The Molecular Nutrition of Amino Acids and Proteins: A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series

369 Pages·2016·5.31 MB·English

by  Dominique Dardevet (ed.)

THE MOLECULAR NUTRITION OF AMINO ACIDS
AND PROTEINS
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THE MOLECULAR
NUTRITION OF
AMINO ACIDS
AND PROTEINS
A Volume in the Molecular
Nutrition Series
Edited by
D D
OMINIQUE ARDEVET
InstitutNationaldelaRechercheAgronomique(INRA),Ceyrat,France
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON
NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
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Contents
List of Contributors.......................................ix 4. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Protein
Synthesis Among Tissues
Preface ........................................................xiii
J.W.CARBONE,L.M.MARGOLISANDS.M.PASIAKOS
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................39
I
4.2 CellularandMolecularRegulationofHypertrophy...............42
4.3 Myogenesis:TheDevelopmentandRegeneration
GENERAL AND INTRODUCTORY
ofMuscle...................................................................................43
ASPECTS 4.4 AppliedImplicationsofProteinSynthesisInVivo................45
4.5 ConclusionsandSummaryofKeyPoints................................45
Disclosures.......................................................................................45
1. Bioactive Peptides Derived From Food Proteins References........................................................................................45
D.RE´MOND,I.SAVARY-AUZELOUXANDR.BOUTROU
1.1 PhysiologicalEffectsofFood-DerivedPeptides.........................3 5. Role of Amino Acid Transporters
1.2 InVivoEvidenceofFood-DerivedPeptideEffects...................6 in Protein Metabolism
1.3 BioactivePeptidesReleasedDuringDigestion.........................6
P.M.TAYLOR
1.4 PeptideBioavailability...............................................................7
1.5 Conclusion..................................................................................8 5.1 AminoAcidTransporters:StructureandMolecular
References..........................................................................................8 Function...................................................................................49
5.2 AATransportersandCellularFunction..................................52
5.3 AATransportersinWhole-BodyNutrition............................56
2. Protein Intake Throughout Life and Current
5.4 AATransportersinMammalianEmbryonic
Dietary Recommendations DevelopmentandGrowth.......................................................59
F.MARIOTTI 5.5 AATransportersandtheImmuneResponse...........................59
5.6 AAandPeptideTransportersasTherapeuticTargets............60
2.1 Introduction..............................................................................13 Acknowledgment.............................................................................60
2.2 CurrentEstimatesforProteinandAminoAcid References........................................................................................60
RequirementsThroughoutLife................................................14
2.3 TheoreticalandPracticalLimitationsandUncertainties......15
2.4 EvidenceforDefiningRequirementsBasedonMeals
II
RatherThananAverageDailyIntakeinOlderPeople.........17
2.5 TowardOtherCriteriatoDefineRequirements,
CELLULAR ASPECTS OF PROTEIN
UsingHealth-RelatedParameters?..........................................18
AND AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM
2.6 CurrentDietaryIntakeofProteinandAminoAcids.............20
2.7 ConclusionandPerspectives....................................................21 IN ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC
References........................................................................................22
SITUATIONS
3. Cellular Mechanisms of Protein Degradation
Among Tissues 6. Amino Acids and Exercise: Molecular
L.COMBARET,D.TAILLANDIER,C.POLGE,D.BE´CHETANDD.ATTAIX and Cellular Aspects
C.McGLORYANDS.M.PHILLIPS
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................27
3.2 ProteolyticSystems...................................................................27 6.1 Introduction............................................................................67
3.3 SkeletalMuscleProteolysis......................................................29 6.2 RegulationoftheSizeofHumanMuscleMass....................67
3.4 ProteolysisinViscera................................................................33 6.3 ExerciseMode........................................................................68
3.5 ConcludingRemarks................................................................34 6.4 ProteinType...........................................................................69
Acknowledgments...........................................................................34 6.5 DoseResponseofMPStoProteinIngestionFollowing
References........................................................................................34 ResistanceExercise.................................................................69
v
vi
CONTENTS
6.6 TimingandDistribution........................................................69 9.7 TheMolecularRegulationofSkeletalMuscleProtein
6.7 TheInfluenceoftheAgingProcess......................................71 SynthesisandMuscleProteinBreakdownbyAmino
6.8 TheRoleoftheEssentialandBranched-Chain AcidandInsulin.....................................................................118
AminoAcids..........................................................................72 9.8 Conclusions............................................................................120
6.9 TheMechanisticTargetofRapamycinComplex1 References......................................................................................121
(mTORC1).............................................................................72
6.10 ResistanceExercise,AminoAcids,andmTORC1..............73
6.11 FutureDirections....................................................................74 10. Protein Metabolism and Requirement
6.12 Conclusion..............................................................................75 in Intensive Care Units and Septic Patients
References........................................................................................75
P.J.M.WEIJS
10.1 Introduction..........................................................................125
7. Protein Metabolism in the Elderly: Molecular
10.2 ProteinMetabolismintheCriticallyIllPatient................125
and Cellular Aspects
10.3 ProteinRequirementofCriticallyIllPatients:
E.L.DILLON MechanisticStudies.............................................................126
10.4 ProteinRequirementsofCriticallyIllPatients:
7.1 AgingandSarcopenia.............................................................79
Outcome-BasedStudies.......................................................127
7.2 ProteinMetabolismintheAgingBody..................................79
10.5 ApplicationinClinicalPractice.........................................129
7.3 Age-RelatedChangesinNutrientSensitivity........................82 10.6 Protein(cid:1)EnergyRatio..........................................................129
7.4 RegulationofmTORSignalinginAging...............................84
10.7 Conclusion............................................................................130
7.5 TheRoleofPhysicalActivityDuringAging..........................86
References......................................................................................131
7.6 AgingandChangesinEndocrineFunction............................87
7.7 MolecularDysregulationofProteinMetabolism
DuringAging............................................................................87
11. Muscle Protein Kinetics in Cancer Cachexia
References........................................................................................89
J.M.ARGILE´S,S.BUSQUETSANDF.J.LO´PEZ-SORIANO
8. Specificity of Amino Acids and Protein 11.1 Introduction:MuscleWastingastheMainFeature
ofCancerCachexia..............................................................133
Metabolism in Obesity
11.2 ControlofSkeletalMassinHealthyConditions...............133
C.GUILLET,C.DOMINGUES-FARIA,S.WALRANDANDY.BOIRIE 11.3 AnabolicSignals..................................................................134
11.4 InflammationandMuscleProteinDegradation..................136
8.1 Introduction:Fat-FreeMassinObesity...................................99
11.5 Cross-TalkBetweenAnabolicandCatabolic
8.2 InsulinResistanceandProteinMetabolism..........................100
Mediators..............................................................................138
8.3 LipotoxicityandMuscleProteinMetabolism.......................101
11.6 TherapeuticApproachestoInfluenceProteinKinetics.....139
8.4 RoleofAdiposeandMuscularCytokinesinthe
11.7 ConclusionsandFutureDirections.....................................141
Cross-TalkBetweenMuscleandAdiposeTissue..................102
References......................................................................................141
8.5 SarcopenicObesityandMetabolicImpairments..................103
8.6 BCAALevelsandMetabolisminObesity............................104
8.7 Conclusion..............................................................................105
12. Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in
References......................................................................................105
Pulmonary Diseases and Nutritional Abnormalities:
A Special Focus on Chronic Obstructive
9. Feeding Modulation of Amino Acid Utilization: Pulmonary Disease
Role of Insulin and Amino Acids in Skeletal Muscle
E.BARREIROANDJ.GEA
P.J.ATHERTON,D.J.WILKINSONANDK.SMITH
12.1 Introduction..........................................................................145
9.1 OverviewoftheMetabolicRoleofSkeletalMuscle 12.2 EpidemiologyandDefinitionofNutritional
andasanAminoAcidRepository........................................109 AbnormalitiesinChronicRespiratoryPatients..................146
9.2 ImpactofSplanchnicExtractionandSourceofDietary 12.3 DiagnosisofNutritionalAbnormalitiesinPatients...........146
AminoAcidonBioavailabilityandMuscleProtein 12.4 EtiologicFactorsandBiologicalMechanismsInvolved
Synthesis.................................................................................111 intheNutritionalAbnormalitiesofPatientsWith
9.3 InfluenceofAminoAcid,MacronutrientComposition, ChronicRespiratoryConditions:COPDasthe
andCaloricLoadonMuscleProteinSynthesis....................114 Paradigm...............................................................................147
9.4 EffectsofDoseandDeliveryProfileofAminoAcid 12.5 ProteinMetabolism,Muscles,andExercise
ontheFeeding-InducedStimulationofMuscle inHumans............................................................................150
ProteinSynthesis....................................................................115 12.6 PotentialTherapeuticTargetsofNutritional
9.5 InfluenceofMicrovascularResponsestoFeeding AbnormalitiesinChronicRespiratoryPatients..................152
inRelationtoMuscleProteinSynthesis...............................116 12.7 OtherChronicRespiratoryConditions...............................155
9.6 TheRoleofInsulininRegulatingMuscleProtein 12.8 ConclusionsandFuturePerspectives..................................155
Turnover..................................................................................117 References......................................................................................156
vii
CONTENTS
13. Amino Acids, Protein, and the 16.3 DetectionofProteinandAminoAcidsDuring
Gastrointestinal Tract DigestionandControlofFoodIntakebyFeedback
Signaling...............................................................................224
M.J.BRUINS,K.V.K.KOELFATANDP.B.SOETERS
16.4 Protein-InducedReductioninEatingandCentral
NeuronalPathways...............................................................226
13.1 Introduction........................................................................161
16.5 Conclusion............................................................................228
13.2 GastrointestinalAminoAcidandProteinMetabolism
Acknowledgments.........................................................................228
inHealth.............................................................................161
References......................................................................................228
13.3 TheFirst-PassEffectofaBolusMeal................................163
13.4 GastrointestinalAminoAcidandProteinMetabolism
inStressConditions...........................................................165
17. Dietary Protein and Hepatic Glucose Production
13.5 TheProductionofaSubstrateMixtoSupportHost
ResponseinStress..............................................................167 C.GAUDICHON,D.AZZOUT-MARNICHEANDD.TOME´
13.6 ProteinMetabolisminStressStarvation...........................169
17.1 Introduction..........................................................................233
13.7 SubstrateMetabolisminStressStarvationtoSpare
17.2 AminoAcidsasGlucosePrecursorsandEffect
Protein................................................................................169
ofProteinIntake..................................................................233
13.8 TheRoleofIndividualAminoAcidsinthe
17.3 InsulinandGlucagonMediatedEffectsofAminoAcids
GastrointestinalTract.........................................................170
andProteinsonGlucoseProduction...................................234
13.9 TheRoleoftheIntestineinBileSaltandAmino
17.4 ProteinMealandHepaticGlucoseProduction..................236
AcidMetabolism................................................................172
17.5 HighProteinDietandHepaticGlucoseProduction..........237
13.10 RoleoftheIntestineinAminoAcidMetabolism
17.6 Conclusion............................................................................238
inLiverFailure...................................................................174
References......................................................................................238
References......................................................................................175
18. Impact of Dietary Proteins on Energy Balance,
14. Regulation of Macroautophagy by Nutrients
Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Homeostasis: From
and Metabolites
Proteins to Peptides to Amino Acids
S.LORIN,S.PATTINGRE,A.J.MEIJERANDP.CODOGNO
G.CHEVRIER,P.MITCHELL,M.-S.BEAUDOINANDA.MARETTE
14.1 Introduction..........................................................................181
18.1 Introduction..........................................................................241
14.2 OverviewoftheAutophagicPathway................................183
18.2 Conclusion............................................................................256
14.3 TheNutrientCodeofAutophagy.......................................184
References......................................................................................257
14.4 MetabolitesandAutophagy.................................................194
14.5 Conclusion............................................................................196
Acknowledgments.........................................................................197 19. Sulfur Amino Acids Metabolism From Protein
References......................................................................................197
Synthesis to Glutathione
G.COURTNEY-MARTINANDP.B.PENCHARZ
III
19.1 Introduction..........................................................................265
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR
19.2 FunctionsoftheSAAs........................................................267
ACTIONS OF AMINO ACIDS IN 19.3 PhysiologicalAspectsofSAAMetabolism.........................267
19.4 NutritionalAspectsofSAAMetabolism............................269
NON PROTEIN METABOLISM
19.5 SAARequirement...............................................................272
19.6 Glutathione..........................................................................278
19.7 Conclusions..........................................................................282
15. Dietary Protein and Colonic Microbiota: References......................................................................................282
Molecular Aspects
G.BOUDRY,I.LEHUE¨ROU-LURONANDC.MICHEL IV
15.1 Introduction..........................................................................207
DIETARYAMINO ACID AND PROTEIN
15.2 Conclusion............................................................................215
References......................................................................................216 ON GENE EXPRESSION
16. Control of Food Intake by Dietary Amino Acids
20. Adaptation to Amino Acid Availability: Role of
and Proteins: Molecular and Cellular Aspects
GCN2 in the Regulation of Physiological Functions
G.FROMENTIN,N.DARCEL,C.CHAUMONTET,P.EVEN,D.TOME´AND
and in Pathological Disorders
C.GAUDICHON
J.AVEROUS,C.JOUSSE,A.-C.MAURIN,A.BRUHATANDP.FAFOURNOUX
16.1 Introduction..........................................................................221
16.2 TheEffectofProteinIntakeandOverallEnergyIntake 20.1 Introduction..........................................................................289
onBodyWeightandBodyComposition............................222 20.2 TheGCN2-EIF2αPathway.................................................290
viii
CONTENTS
20.3 ControlofPhysiologicalFunctionsbyGCN2....................295 22.2 MolecularPathwaysInvolvedinSkeletalMuscle
20.4 InvolvementofGCN2inPathology...................................298 Remodeling...........................................................................319
20.5 Conclusion............................................................................299 22.3 EffectsofFeedingonSkeletalMuscleRemodeling............323
References......................................................................................299 References......................................................................................326
21. Amino Acid-Related Diseases
23. Brain Amino Acid Sensing: The Use of a
I.KNERR Rodent Model of Protein-Malnutrition, Lysine
Deficiency
21.1 Introduction..........................................................................305
21.2 DisorderofPhenylalanineandTyrosineMetabolism K.TORIIANDT.TSURUGIZAWA
(Phenylketonuria,Hyperphenylalaninemia,Tyrosinemia
Type1)..................................................................................307 23.1 Introduction..........................................................................331
21.3 UreaCycleDisorders/Hyperammonemias...........................308 23.2 BrainEssentialAASensing:TheCaseoftheRodent
21.4 DisordersofBranched-ChainAminoAcidMetabolism ModelofLysineDeficiency.................................................332
(MapleSyrupUrineDisease,IsovalericAcidemia, 23.3 BrainFunctionalChangesElicitedbyIntragastric
PropionicAcidemia,MethylmalonicAcidemia)................310 StimulationbyNutrients,Glucose,Glutamate,and
21.5 ClassicalHomocystinuria(HCU).......................................312 SodiumChloride..................................................................335
21.6 Miscellaneous.......................................................................313 23.4 GlutamateSignalingintheGutTriggers
References......................................................................................313 Diet-InducedThermogenesisandAidsinthe
PreventionofObesity..........................................................337
23.5 Conclusion............................................................................339
22. Genes in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling and Impact Acknowledgments.........................................................................339
of Feeding: Molecular and Cellular Aspects References......................................................................................339
Y.-W.CHEN,M.D.BARBERIOANDM.J.HUBAL
22.1 CellularEventsInvolvedinSkeletalMuscle
Remodeling...........................................................................315 Index..........................................................341
List of Contributors
J.M. Argile´s Cancer Research Group, Departament de A. Bruhat Unite´ de Nutrition Humaine, UMR 1019, INRA,
Bioqu´ımica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universite´ d’Auvergne, Centre INRA de Clermont-
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Ferrand-Theix,SaintGene`sChampanelle,France
Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, M.J.Bruins TheHague,TheNetherlands
Spain
S. Busquets Cancer Research Group, Departament de
P.J. Atherton MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Bioqu´ımica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia,
Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de
Nottingham,Nottingham,UnitedKingdom Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona,
D. Attaix Clermont Universite´, Universite´ d’Auvergne, Spain
Unite´ de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France; J.W. Carbone School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan
INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Saint Gene`s
University,Ypsilanti,MI,UnitedStates
Champanelle,France
C. Chaumontet UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du
J. Averous Unite´ de Nutrition Humaine, UMR 1019, INRA, Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA,
Universite´ d’Auvergne, Centre INRA de Clermont- Universite´ Paris-Saclay,Paris,France
Ferrand-Theix,SaintGene`sChampanelle,France
Y.-W. Chen Department of Integrative Systems Biology,
D. Azzout-Marniche UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et
George Washington University, Washington DC, USA;
du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA,
Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s
Universite´ ParisSaclay,Paris,France
NationalHealthySystem,WashingtonDC,USA
M.D. Barberio Center for Genetic Medicine Research, G. Chevrier Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
Children’sNationalHealthySystem,WashingtonDC,USA Cardiology Axis of the Que´bec Heart and Lung Institute,
E. Barreiro Pulmonology Department, Muscle and Lung Que´bec, QC, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and
Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de FunctionalFoods,LavalUniversity,Que´bec,QC,Canada
Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department P. Codogno INEM, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris,
(CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona
France; INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France;
Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain; Universite´ ParisDescartes,Paris,France
Centro de Investigacio´n en Red de Enfermedades
L. Combaret Clermont Universite´, Universite´ d’Auvergne,
Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Unite´ de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France;
(ISCIII),Barcelona,Spain
INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Saint Gene`s
M.-S. Beaudoin Department of Medicine, Faculty of
Champanelle,France
Medicine, CardiologyAxisoftheQue´becHeartandLung
G. Courtney-Martin Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical
Institute, Que´bec, QC, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and
Education, Department of Clinical Dietetics, University of
FunctionalFoods,LavalUniversity,Que´bec,QC,Canada
Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON,
D. Be´chet Clermont Universite´, Universite´ d’Auvergne,
Canada
Unite´ de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France;
N. Darcel UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du
INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Saint Gene`s
Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA,
Champanelle,France
Universite´ Paris-Saclay,Paris,France
Y. Boirie Clermont Universite´, Universite´ d’Auvergne,
E.L. Dillon Department of Internal Medicine, Division of
Unite´ de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France;
Endocrinology and Metabolism, The University of Texas
INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-
MedicalBranch,Galveston,TX,UnitedStates
Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, service de
NutritionClinique,Clermont-Ferrand,France C. Domingues-Faria Clermont Universite´, Universite´
d’Auvergne, Unite´ de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-
G.Boudry INRAUR1341ADNC,St-Gilles,France
Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH
R. Boutrou INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Auvergne,Clermont-Ferrand,France
laitetdel’œuf,Rennes,France
ix