ebook img

the national liberation movements PDF

193 Pages·2008·1.05 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview the national liberation movements

The African liberation reader, Vol. 2: the national liberation movements http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20040 UseoftheAlukadigitallibraryissubjecttoAluka’sTermsandConditions,availableat http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp.ByusingAluka,youagreethatyouhavereadand willabidebytheTermsandConditions.Amongotherthings,theTermsandConditionsprovidethatthe contentintheAlukadigitallibraryisonlyforpersonal,non-commercialusebyauthorizedusersofAlukain connectionwithresearch,scholarship,andeducation. ThecontentintheAlukadigitallibraryissubjecttocopyright,withtheexceptionofcertaingovernmental worksandveryoldmaterialsthatmaybeinthepublicdomainunderapplicablelaw.Permissionmustbe soughtfromAlukaand/ortheapplicablecopyrightholderinconnectionwithanyduplicationordistribution ofthesematerialswhererequiredbyapplicablelaw. Alukaisanot-for-profitinitiativededicatedtocreatingandpreservingadigitalarchiveofmaterialsabout andfromthedevelopingworld.FormoreinformationaboutAluka,pleaseseehttp://www.aluka.org The African liberation reader, Vol. 2: the national liberation movements Author/Creator de Bragança, Aquino (editor); Wallerstein, Immanuel (editor) Publisher Zed Press (London) Date 1982 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Southern Africa (region), Portugal, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Angola, Namibia Coverage (temporal) 1950 - 1974 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 320.9603 A2585, V. 2 Rights By kind permission of Sylvia Braganca, Immanuel Wallerstein, and Zed Books. Description VOLUME 2: THE NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS includes: 1. Historic Roots. 2. The Road to Armed Struggle. 3. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Theory. 4. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Practice. 5. Racism and Anti-Racism. 6. African Churches and the Movements. Format extent 224 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20040 http://www.aluka.org Africana Africana320.9603A2585v.2 714 if. -,"r......Am VOLUME24 THENAINLLBRTO OEET Northwestern UniversityLibraryEvanston, Illinois 60201 AL1LL TheAfrican LiberationReader EditedbyAquinodeBraganpaand Immanuel Wallerstein TheGuerillas Forthe FightingMenin SouthernAfrica 1 ...and Iliewithmybodycurvedtothelightclayanditliesalongthelength ofmy hipandthighlikethe yieldingfirmnessof yourwarmfleshand mybodymelts withatenderness alongmyframewhilebrittlethorn-twigs piercetheclear sky whilefar-offsounds -harshbirds -blunderings cracklelikesnappedtwigs... andants scurryonthesmoothcurveoftheclay. 2 ..thebirdswheelintheir greatcirclesinthemindheatbeatsatthe eyesthrougha curtainofsweatthesalt-tastingmouthispapered bythirst andotherthings Intime,heatandfatiguewillbeatthestiff,anxious,achingneckdown. 3 ...asenseoflostopportunitylikeasquallofrain marchingawayleavingan achinghollowness whilethebigarits crawloverthetornfleshandthe black streaksofcrustedblood.Who willbreakthroughthebarriersofindifferent bone andstubbornfleshandthegreywaves ofnewsprintgruel? Omyfriendswherearethevoicestoplead yourcausetoroar yourchallengeto trumpet yourheroism?tospeakthewords ofbraveresolvethat youliveanddie? 4 Thereis such apleasureatlastinhandlingacoolefficientweapon mostmodem, highlyautomaticand movingoffatthereadywishingtheycouldseeathome -the friends,andespeciallythechildren,andimagingthedeedsofflameandterror- terrorfromthisweapon,terribleand cold. 5 Chiefly~itisajobtobedone,withdrillstobefollowedandobserved,the enemy ananalysablefactororabrutesodeadlythathe mustdiefirst:butsometimes therecomes thethought ofhometheangrylongingoftheexileandafiercewillto smashan evilcruelthing. DennisBrutus TheAfrican LiberationReaderVolume2TheNationalLiberation Movements EditedbyAquinodeBraganoaand Immanuel Wallerstein ZedPress,57Caledonian Road, LondonN19DN A4rec&v~& 320,o 3 V.2 TheAfrican LiberationReaderwas originallypublishedinPortuguese;first publishedinEnglishbyZedPress Ltd.,57CaledonianRoad,London NI9DNin 1982. Copyright©AquinodeBragancaand ImmanuelWallerstein CopyeditedbyBeverleyBrownProofreadbyStephenGourlay,Rosamund Howe, LizHasthorpeandAnneGourlayTypesetbyLyn CaldwellCoverdesign JacqueSolomonsCover photocourtesyofMAGIC PrintedbyKripsRepro, Meppel,Holland Allrightsreserved U.S.Distributor LawrenceHillandCo.,520RiversideAvenue, Westport,Conn.06880,USA BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData TheAfricanliberationreader. Vol.2:Thenationalliberationmovements 1.Africa,Sub-Saharan -Politics and government -Addresses, essays,lectures I.Braganca,Aquinode II.Wallerstein, Immanuel 320.9'67 JQ1872 ISBN0-86232-068-2 TheAfrican Liberation Reader VOLUME I:THEANATOMY OFCOLONIALISM 1.TheAnatomyofColonialism 2.ThePortugueseEmpire 3.TheRuleof WhiteSettlers 4.Roles ofVarious ClassesandGroupsinColonialSociety 5.TheBourgeoisie 6.Workers andPeasants 7.Students 8.Women 9.TheModes ofCulturalOppression10.TheChristianChurches 11.Economic Inter-Relationsof SouthernAfrica VOLUME2:THENATIONALLIBERATION MOVEMENTS 1.HistoricRoots 2.TheRoadtoArmed Struggle 3.NationalMovementsandtheClassStruggle:Theory4.National Movements andtheClassStruggle: Practice 5.Racismand Anti-Racism 6.AfricanChurches and theMovements VOLUME3:THESTRATEGYOFLIBERATION 1.TheEnemy'sPlans 2.TheEnemy'sContradictions 3.ResponsestoReformism 4.WhattoDoAboutBantustans 5.HowtoCollaboratewithOtherNational Movements 6.Howto Wage Warfare 7.ThePartyandtheArmy 8.TheStruggleforCultural Liberation 9.Conclusion 3 6 3867 7183102124138167187 1 3379 114136180 1 477295115133162176 204 Publisher's Note ZedPress gratefullyacknowledgeagrantfromthe WCC ProgrammetoCombat Racismtowardsthecostoftypesettingthis project.ZedPress alsowishestothank theSwedish InternationalDevelopmentAuthorityformakingpossiblethegiftof copies ofeachofthese3 volumestotheliberationmovementsofSouthern Africa. Contents Preface i Introduction iii 1. HistoricRoots Editors'Introduction 1 OurAnti-ImperialistCommitment -Alfred Nzo 2 DayofCommemoration -SWAPO 5 From FraudulentConcessionto Federation -Joshua Nkomo 6 Appealfor Unity- FRAIN 8 OurHeritage:PortraitofaGreatAngolanQueen - MPLA 9 TheOrigins oftheAngolan Insurrection - Mariode Andrade 10 PreludetotheRevolution-FNLA 14 ThePeasantryoftheSouth-A.Vakulukuta 15 DevelopmentofNationalisminMozambique-Eduardo Mondlane 15 Mondlane:EarlyDaysinSouthAfrica- 'Spartacus' 20 Guinea:PhasesofPortugueseActivity-Amilcar Cabral 23 CapeVerde:Slaves,PovertyandAridity- Maria Dulce Almada 25 SaoTome: ProductofCross-Breeding-CONCP 30 2. TheRoadtoArmed Struggle Editors'Introduction 33 TheRoadto Freedomis ViatheCross-AlbertLutuli 34 WhyWeHadto Act - NelsonMandela 37 OntheRivoniaTrial-AlbertLutuli 40 CalltoRevolution-OliverTambo 42 FromGandhito Mandela -ANC 43 TheStateoftheNation-Mangaliso Sobukwe 47 SouthAfrica, Intruderin OurCountry-Toivo HermannJa Toivo 53 TheAlgerianExample- ZAPU 58 ByWhat Methods? -ZANU 59 AnHistoricLesson:Pijiguiti -AmilcarCabral 62ASituationofPermanent Violence-AmilcarCabral 63MessagetothePortuguesePeople-MPLA 65 LetterstotheMinister -AgostinhoNeto 66 ReturntoAngola -AgostinhoNeto 71 Guerrilla Warfare:OnlyValid Formof Struggle-MPLA 73Colonization and Africa -UPA 75 TothePortuguesePeople-FRELIMO 76 TotheMozambican People-FRELIMO 77 3. NationalMovements andtheClass Struggle:Theory Editors'Introduction 79 TheFreedomCharter-CongressofthePeople 81 Who Arethe Liberation Forces? -ANC 84 Arusha,Africa andSocialism-ANC 87 IAmNotaCommunist- NelsonMandela 91 TheANC andCPSA -MosesKotane 95 Pet Ideas ofOppressors- ZAPU 96 TheComplex Enemy-ZAPU 97 ZAPU's IdeologicalPosition-GeorgeSilundika 99MPLA's Ideology- AgostinhoNeto 100 OnCommunismand Africa-HoldenRoberto 101 African Marxists-JonasSavimbi 102 FRELIMO's Ideology-JoaquimChissano 103 SharpeningoftheClass Conflict -SamoraMachel 104NoCommunistInfluence -ArturVilankulu 105 TheRelevanceof Marxism-Leninism-AmilcarCabral 107HomagetoNkrumah -AmilcarCabral 109 OurSolidarities- AmilcarCabral 110 NotOurQuarrel -PermanentCommissionof Writers &ArtistsofGuine&CapeVerde 112 4. NationalMovements andtheClass Struggle:Practice Editors'Introduction 114 TotheNationalistsofMozambiue-CONCP 116 TheTribalQuestionintheAdvancedStageofthe Struggle-Eduardo Mondlane 119 TheEvolutionofFRELIMO -Eduardo Mondlane 121 Self-Criticism- FRELIMO 122 GloomySituationin FRELIMO-UriaT.Simango 125OnUriaT.Simango - FRELIMO 127 InternalCorruption-SamoraMachel 128 WhatPriceUnity? -SWAPO 131 Open LettertotheISC- EmilAppolus 132 HasSWANU Failed.? -Festus U.Muundjua 133 5. Racismand Anti-Racism Editors'Introduction 136 TheLuthulianApproach -PAC 138 The White'Left'at Work-PAC 140 The WhiteGroupintheSouthAfricanStrugglefor Liberation-ANC 142 BlackAwareness-ANC 145 AgainstSectionalism-Cardiff Mamey 147 TheRoleoftheIndian PeopleintheSouthAfrican Revolution-Y.M.Dadoo 150 TheRoleoftheColoured Community-RegSeptember155 TheyPreferred tobe British-Searchlight 160 Stop ImmigrationtoSouthAfrica -SACTU 164 Allianceswith Whites -SamNujoma 167 ZAPUandRacialism -ZAPU 168 No WhiteLiberals -ZANU 169 TheFutureof White Settlers-HerbertChitepo 171NotanIsolated Struggle- AgostinhoNeto 171 The WhiteCommunityintheStruggleforAngolan Independence -FUA 173 Rumbezia, NotMozambique-UNAR 174 WhiteMozambicans -SamoraMachel 177 OntheChiefs inGabu- Aristides Pereira 177 TheTacticofDivision-AmilcarCabral 178 6. AfricanChurches and theMovements Editors'Introduction 180 TheNecessityofDialogue-JoaquimdaRocha PintodeAndrade 181 ApologiaandAccusation-PintodeAndrade 182 TheSouthAfricanChurchhas Failed - M.B.Yengwa 187Church Pretence - Mangaliso MkhaTshaet al 191 NoCognizanceofHumanRights-Open Letter.... fromChurchBoardsof EvangelicalLutheran Ovambokavango andEvangelicalLutheranChurches 193 TheFalseImpressionof Peace- L.Aualaand P.Gowaseb 195 Preface This collectionofdocumentswas originallyassembledbytheeditors in1973-74 andcompletedjustastherevolutioninPortugalbrokeoutinApril1974.This event,completedin1975 bytheindependenceofalltheformer Portuguese coloniesinAfrica,transformedthepoliticalsituationinSouthernAfrica. We decidedtoproceedwiththepublicationofthisbookinitsPortugueseversion, sinceindependenceintheformerPortuguesecoloniesconstitutedaclearturning- pointinthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheirnationalliberationmovements. WehesitatedhoweveraboutanEnglish-language version.Thestrugglewas continuinginZimbabwe,Namibia, andSouthAfrica.Shouldthe storystop in 1974?Iftodaywehavedecidedtopublishthis collectionas itwas constructedin 1974,itis becausewebelievethatthePortugueseRevolutionandthe Independence,particularlyofAngolaand Mozambique,constitutedanhistorical turning-pointforthenationalliberationmovementsofZimbabwe,Namibia,and SouthAfricaaswell. Indeedso muchhashappenedinthosethreecountriessince1974thatallof usare temptedtoforgetthehistoricalevolutionofthemovementsinthesecountries as wellastheimportanceoftheearlyintellectualdebateswithinthemovementsand theircontinuingrelevancetoday. Wewishtoreinvigoratethishistoricalmemory whichhopefullymayserveas atooloftheongoingstruggleitself. Itisinthis spiritthatwehavedecidedtopublishtodaytheEnglish-languageversionofthis collection. Introduction Nationalliberationmovementsdonotemergeonefinedayoutofthemind of somesupermanor attheinstigationofsomeforeignpower.Theyareborn outof populardiscontent.Theyemergeoverlongperiods tocombat -oppressive conditionandex irationsforadifferentkindof society.Theyare,in short,theagentsofclassandnationalstruggle. Neithertheclassesnorthenations,however, havebeenthereforever.They,too, arecreationsofthemodemworld and,inthecaseofSouthern Africa,theywere borninthecrucibleofthecolonil 'peri-ience.To understandtheriitional liberationmovements,wemustfirstunderstandthesocialforces theyrepresent andthewaysinwhichthesesocialforces wereshapedbytheirhistorical circumstances. ThecapitalistworldeconomycameintoexistenceinEuropeinthe16thCentury. Its internalfunctioning-theendlessdriveforcapitalaccumulation,thetransferof surplus fro'mproletarian to o-birg"o-iS-andfromperipherytoc6re,thecyclical patternofalternatingphasesofeconomicexpansionandstagnation -combinedto makenecessarythe gular,albeitdiscontinuous,expansionoftheouterboundaries oftheworldeconomy.Slowly,overseveralcenturies,otherhistoricalsystems weredestroyedandincorporatedintothisever-growingoctopus. Theformsofincorporationintotheworldeconomyhavevariedboth accordingto thestrengthofthepoliticalsystems inplaceinthezonesundergoing incorporationandaccordingtotheinternal configurationofforces amongcore stateswithintheworldeconomyduringtheperiod ofincorporation. Sometimes incorporationinvolveddirectcolonialoverrule,sometimes 'informalimperialism', andsometimesfirstthisindirectmodeof conquestfollowedbyalaterphaseof directcolonialism. Incorporationhas everywhereinvolvedtwo majorchanges forthezone beingincorporated. First,theproductionstructures werereorganizedsothatthey contributedtotho.overall divisionoflabourintheworldeconomy. Secondly,the politicalstructures werereorganizedso"thatitheyfacilitatedtheflowoffactors of productionintheworldeconomy.inti-cai-f6itheriiAfrica,thiereorgiizationof productionstructures-dthedevelopmentbotfiof cashcropsandofmining- operationsforexportontheworld market.Thereorganizationofpolitical structures meantthecreationofcolonial TheAfrican LiberationReader statesintheregion,theeventualboundaries of whichwereafunctionprimharily 6fth&-tuggles amongthevariousEuropeanimperialandsetter-forces. It-s-ThFi-reorganization ofproductionstruciwr-ewhichE-atedtheii--eclasses andthisreorganizationofpoliticalstructures whichcreatedthenewnations. Theseclassesandnationsareinstitutionalconsequencesofthedevelopmentof thecapitalistworldeconomy.Theyare,infact,theprincipalstructuraloutcomeof itshierarchicalrelations. Theyareatoneandthesametimethemodeofsocial impositionofthesehierarchies andthemodeofsocialresistancetothe inequalitiesbredbythesystem. Theobjectofimperialistexpansionistoutilizethelabour-powerofthepeoplesof thenewlyincorporatedperipheries atratesofrealremunerationas lowas possible.Securingsuchalabourforcerequires the establishmentofathree-part geographicaldivisionofperipheralareas:afirstzonetoproducetheexport products,withinwhichthereisinitiallyoften forcedlabour,laterlow-paid wage labour;asecond zoneto producesurplusfoodtofeedthelabour forceofthefirst zone,withinwhichtheretends tobehouseholdproduction;athirdzoneto serve asamanpowerreservetoproducethelabourforceforthefirstzone(and even occasionallyforthesecond),withinwhichtheretends tobeso-calledsubsistence production.(Thethreezones donotnecessarilyhavetofallwithinasingle colonialstate.) Itisthis three-zonesystem,withits largecomponentofmigrantlabour(persons, largelymen,leavingthethirdzoneforlimitedperiods,sometimesonlyonceina lifetime,and returningafterwards tothatzone),whichpermitsthesuper- exploitationoflabourinthefirst(orwagelabour)zone.The'migrant'workers locatedinsucha zoneparticipateinextendedhouseholds,andovertheirlifetime thecostsofreproductionaredisproportionatelybornebytheworkdonein non- wagesectors.Thustheemployerofwagelabour canineffectpayless thanthe minimumnecessarywage(thatis,thewageassuringthereproductionofthe labourforce). Itisclear,then,whytheconceptualcategorieswhichevolvedinthecontextofthe corezonesofthecapitalistworldeconomy-conceptssuchas prqletarian (meaningbythatalife-longindustrialwage la-i-ir-l--viri-nganurbanareawif-his wholehousehold)andpeasant(meaningalife-longagriculturalworkerwithsome kindof.hereditaryrigitstoli-nd-ufiization)-donotseemtofif"exactvhen welook cl0sely-attheperipheralzonesoftfieworldeconomy.Thework-forcethereisnot dividedinto'traditional'peasantsowningthemeansofproductionand 'modern' proletarianswhohavebeenexpropriatedfromthemeans ofproduction.Most(or atleastmany)workers'householdsareinfactcomposedofboth'proletarians'and 'peasants',thesameindividualsoftenbeingbothforpartoftheirlives. Itis this combinationofroleswhichdefines therelationshipoftheseworkerstothe world economyandpermitstheparticular extremeformofexploitationthey encounteredinthecolonialera. Thepatternofthecreationofthework-force,with itsinstitutionalized interactionbetweenrural 'home'areasandtheurban(orminingorcash-crop) areas,favouredthecontinuedrecruitmenttowageemploymentthrough Introduction 'family'or 'ethnic'channels,andhencetheemergenceintheurban and commercializedzones of an'ethnic'consciousness (calledbythecolonial overlords 'tribalism'),an ethnicconsciousness whichwas infactverymuch the expressionoftheemergingclass positionofthevarious groupsintegratedintothe wagework-force. Theambiguous relationshipofclassandethnic'membership'ishenceastructural reality,indeedastructuralcreation,ofthecolonialsituation,ofcolonies located withinthecapitalistworldeconomy.Theinitialsubjectiveconfusionsoflarge segmentsofthenew work-forceswerereinforceddeliberatelybythecolonial authoritieswiththeirclassicdivide-and-ruletactics.Itiswithinthisframework andagainstthis definitionofthesituationthatthemovements of resistanceare born. Whileawarenessoftherealinequalities ofthecolonialsituationwascentral tothedemandsofthesemovementsfromtheverybeginning,thecomplexitiesof theclass-ethnicstructures wereahindrancetotheirdevelopment.These movementsevolvedamidstcontradictoryconsciousnessesofclass andethnicity

Description:
National Movements and the Class Struggle: Theory 4. National An Historic Lesson: Pijiguiti - Amilcar Cabral 62 A Situation of Permanent and contribution of Mahatma Gandhi to the independence of mighty India. pass resolutions blackmailing us into suicidal socalled 'guerrilla warfares', the.
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.