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The National Cyclopaedia of Biography being athe History of the United States PDF

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THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY TIIK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AS ILLTSTKATED IX THE LIVES OF THE FOUNDERS, BUILDERS, AND DEFENDERS OF THE REPUBLIC, AXD OF THE MEN AND WOMEN WHO ARE DOING THE WORK AND MOULDING THE THOUGHT OF THE PRES- ENT TIME EDITED BY DISTINGUISHED BIOGRAPHERS, SELECTED FROM EACH STATE BEVISED AND APPROVED BY THE MOST EMINENT HISTORIANS, SCHOLARS, AND (STATESMEN OF THE DAY VOLUME XVII NEW YORK JAMES WHITE & COMPANY T. 1920 31747 COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY JAMES T. WHITE & CO. [All rights reserved.] f THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. SHEDD, John Graves, merchant and capital- corporation of the business in 1901 he became ist, was horn at Alstead, N. H., July 20, 1850, vice-president, a rank second only to Mr. Field son of William and Abigail (Wallace) Shedd. himself, but the bulk of the active work fell upon His earliest paternal American ancestor was Dan- Mr. Shedd as Mr. Field by then felt entitled to iel Shedd, who came from England about 1642 relax and indulge his fondness for travel. For and settled at Brnintree, Mass. From him and years before Mr. Field's death in 1906, Mr. Shedd his second wife Elizabeth the line of descent is hail been not the nominal but the actual head of traced through their son Samuel and his wife the firm, and his election to the presidency fol- Elizabeth; their son Daniel and his wife Abagail; lowed as a matter of coiurse, the corporate style of Daniel and his wife Mary Tarbell; William and Marshall Field & Company still being retained. his wife Elizabeth Parker; to their son Silas and Under his personal direction the corporation now his wife Polly Williams, who were the grandpar- does a business of $150,000,000 a year. It car- ents of John Graves Shedd. William Shedd, ries over a million articles and does 25,000,000 father of our subject, was a farmer. John G. transactions annually. On special exposition days Shedd received his education in the public schools more than 300,000 customers have visited the re- of Alstend and Langdon, N. H. He began his tail store. The store's floor space covers 45 acres, business career in 1867 as clerk in a grocery store and has over thirty miles of carpet. Its electrical at Bellows Falls, Vt., receiving $1.50 a week and power would serve a city of 150,000 inhabitants. board. At the end of a year he found work in To deliver goods more than 350 motor trucks and a general store at Alstead, his wages being $125 a motor wagons daily cover 350 square miles and year. When fire destroyed that store, a rival when the holiday business is at its height 50 addi- merchant engaged him for $175 a year. In 1870 tional motor vehicles are added. On one day in he entered a dry goods house at Rutland, receiv- 1916 the retail store alone delivered within the ing $300 annually with board. His ability was territory covered by its own equipment approxi- marked, and the chief merchant of Rutland, whose mately 100,000 packages. Under him are some principles and practices were far ahead of those 20,000 employes, including as many as 12,500 in generally current, secured his services for double the retail store at holiday times. The corporation the former salary and allowed him a commission owns important factories at Spray, Draper, and on sales. In 1872 he decided to go West. In Leaksville, North Carolina, and Fieldale, Virginia, Chicago he determined to secure a position in the for the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods; b&seesetCMosamtrposarhena;liln ctFhoieenlddcui,ctyta,endadntwdhhefeonluantrhdgiesstthm.aetrcFHiheealndt,wepLnretiintcetero cfahanicdetfosraelsasonidnmbaCenhduisfcpaarcgetoaudrfseosratltahZceieso,mnancCuuirtfyta,acitn1us11,r.,ehaaonnfddkmehiras-s- asked him what he could sell he replied that he cellaneous merchandise. Years ago Mr. Shedd took could sell anything of any character that was for up the production on a large scale of the merchan- sale. Mr. Field promptly engaged him, starting dise sold over his counters, adopting as one of his him at $10 a week as stockkeeper and salesman. mottoes "From cotton mills to consumer." He Five months later his pay was raised, not to $12 a was one of the first great merchants to realize that week, which had been stipulated, but to $14, Mr. the day of the middleman is passing. This af- Fhiiselndoteaxbpllyaignoiondgwtohrakt. tThihsiswtarsibiuntecpolnesaisdeedrahtiimonanodf fnaotridnegd uexnclliumsiitveeddsecsoipgensf,orfocrreuapthiovledtianlgenatndincoarrirgyi-- proved an inspiration. Within four years he be- ing a step forward the Marshall Field idea of came head of the lace and embroidery department. "better quality." His inventive skill is shown in The talent he displayed for analyzing conditions, the colonial draperies, ginghams, and other cotton for reading trends, and for skilful merchandising fabrics designed and produced under the Marshall induced Mr. Field to entrust not one but half a Field aegis. Marshall Field & Company have been dozen departments to his care. Before long he in continuous operation for more than half a cen- was appointed general merchandise manager of tury and in that period not an old employe has the entire business, a position carrying tremen- been discharged for either lack of work or because dous responsibilities since it entailed oversight of of depressed general conditions. From president to the buying as well as the selling of millions of the most humble employe the central thought is the dollars worth of goods a year. In 1881 the firm Marshall Field idea hbeecwaamse aMdamristhtaeldl tFoiealdpa&rtnCeormsphaipn.y, Uapnodnitnhe18i9n3- "tThoe rdioghtthewaryi;ghttotdhiongs,omaet tthhiengrsigbhetttteirmet,hainn THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA they were ever done before; to eliminate er- to Mary R., daughter of Dr. Winslow B. Porter of rors; to know both sides of the question; to be Walpole; they have, two children: Laura A., who courageous; to be an example; to work for married Charles H. Schweppe, and Helen M., who love of the work; to anticipate requirements; married Kersey Coates.Reed; both live in Chicago. to develop resources; to recognize no impedi- BATTELLE, John Gordon, iron and steel ments; to master circumstances; to act from manufacturer, was born in Clarksburg, Va. (now reason rather than from rule; to be satisfied W. Va.), May 12, 1845, son of Gordon and Maria with nothing short of perfection"- Louise (Tucker) Battelle. His first American an- thus the whole aim of the establishment is service. cestor was Thomas Battelle, a native of England, Mr. Shedd's aim is to supply nothing but service- who came to America in 1642, settling in Dedham, able merchandise, when possible, of better quality Mass. His great-grandfather, Ebenezer Battelle, than furnished elsewhere; always to satisfy his commander of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery customers, no matter at what cost or inconvenience, Co. of Boston, was one of the original settlers of so that they will become the best, advertisers of Marietta, O., in 178S, and served throughout the the store; to treat employes with the greatest con- revolutionary war and rose to the rank of colonel sideration and thus inspire their loyalty. He was in command of a Massachusetts regiment. He was the first merchant in Chicago to introduce the Sat- a graduate of Harvard. Our subject's father, Dr. urday half-holiday. He is an advocate of healthful Gordon Battelle, was a prominent Methodist min- recreation for both employers and employes. A ister, who in earl}' life sustained a connection with large portion of one floor of the store is devoted the Whig party, but when the new Republican to their exclusive use. Beading rooms are pro- party sprang into existence joined its ranks, and viilnl for men and women, and a branch of the until his death was a staunch and loyal Union ('hie-ago Public Library is maintained in the build- man. He went to the front as a chaplain of the ing. There are medical rooms, with nurses; music 1st Va. Vol. Infantry during the civil war, and ami rest rooms; educational motion pictures to was a member of the Virginia convention held in show the process of manufacturing textiles; lunch Wheeling, which resulted in the establishment of rooms and cafeterias which serve an average of the state of West Virginia in 1863. He died of b3e,r0s0;0 eampblaosyeebsaldlaillyea;gauechaonradl saocgiyetmynaosfi1u5m0.meAmn- cThaempsofne,veJrohinn WGaosrhdionngtBoant,telDl.e,C.s,peAnutguhsistb7o,y1h8o6o2d. academy is provided for boys and girls serving in various towns in Virginia where his father in the store, and its diploma is equivalent to that preached. After completing his education at the awarded high school graduates. The management Fairmont (W. Va.) Academy, he was employed for encourages young men to enter the militia. The six months in the United States treasury depart- rniiditions of employment are such that a position ment, Washington, and was for years in the quar- with Marshall Field & Company is coveted. Mr. termaster's department of the Federal army in the Shedd's great aliility was recognized by Marshall civil war. At the age of twenty-one he began his Field. At a time when Mr. field was everywhere business career as bookkeeper and clerk with an recognized as the greatest merchant in America, he iron manufacturing company at Wheeling, after- was summoned before a senatorial committee to ward becoming secretary and superintendent of give evidence on the Dingley Tariff bill. On rising the Norway Manufacturing Co. there. He was in he began: "I am holding in my hand a letter business with an uncle in Memphis, Tenn., and from a man I believe to be the best merchant in later engaged in the manufacture of cotton ties in the United States." This letterwas signed "John that city under the firm name of J. G. Battelle & G. Shedd. Aside from this interest, he is a mem- Co. In 1889 he removed from Cincinnati to Piqua. ber of the directorate of the Merchants' Loan & O., to assume the management of what became the Trust Company, Commonwealth Edison Company, Piqua Rolling Mills Co. and the Cincinnati Corru- Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, Chicago; Balti- gating Co. He was president of the former com- more & Ohio Railroad Company, Illinois Central pany from 1889 to 1900, and was secretary and Railroad Company, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific treasurer and later vice-president of the latter. Railway Company, and a trustee of the Mutual He was likewise the active manager of both con- Life Insurance Company, New York. He is also a cerns which were owned by the same individuals, director in. the First State Fawners' Society, Chi- and it was due to his executive ability and business cago. He holds membership in the Chicago, "Union acumen that they grew to be one of the most exten- League, University, Commercial, Midlothian, On- sive and important rolling mills of the state. The wentsia, South Shore Country, Flossmoor Country, plant of the Piqua Rolling Mills was the first in Old Elm, Saddle & Cycle, Chicago; the Metropoli- the United States to manufacture tin plate. In tan Club and The Recess, New York City; Mid- the fall of 1891, when Maj. McKinley was Repub- wick Country Club, Los Angeles. His political af- lican candidate for Governor of Ohio, the out- filiation is with the Republican party. He is a come of the campaign seemed exceedingly doubt- member of the congregation of the Kenwood Evan- ful, so Col. Battelle conceived the idea of showing gelical Church. He finds his chief recreation in his gratitude to Maj. McKinley, who was called the golf, is fond of riding, and was an ardent cyclist Apostle of Protection, by holding a great political before he took up automobiling. His benefactions meeting in Piqua addressed by him. The badges to the Chicago Young Men's Christian Association, were made of superior roofing tin plate produced to hospitals and to other worthy causes have been by the Piqua Rolling Mills Company stamped with sTuobshtiasntniaatli,vebtuotwno,fAtlhsetseead,thheephuabslidconkanteodwsanldittelne-. tOhheioworStdesel','MMciKsisnolureiy aLnedadProatnedctiCoanli;fmorandiea FTrionm; dowed a library built of New Hampshire granite, a without one atom of Foreign Metal." The next gift partly inspired by the recollection of the dif- day at Greenville, O., Maj. McKinley gave the ficulty he experienced when a boy in securing good keynote of the campaign. ''Cannot make tin books, of which he was then and is still fond. The plate in America?'' said he. ''W"hy I made tin growth ami scientific development of Marshall plate myself yesterday in Piqua! His election Field <S.' Company have been due largely to his fore- was achieved on the tin plate platform. Two years sight, initiative, practical ability, and imagination. later, Piqua tin plate was awarded the first prize He was married at Walpole, N.' H., May 15, 1878, at the Chicago World's Fair. The Corrugating OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. 3 Co. was incorporated in 1884, and the Piqua Roll- community, and as the entire village of Talcott- ing Mills Co. in 1889. Both companies were ville is owned and controlled by the firm of which sold in 1900 to The American Sheet Steel Co., he was head, he was largely instrumental in mold- which in burn was merged into the U. S. Steel ing the life of the people. To his influence are Corporation. Col. Battelle retired from active largely due the neatness and prosperity of the business in 1900 and lived in New York city until town, as well as the high character of its in- 1905, when he went to Columbus, 0., to take the habitants. The firm of Talcott Bros, built the presidency of the Columbus Iron & Steel Co., church, the schoolhouse and the library. Only men which had been incorporated in November, 1899, with desirable habits were selected as employees, with a capital stock of $1,000,000. In 1917 the The result is that Talcottville is free from the Columbus Iron & Steel Co., of which he was still disadvantages and drawbacks which inevitably ob- president, became incorporated in the American tain in communities fostering enterprises that feed Rolling Mills Co., of which Col. Battelle was a upon the thrift and earnings of the residents and director. It was at this time that he finally re- turn their energies into destructive channels. For tiredfromactivebusiness. Col.Battelle,whogained twenty years he was president of the Tolland his title through hisappointmentasaideonthestaff County Missionary Society, and he was a director of Gov. Nash, was one of the most widely known in the Congregational Home Missionary Society, men in the steel industry in the United States. He Connecticut Home Missionary Society, and Con- had a genius for devising and executing the right necticut Bible Society. His political affiliation was thing at the right time, and his keen discrimina- with the Republican party. In 1895 he represented tion and dauntless energy made him one of the the town of Vernon in the Connecticut general ag- leaders in his line of trade. He was a life-long sembly, and for some .years he was a member of member of the Republican party, being active in the Rockville high school committee. Horace G. the affairs of the state organization, and a dele- Talcott was a man of sound judgment, common gate to the state conventions in Ohio. He was a sense, and a brilliant gift of wit. He was high- member of the Loyal Legion, the Sons of the Amer- minded as well as strong-minded, and was pro- iScoacnietRyevookfitiNoenw, SYoonrsk,ofthCeolOonhiiaol SWtaartse,BtohaerdOhioof afonudndtlhyourgehltiginoous.ill Hofe hwiosrkneedighnboori.ll, sHpioskemanrokeildl Commerce, the Columbus Chamber of Commerce, a characteristic was friendliness, and he was sym- director of the National Manufacturers' Assoeia- pathetic and cordial in a way that bound others tion, vice-president Ohio Manufacturers' Assoeia- to him. He never married. He died at Talcott- tion, and member Columbus, Columbus Country, ville, Conn., Aug. 7, 1917. Culumbus Riding, Scioto Country and Athletic BADGER, William Otis, Jr., lawyer and ed- clubs of Columbus. He was a warm personal itor, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 31, 1879, friend of William McKinley, and he used his in- son of William Otis and Alvena Eunice (Branch) fluence in the Republican party to secure the Badger. His earliest paternal American ancestor nomination and election of McKinley as president, was Giles Badger, who came from England in 1635 He was married at Memphis, Tenn., Feb. 10, 1881, and settled at Newbnry, Mass. His wife was to Annie, daughter of Julia Alston Norton and Elizabeth Greenleaf, and from them the line of Samuel E. Norton, M.T)., D.D., of Montgomery, descent is traced through their son John and his bAulsaT.,,AOL.aCnOdHTehTa,ddieodHneoirnsaoCcno,eluGmoGbraudrsod,nneO.Br,a,tMteamlyalenu10of,fac1Ct9ou1lr8eu.rm,- wwwiiifffeee,,, HHMeaeprnhcnzyaihbKaehStwteePltrlten:;tittchheee;iirrthsseooinnr WSsiotlnelpihTaehmnomaaannsddahhniidss was born at Vernon, Conn., Nov. 14, 1847, son of his wife, Mary Beighton; their son William and Horace Wells and Jane M. (Gardner) Talcott, his wife, Esther Bartlett, and their son Charles and a descendant of John Talcott (q.v.), a native Badger, and his wife, Joanne Ross Trafton, who of Braintree, Essex co., England, who was a mem- were the grandparents of William Otis Badger, Jr. ber of Rev. Thomas Hooker's company which set- William Otis Badger, father of our subject and a tied in Newton, now Cambridge, Mass., in 1632. native of Boston, is president of the Nytanday His father entered the old Kellogg woolen mill in Letter & Design Co. The son received his prelim- 1838, and spent two-thirds of his life there, being inary education in the public schools of Brooklyn, associated with a brother, Charles Denison Talcott. including the Boy's high school. He was graduated The two brothers were closely associated with ilr. at the New York Law School in 1902 with the de- Kellogg, owner of the mill, and when he died, in gree LL.B. In the following year he was admitted 1854, the executors entrusted its management to to the bar of New York and began the practice of them. In 1856 they bought the mill property, his profession in New York City as a member of formed the firm of Talcott Bros., and changed the the firm of Van Iderstine, Badger & Barker, in name of the village from Kelloggsville to Talcott- which his partners were Robert Van Iderstine and ville. Horace G. Talcott was graduated at Phil- Wendell P. Barker. This relation continued until lips Academy, Andover, Mass., in 1867, and en- 1910, since which time he has practiced independ- tered Yale College, class of 1871, but impaired ently. Making insurance law his specialty, Mr. health compelled him to abandon his college work Badger has represented successfully as chief coun- and take up an active business life. He at once sel clients whose eases, on reaching final adjudica- entered the mill at Talcottville, becoming super- tion, serve as precedents in some of the most im- ianntdengdeennetraulpomnanathgeerdeuaptohnotfhehidseaftahthoefr hiins u1n8c71l,e pliotritgaantitona.ndAfafre-wreoafchithnegsep,hasseleesctiend tfhoirstchleasswidoef in 1882. By his industry, energy and ability the general interest in the points involved, with their business of Talcott Bros, grew steadily until it titles and citations, are given herewith: The C. ranked as one of the important mills of New Eng- A. Smith Lumber Co. vs. The Colonial Insurance land engaged in the manufacture of woolens and Co. of New York. Mr. Badger, representing the union cassimeres. In addition to his milling in- lumber company, had arrayed against him as op- terests Mr. Talcott was a director in the First Na- posing counsel William B." Ellison, former corpo- tional Bank of Rockville, National Machine Co., ration counsel, and George W. Richards, author of Hartford, and a trustee of various funds. He was that standard work, "Richards on Insurance." the leader in the religious and social life of the Evidence of the great interest in the case in the THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA insurance world was given by the presence at He is a communicant of the Flatbush Congrega- court of special counsel from each of the various tional Church. He was married Apr. 27, 1904, to fire insurance companies, whose knowledge and Estelle, daughter of Frank L. Randall of Brook- wide experience in law, were thus made constantly lyn; they have three children: Randall, Trafton available against Mr. Badger's efforts is behalf of Otis, and Jean Badger. his clients, Mr. Badger's contention was that SMITH, J[oseph] Brodie, was born in Rich- ''when a fire insurance broker has received the ville, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., Apr. 6, 1861, be- premium from the assured, the company he repre- ing the ninth child of William Priest and Sarah sents immediately becomes responsible." His po- (Hungerford) Smith. His earliest paternal Amer- sition was sustained by the court of appeals, which, ican ancestor was Silas Smith, who came from reversing the decision of the lower court, held that England with the Plymouth company in the seven- ''payment to the broker was payment to the com- teenth century and settled at Taunton, Mass. pany,'' thereby establishing a clear basis for guid- From him the line of descent is traced through ance on this hitherto much-disputed point of law. his son Silas and wife Hannah Gazine; their sou (161 New York Supplement, p. 1120). In the ac- Samuel and his wife Abigail Wright, to their son tion brought by John A. Eekert, president of the Daniel and his wife Susan Holmes, who were the Fire Insurance Brokers Association of New York grandparents of J. Brodie Smith. Samuel Smith city, against Pathe Freres, Mr. Badger, represent- was a soldier of the war of the Revolution. Daniel ing the latter, secured after three trials a ruling Smith, a farmer and lumberman of New York affirmative of his contention that "a broker's com- state, was a lieutenant, in the war of 1812, and missio"ns are not fully earned until the policy ex- by his bravery distinguished himself at the battle pires, the opposing counsel being Almet Eeed of Saekett's Harbor. His wife, Susan Holmes, Latson, at one time candidate for judge of the su- was a descendant of Sergeant Thomas Holmes, of preme court. (174 NewYorkSupplement, p. 740). Woodstock and Wethersfield, Conn., who served The U. S. supreme court was called upon to con- throughout the Revolution. Their son William sider and pass upon the unusual claim made by Priest Smith, father of J. Brodie Smith, had been Mr. Badger that "a policy of fire insurance may colonel of the 36th regiment, New York state cover property destroyed before the policy was militia; he was a lumber manufacturer of St. Law- issued." Mr. Badger's client, William S. Sinclair, rence county, N. Y., held various local offices, and had made application by wire to El Dia Insurance for three successive terms was associate judge of Co. for insurance on certain lumber property in the county court. His wife, Sarah Porter Hunger- Michigan. Three days elapsed before final nego- ford, traces her ancestry to Sir Thomas Hunger- tiations were completed, whereby the company ac- ford, who in 1369 purchased from Lord Burghersh, cepted the risk as of date of the original appli- Farley Castle, county of Somerset, England. J. cation. Meanwhile the property was destroyed by Brodie Smith was educated at the Union Free a fire, of which the insured was at the time of its School, Riehville, and subsequently took a course occurrence without knowledge. The highest court in higher mathematics to fit himself to become gave Mr. Badger's client the full amount of his an expert electrician, having from boyhood been claim, about $14,000. The opposing counsel were interested in electrical science. In 1878 he con- his former partners, Van Iderstine, Duncan and structed a telegraph line between two New York Barker. (U. S. Court of Appeals Report, Vol. 143, villages. In 1880 he removed to Manchester, N. H., p. 231). Mr. Badger won in the New York su- where he engaged in the drug business with his preme court a favorable decision in an action brother, Amasa D. Smith, Ph.C., becoming a regis- brought against Wachenheim and Huff, brokers, tered pharmacist in both New Hampshire and New by his client, Emil Westerburg, on the issue: "an York. Meanwhile he continued his studies in elec- insurance broker is responsible for failing to dis- tricity, and laid the foundation for a knowledge of play ability and skill." (164 New York Supple- this subject which has made him a recognized ment, p. 677). Representing the Ohio Farmers In- authority in applied electricity. In 1885 he retired surance Co., Mr. Badger was sustained by the ap- from the drug business and began to do electrical pellate division, second department of the New contracting of all kinds and was appointed super- York supreme court, in his claim that "where an intendent of the municipal fire alarm telegraph insurance agent attempts to substitute one policy service of Manchester, a position which he held in place of another, the insured cannot hold both for about two years. He was a dominant factor policies in case of the destruction of his property in the development of most of the electrical busi- by fire.'' The Synthetic Chemical Co., Inc., were ness in Manchester and its vicinity, excepting only polpapionstiefdfstoinMrt.heBacdagsee,raansdcoJuonsseelp.h O(.17S2kiNnenwerYowraks tBheentFerlaenpkhloinne EalnedctrtiecleCgor.apohfsMearvnicchese.steWrhweans tohre- Supplement, p. 1921). Aside from his professional ganized, Mr. Smith was its first superintendent. activities, Mr. Badger is editor of the ''Insurance Later when this company consolidated with the Law Journal" and "Workmen's Compensation pioneer organization, the Manchester Electric Law Journal." He served eight years as a mem- Light Co., he became superintendent of the latter ber of the local school board, district No. 27, company, and held this position until 1896 when Brooklyn. He is a member of the Sons of the Rev- he resigned and tock a trip of several months in olution, New York County Lawyers' Association, Europe. On his return he was chosen general Masonic fraternity,and theCrescentAthletic,Mon- manager of the same company and in 1900, when tauk, University, Brooklyn Civic, Knickerbocker the Manchester Tractioa, Light & Power Co. se- Field, Choral Art, and Mendelssohn Glee clubs of cured control, he was elected general manager Brooklyn, and the Drug and Chemical Club and and director, and in 1905 was chosen vice-presi- Casualty and Surety Club of New York City. He dent, and has since occupied these positions. He finds his favorite diversion in music, and his chief is also general manager and assistant treasurer rReecpruebaltiicoann,inaonudt-oinf-d1o9o1r0swspaosrtts.hePcoalintdiicdaaltley hoefitshae oNfasthhueaMaSntcreheetsteRrailSwtaryee,t aRnadilwtahye, MMaanncchheesstteerr && Citizens Union, Republican and Independent or- Derry Street Railway, subsidiary companies of the ganizations for justice of the municipal court, his Manchester Traction Co. Owning all of the elec- opponent being Eugene V. Conran, since deceased. tric light and power companies in the neighbor-

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