecostsofreproductionaredisproportionatelybornebytheworkdonein non-
wagesectors.Thustheemployerofwagelabour canineffectpayless thanthe
minimumnecessarywage(thatis,thewageassuringthereproductionofthe
labourforce).
Itisclear,then,whytheconceptualcategorieswhichevolvedinthecontextofthe
corezonesofthecapitalistworldeconomy-conceptssuchas prqletarian
(meaningbythatalife-longindustrialwage la-i-ir-l--viri-nganurbanareawif-his
wholehousehold)andpeasant(meaningalife-longagriculturalworkerwithsome
kindof.hereditaryrigitstoli-nd-ufiization)-donotseemtofif"exactvhen welook
cl0sely-attheperipheralzonesoftfieworldeconomy.Thework-forcethereisnot
dividedinto'traditional'peasantsowningthemeansofproductionand 'modern'
proletarianswhohavebeenexpropriatedfromthemeans ofproduction.Most(or
atleastmany)workers'householdsareinfactcomposedofboth'proletarians'and
'peasants',thesameindividualsoftenbeingbothforpartoftheirlives. Itis this
combinationofroleswhichdefines therelationshipoftheseworkerstothe world
economyandpermitstheparticular extremeformofexploitationthey
encounteredinthecolonialera.
Thepatternofthecreationofthework-force,with itsinstitutionalized
interactionbetweenrural 'home'areasandtheurban(orminingorcash-crop)
areas,favouredthecontinuedrecruitmenttowageemploymentthrough
Introduction
'family'or 'ethnic'channels,andhencetheemergenceintheurban and
commercializedzones of an'ethnic'consciousness (calledbythecolonial
overlords 'tribalism'),an ethnicconsciousness whichwas infactverymuch the
expressionoftheemergingclass positionofthevarious groupsintegratedintothe
wagework-force.
Theambiguous relationshipofclassandethnic'membership'ishenceastructural
reality,indeedastructuralcreation,ofthecolonialsituation,ofcolonies located
withinthecapitalistworldeconomy.Theinitialsubjectiveconfusionsoflarge
segmentsofthenew work-forceswerereinforceddeliberatelybythecolonial
authoritieswiththeirclassicdivide-and-ruletactics.Itiswithinthisframework
andagainstthis definitionofthesituationthatthemovements of resistanceare
born. Whileawarenessoftherealinequalities ofthecolonialsituationwascentral
tothedemandsofthesemovementsfromtheverybeginning,thecomplexitiesof
theclass-ethnicstructures wereahindrancetotheirdevelopment.These
movementsevolvedamidstcontradictoryconsciousnessesofclass andethnicity