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The Mongol Empire PDF

458 Pages·2018·12.14 MB·English
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The Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire Timothy May Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Timothy May, 2018 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 1741 9 The right of Timothy May to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents List of Boxes List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations Note on Transliteration, Conventions and Geographical Terminology Acknowledgements Preface 1 Mongolia before the Mongol Empire 2 The Rise of Chinggis Khan and Unification of Mongolia 3 The Mongols outside Mongolia 4 The Institutions of the Empire 5 The Reign of Ogodei 6 The Reign of Guyuk and the Regents 7 Mongke and the Toluid Revolution 8 The Yuan Empire 9 The Ilkhanate 10 The Ogodeid and Chaghatayid Uluses 11 The Jochid Ulus or Golden Horde 12 Anxiety and Accommodation 13 Conclusion: End of the Chinggisids and the Rise of the Qarachu Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III Glossary Bibliography Index Boxes Chapter 1 Climatic Causes for the Mongol Empire? The Church of the East or Nestorianism Chapter 2 Alan Goa and the Parable of the Arrows The Wedding Party Chapter 3 Onggud Relations Zhuds Chapter 5 Food Preparation Nerge Formation Chapter 6 Ortoq Gerege Chapter 7 Yasa and Yosun Chapter 8 Zhongwen Qingwu Governor Polo? Chapter 9 Qanat or Karez Counterfeiting and Coin Clipping What’s in a Name? Chapter 11 Colour Confusion Sarai Bubonic Plague Illustrations Figures (Author photographs except where indicated) 1.1 Steppes of Mongolia 1.2 Bactrian (two-humped) camels 1.3 The Mongolian horse 2.1 Reconstructed ger on a wagon platform (Ovorkhangai, Mongolia) 2.2 Cangue, nineteenth century (National History Museum Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) 2.3 The Orkhon River Valley (Mongolia) 2.4 Chinggis Khan monument (Tsonjin Boldog, Mongolia) 2.5 Modern depiction of a Mongol warrior (Tsonjin Boldog, Mongolia) 3.1 Sandy steppe land (Ovorkhangai aimag, Mongolia) 3.2 Camels with saddles (Ovorkhangai aimag, Mongolia) 3.3 Chinggis Khan advising his sons on his deathbed (0019400 The Granger Collection,New York) 3.4 Modern statue of Chinggis Khan (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) 4.1 Typical nomad’s camp (Mongolia) 4.2 Thirteenth-century Mongol arrowheads (National History Museum, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) 4.3 The black tuq, the war standard of the Mongols (Mongolia) 5.1 Statue of Ogodei Khan (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) 5.2 Qarabalghasun (Orkhon River Valley, Mongolia) 5.3 Erdene Zuu at Qaraqorum (Kharkhorin, Mongolia) 5.4 The tortoise of Qaraqorum (Kharkhorin, Mongolia) 5.5 A yam station (Tov aimag, Mongolia) 5.6 Basilica of St Mary, Krakow, Poland (courtesy T. Christopher Jespersen) 5.7 Chinese woodcut depicting Subedei (0057609 The Granger Collection, New York) 6.1 Gold jewellery at Qaraqorum (Kharkhorin Museum, Kharkhorin, Mongolia) 6.2 Gilded gerege or paiza (National History Museum, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) 7.1 Tile work from Qaraqorum (Kharkhorin, Mongolia) 7.2 Rubruck’s Tree (Tov aimag, Mongolia) 7.3 Narrow arrowheads for piercing armour (National History Museum, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) 7.4 Mongol archery (Ovorkhangai aimag, Mongolia) 7.5 The Mongol composite bow, unstrung (Ovorkhangai aimag, Mongolia) 8.1 Portrait of Khubilai Khan on silk (0024455 The Granger Collection, New York) 8.2 Statue of Marco Polo (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) 8.3 Statue of Khubilai Khan as lawgiver (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) 8.4 Yuan mace (Tower of London) 8.5 A gerege with Phagspa inscription (Kharkhorin Museum, Kharkhorin, Mongolia) 8.6 Copper mirror (Kharkhorin Museum, Kharkhorin, Mongolia) 9.1 A Mongol prince studying the Qur’ān (ART390847 illuminated manuscript page from Jamia’at al-Tawarikh, by Rashid al-Din, Iran) 9.2 Fourteenth-century Mongol chain mail (National History Museum, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) 10.1 The steppes and hills near Qaraqorum (Kharkhorin, Mongolia) 11.1 White jade tamgha (Kojima Jade) 11.2 Tukel’s Phagspa seal (Kojima Jade) 12.1 Chinggis Khan lecturing the grandees of Bukhara (0110813 The Granger Collection, New York) 13.1 Tamgha in Phagspa script (Kharkhorin Museum, Mongolia) 13.2 Chinggis Khan pavilion (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) Maps 1.1 Mongolia in the twelfth century 3.1 The Mongol Empire in 1216 3.2 The Mongol Empire at the time of Chinggis Khan’s death 5.1 The Mongol Empire during the reign of Ogodei 7.1 The Mongol Empire during the reign of Mongke 7.2 The Mongol Empire in c. 1300 8.1 The Yuan Empire, 1279–1368 9.1 The Ilkhanate, 1256–1353 10.1 The Ogodeid and Chaghatayid Uluses 11.1 The Jochid Ulus Tables 1 Genealogy of the Khans of the Yeke Monggol Ulus 2 Genealogy of the Yuan Emperors 3 Genealogy of the Ilkhans 4 Genealogy of the Ogodeids 5 Genealogy of the Chaghatayids 6 Genealogy of the Jochids

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As the largest contiguous empire in history, the Mongol Empire looms large in history: it permanently changed the map of Eurasia as well as how the world was viewed. As the empire expanded, the Mongols were alternately seen as liberators, destroyers, and harbingers of apocalyptic doom. At the same t
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