The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)

290 Pages·2017·4.72 MB·English

The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)
Brill’s
Inner Asian Library
Editors
Michael R. Drompp
Devin DeWeese
VOLUME 24
The Mongols and the Armenians
(1220-1335)
By
Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2011
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan.
 The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335) / by Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog.
  p. cm. — (Brill’s Inner Asian library, ISSN 1566-7162 ; v. 24)
 Includes bibliographical references and index.
 ISBN 978-90-04-18635-4 (hbk. : acid-free paper)
 1. Mongols—History. 2. Armenians—History. 3. Mongols—Armenia—History.
4. Armenia—History—428-1522. 5. Mongolia—Relations—Armenia.
6. Armenia—Relations--Mongolia. 7. Middle East—History, Military. I. Title.
DS19.D37 2010
956.6'2014—dc22
2010042551
ISSN 1566-7162
ISBN 978 90 04 18635 4
© Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
This work is published by Koninklijke Brill NV. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints
Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing.
Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and
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This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.
contents v
To my mother, Ichinkhorloo BATJARGAL
and memory of my father, Samdan DASHDONDOG
vi contents
contents vii
CONTENTS
List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Note on Transliterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Note on Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Note on Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Previous Scholarship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter One A Brief Historical Background of the
Armenians and Mongols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The Armenians in Greater Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The Armenians in Cilician Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
The Mongols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter Two Mongol Noyans in Greater Armenia (1220–1245) 43
The first Mongols in the lands of the Armenians . . . . . . . . . . 43
The advance of Chormaghan on Greater Armenia
(1222–1242) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The Mongol noyans in the land of the Armenians . . . . . . . . . 55
The final Mongol conquest of Armenia by Baiju and its
impact on the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1242–1245) . . .
60
Factors that impacted the Mongol conquest of Armenia . . . . 66
Chapter Three Strategic Submissions by the Armenians . . . . . . 71
Individual submissions and contacts of Greater Armenian
princes with the Mongol Khans and Il-Khans . . . . . . . . . . . 71
State submission and its development: The Armenian
Kingdom of Cilicia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Conflicts of local interests in Greater Armenia in the
1240s–1270s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Other factors influencing Mongol-Armenian relations . . . . . . 93
viii contents
Chapter Four Mongol Administration in Greater Armenia
(1243–1275) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Darughachis in Greater Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Mongol census-taking in Greater Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Tributes and Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Chapter Five Mongol-Armenian Military Cooperation:
Stage I: The Conquest of the Middle East (1258–1260) . . . . . . 121
Hűlegű (r. 1256–1265) and the Greater Armenian forces
against the Muslim supremacies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Mongol penetration into Upper Mesopotamia . . . . . . . . 132
The implementation of a Cilician Armenian dream . . . . . . . 135
Chapter Six The Il-Khans’ Wars and Mongol-Cilician
Armenian Collaboration: Stage II (1260–1265) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Joint ventures of Hűlegű and Het‘um I in Syria . . . . . . . . . . 143
The participation of the Armenians in the Il-Khanid war
against the Golden Horde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Chapter Seven Mongol-Armenian Cooperation: Stage III
(1265–1295) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
The strongest pairing of Abaqa and Het‘um I against
Baybars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Greater Armenia and the struggle with the Golden Horde . 166
Lewon III and Abaqa against Baybars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
The Mongols’ appeal to Latin Christendom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Mongol-Armenian relations in the time of Tegűder A(cid:12)mad
(r. 1282–1284) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
The second pairing of Arghun and King Lewon III against
Sultan Qalāwūn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
The weakest link: Het‘um II and the Mongol Il-Khans:
Geikhatu (r. 1291–1295) and Baidu (1295) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Chapter Eight The End of Mongol-Armenian Relations
(1295–1335) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
The last chance to save the alliance: Het‘um II and the
Il-Khan Ghazan (r. 1295–1304) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
The vanquished Armenian hope: Őljeitű (r. 1304–1316) and
his Armenian counterparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
The aftermath of cooperation: Lewon V (r. 1320–1341/1342)
and Abū Sa(cid:17)īd (r. 1316–1335) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208