The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays PDF
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THE MONSTERS AND THE CRITICS and Other Essays ALSO BY WORKS PUBLISHED J.R.R. TOLKIEN POSTHUMOUSLY The Hobbit The Silmarillion The Lord of the Rings The Father Christmas Letters Leaf by Niggle Sir Gawain, Pearl and Sir Orfeo On Fairy Stones Pictures byJRR Tolkien The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Unfinished Tales Farmer Giles of Ham The Letters off R R Tolkien The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Mr Bliss Smith ofWootton Major The Monsters and the Cntics and Other Essays The Road Goes Ever On (with Donald Swann) Finn and Hengest THE HISTORY OF MIDDLE-EARTH BY CHRISTOPHER TOLKIEN I The Book of Lost Tales Part 1 II The Book of Lost Tales Part 2 ΠΙ The Lays of Beleriand TV The Shaping of Middle-earth V The Lost Road and Other Writings VI The Return of the Shadow VII The Treason oflsengard Vili The War of the Ri ng IX Sauron Defeated X Morgoth’s Ring XI The War of the Jewels XU The Peoples of Middle-earth THE MONSTERS AND THE CRITICS and Other Essays JR R Tolkien Edited by Christopher Tolkien HarperCollins/V*&/is£ers HarperCollinsPuMw/im 77-85 Fulham Palace Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8JB This paperback edition 1997 6 First published in Great Britain by George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd 1983 © Frank Richard Williamson and Christopher Reuel Tolkien as Executors of the estate of J.R.R. Tolkien, 1983 ®<D © 1990 Frank Richard Williamson and Christopher Reuel Tolkien, executors of the estate of the late John Ronald Reuel Tolkien ISBN 0 261 10263 X Set in Baskerville Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives pic All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. CONTENTS Foreword page i 1 Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics 5 2 On Translating Beowulf 49 3 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 72 4 On Fairy-Stories 109 5 English and Welsh 162 6 A Secret Vice 198 7 Valedictory Address 224 FOREW ORD With one exception, all the ‘essays’ by J. R. R. Tolkien collected together in this book were in fact lectures, delivered on special occasions; and while all were on specific topics, literary or linguistic, the whole audience on those occasions could in no case (save perhaps that of the Valedictory Address) be presumed to have more than a general knowledge of or interest in the subject* - and the one piece in this collection that was not a lecture, On Trans lating Beowulf, was not addressed to experts in the study of the poem. It is this common quality that is the basis of this book (other published writings of my father’s deriving from his studies in early English were articles, not lectures, and were written with a specialized readership in mind); but indeed I think it will be found that all seven papers, though covering a period of nearly thirty years, and on quite different subjects, nonetheless constitute a unity. In addition to the five pieces that have been previously pub lished I have ventured to include two that have not, though both were publicly delivered. One of these, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, was my father’s principal pronouncement on the poem to which he devoted so much thought and study. The other, A Secret Vice, is unique, in that only on this one occasion, as it seems, did the ‘invented world’ appear publicly and in its own right in the ‘academic world’ — and that was some six years before the publica tion of The Hobbit and nearly a quarter of a century before that of The Lord of the Rings. It is of great interest in the history of the invented languages, and this seems a good opportunity and a suitable context for its publication: for it touches on themes developed in later essays in this book. The first piece in this collection, Beowulf: The Monsters and the Cntics, was the Sir Israel Gollancz Memorial Lecture to the British Academy, read on 25 November 1936, and was published * English and Welsh has passages of a technical nature; it was addressed to those of ‘philological learning’ (p. 186). 2 THE MONSTERS AND THE CRITICS in volume X X II of the Proceedings of the Academy (from which copies of the lecture are available). I acknowledge with thanks the permission of the British Academy, owners of the copyright, to reprint it here; and also permission to use the title of the lecture in the title of this book. On Translating Beowulf was contributed, as ‘Prefatory Remarks on Prose Translation of “ Beowulf” ’, to a new edition (1940) by Professor C. L. Wrenn of Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragment, A Translation into Modem English Prose, by John R. Clark Hall (i9“ )· Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was the W. P. Ker Memorial Lecture in the University of Glasgow, delivered on 15 April 1953. Of this there seems to exist now only one text, a typescript made after the delivery of the lecture (which possibly suggests an inten tion to publish it), as appears from the statement (p. 84) ‘Here the temptation-scenes were read aloud in translation.’ My father’s translation of Sir Gawain into alliterative verse in modern English had then been very recently completed. This translation was broadcast in dramatized form by the BBC in December 1953 (repeated in the following year), and the introduction to the poem which I included in the volume of translations (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo, 1975) was taken from the radio talk which followed the broadcasts: this, though very brief, is closely related to the lecture printed here. There are some minor matters concerning its presentation which must be mentioned. Despite my father’s statement (p. 74) that ‘where quotation is essential I will use a translation which I have just completed’, he did not in fact do so throughout, several sub stantial quotations being given in the original. There does not seem to be any significance in this, however, and I have therefore substituted the translation in such cases. Moreover the translation at that time differed in many details of wording from the revised form published in 1975; and in such differences I have substituted the latter. I have not inserted the ‘temptation scenes’ at the point where my father recited them when delivering the lecture, because if these are given in full they run to some 350 lines, and there is no indication in the text of how he reduced them. And lastly, since some readers may wish to refer to the translation rather than to the original poem (edited by J. R. R. Tolkien and FOREW ORD 3 E. V. Gordon, second edition revised by N. Davis, Oxford 1967), but the former gives only stanza-numbers and the latter only line-numbers, I have given both: thus 40.970 means that line 970 is found in the 40th stanza. The fourth essay, On Faiiy-Stories, was originally an Andrew Lang lecture given at the University of St Andrews on 8 March I939-# ^ was first published in the memorial volume Essays Presented to Charles Williams (Oxford 1947), and reissued (first in 1964) together with the story Leaf by Niggle under the title Tree and Leaf. For this some minor alterations were made, and it is this later text that is given here (with the correction of some errors that go back to the 1964 reprinting). English and Welsh was an O’Donnell Lecture given at Oxford on 21 October 1955 (the day after the publication of The Return of the King, as noted by Humphrey Carpenter in his Biography, p. 223). These lectures were established in the Universities of Oxford, Edinburgh, and Wales to treat o f‘the British or Celtic element in the English language and the dialects of English Counties and the special terms and words used in agriculture or handicrafts and the British or Celtic element in the existing population of England’ ; and English and Welsh was the opening lecture of a series given at Oxford. It was published in a collection entitled Angles and Bntons: O'Donnell Lectures (University of Wales Press 1963); the copyright is owned by the University of Oxford, whose permission to publish it in this book I acknowledge with thanks. A Secret Vice exists in a single manuscript without date or indica tion of the occasion of its delivery; but that the audience was a philological society is evident, and the Esperanto Congress in Oxford, referred to at the beginning of the essay as having taken place ‘a year or more ago’, was held in July 1930. Thus the date can be fixed as 1931. The manuscript was later hurriedly revised here and there, apparently for a second delivery of the paper long after - the words ‘more than 20 years’ (p. 203) were changed to ‘almost 40 years’ ; and I have adopted some of these revisions in the text printed. The ironic title in the manuscript itself is A Hobby for the Home (with a later note: ‘In other words: home-made or invented * My father first gave the date as 1940 and then as 1938, which latter appears still in the Introductory Note to Tree and Leaf. Humphrey Carpenter has established the date given here (Biography, p. 191). TH E MONSTERS AND THE CRITICS 4 languages’), but my father referred to it in 1967 by a different title: ‘The amusement of making up languages is very common among children (I once wrote a paper on it, called A Secret Vice)' (The Letters o fj. R. R. Tolkien, p. 374). The words ‘a secret vice’ occur in the essay; and I have adopted this title. At the end I have given a much later version of one of the ‘Elvish’ poems included in the text, since it is one of the major pieces of Quenya (and incidentally upholds the now well-established tradition that all my father’s writings have appendices). The last piece in the book is the Valedictory Address delivered in Oxford on 5 June 1959, at the end of my father’s last term as Merton Professor of English Language and Literature. This has been previously published in J . R. R. Tolkien, Scholar and Story- teller, edited by Mary Salu and Robert T. Farrell, Cornell Uni versity Press 1979; but there are many copies of this lecture, and since I made available the text for that volume I have come upon another to which my father made a good many alterations (with out in any way changing the argument); these changes are in corporated in the text printed here. Whether they were made before or sifter the Valedictory Address was delivered I cannot say. Only in the case of the previously unpublished pieces is this book in any sense an ‘edition’ ; to those previously published I have added no annotation of any kind, save for a few explanations of detail in the Valedictory Address. The unpublished pieces, being derived from the author’s own texts which are not in altogether final form, are on a different footing, but here also my notes are kept to a minimum and largely restricted to references and textual details. I wish to thank Rayner Unwin for much help and advice in the planning of the book. CHRISTOPHER TOLKIEN
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