The Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses

382 Pages·1979·15.134 MB·English

by  Douglas G. Scraba (auth.), R. Pérez-Bercoff (eds.)

The Molecular Biology
of Picornaviruses
NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES
A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contemporary
scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world, as
sembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Mfairs Division.
Series A: Life Sciences
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 17 - DNA Synthesis: Present and Future
.edited by Ian Molineux and Masamichi Kohiyama
Volume 18 - Sensory 'Ecology: Review and Perspectives
edited by M. A. Ali
Volume 19 - Animal Learning: Survey and Analysis
M. E. Bitterman, V. M. LoLordo, J. B. Overmier, and M. E. Rashotte
Volume 20 - Antiviral Mechanisms in the Control of Neoplasia
edited by P. Chandra
Volume 21a - Chromatin Structure and Function
Molecular and Cytological Biophysical Methods
edited by Claudio A. Nicolini
Volume 21 b - Chromatin Structure and Function
Levels of Organization and Cell Function
edited by Claudio A. Nicolini
Volume 22 - Plant Regulation and World Agriculture
edited by Tom K. Scott
Volume 23 - The Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses
edited by R. Perez-Bercoff
Volume 24 - Humoral Immunity in Neurological Diseases
edited by D. Karcher, A. Lowenthal, and A. D. Strosberg
Volume 25 - Synchrotron Radiation Applied to
Biophysical and Biochemical Research
edited by A. Castellani and I. F. Quercia
The series is published by an international board of publishers in con
junction with NATO Scientific Mfairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics New York and London
C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company
Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston
D Behavioral and Sijthoff International Publishing Company
Social Sciences Leiden
E Applied Sciences Noordhoff International Publishing
Leiden
The Molecular Biology
of Picornaviruses
Edited by
R. Perez-Bercoff
Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology
Institute of Anatomy
University of Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland
PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Nato bternational Advanced Study Institute on the Molecular Biology of. Picorna
v:mses, Maratea, Italy, 1978.
The molecular biology of picornaviruses.
(NATO advanced study institutes series: Series A, Life sciences; v. 23)
"Based on the proceedings of the NATO International Advanced Study Institute on
the Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses, held in Maratea (Gulf of Policastro), Italy,
September 8-18, 1978."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Picornaviruses-Congresses. 2. Molecular biology-Congresses. I. Perez-Bercoff, R.
II. Title. III. Series.
QR4JO.N37 1978 576'.64 79-13845
ISBN 978-1-4684-1002-0 ISBN 978-1-4684-1000-6 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4684-1000-6
Based on the proceedings of the NATO International Advanced Study Institute on
The Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses, held in Maratea (Gulf of
Policastro), Italy, September 8-18,1978.
© 1979 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1979
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
WRY THIS N.A.T.O. MEETING?
WRY THIS BOOK?
In the year 1961, a paleontologist discovered the
foot prints of a dinosaurian, an iguanodon, which
had lived in the United Kingdom a few hundred
millions years ago. There were 13 pairs of foot
prints, a heretofore unknown large numoor of
reptilian fossil foot prints. Moreover, the steps,
clearly preserved in limestone, were lying in a
perfectly straight line. From these remarkable facts
the paleontologist drew two remarkable con
clusions: (a) the iguanodon was going somewhere,
and (b) it was going there with a definite purpose.
Our work on the effect of temperature on viral
development was started a long time ago. A
paleontologist searching in a library would discover
21 fossil papers preserved in various fossil periodi
cals. He would see that they are lying in an
extremely tortuous line. From this remarkable
fact, the paleontologist would draw two remarkable
conclusions: (a) we were going nowhere, and (b) we
had no definite purpose. Yet our aim was to disclose
the mechanism by which supra- and infra-optimal
temperatures influence viral development. Despite
the fact that our way was twisted, we have never
theless landed somewhere and I would like to tell
you where we are on Friday, June the 8th, 1962.
Andre Lwoff
Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. BioI. (1962), 27, 159
This book is a sort of natural "fall-out" of the homonymous
N.A.T.O. Advanced Study Institute held in Maratea (Gulf of
Policastro), Italy, in September 1978, and it faithfully reflects
the format and purposes of this conference.
In organizing this meeting, I knew all too well that "the way
had been twisted, (but) we had nevertheless landed somewhere ••• "
v
vi PREFACE.
The intent, therefore, was to provide for a fresh and original
review of all relevant topics and issues in the field, following
a comprehensive and coherent programme.
Such an ambitious goal could only be reached thanks to the
unlimited collaboration of the lecturers: They were requested to
produce nothing less than "freer, broader, speculative and personal
"considerations of the subjects" they had to cover ••• And so they
did: their presentations unfolded a fantastic picture, a most
fascinating and meaningful identification of the field, its present
problems and trends.
But participants at this conference contributed many valuable
observations while discussing specific points. Unfortunately, more
often than not, it proved impossible to identify them in the records.
Accordingly, we incorporated here and there some of these "anonymous"
contributions as part of the edited version of the texts.
To all of the participants, I would like to express my gratitude
for their actively taking part in all the scientific (and social ••• )
activities (lectures, round tables, posters, encounters) of this
N.A.T.O. ASl. The result was a stimulating atmosphere, conducive
to authentic scientific exchanges. Hence, the success of this
meeting should be credited only to them.
Finally, on behalf of all participants, I would like to thank
Professor Sissini, the Mayor of Maratea, and Mr. B. Vitolo, the
Chairman of its Tourist Office: their enthusiastic support greatly
contributed to make of our time in their wonderful seaside resort
an unforgettable one.
R. Perez-Bercoff
Zurich, October 1978
Contents
SECTION I: THE STRUCTURE OF THE PICORNAVIRION
Chapter 1: The Picornavirion: Structure and Assembly 1
Douglas G. Scraba
Introduction • • • • • • • • • • 1
I. STRUCTURE OF THE VIRION •••• 1
A. Physical-Chemical Properties • • • • • 1
B. The RNA Component • • • • • • • • • • • • 2
C. The Protein Component • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3
D. Morphology and Architecture of the Virion ••••• 5
E. The External Service of the Virion • • • • 6
F. Chemical Crosslinking Studies • • • • • •••• 9
G. A Model for the Mengo Virus Capsid • • • • • • • • • 11
II. ASSEMBLY OF THE VIRION • • • • • • • • • • 14
A. The Generation of Capsid Polypeptides • • • • • 14
B. Virion Assembly • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15
Acknowledgements • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 2: General Organization and Structure of the
Picornavirus Genome • • • • • • • • • 25
Peter Fellner
Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25
I. THE 5' -TERMINUS OF PICORNAVIRUS RNA • • • • •• 26
II. POLY(C) TRACTS WITHIN PICORNAVIRUS RNAs • • • •• 28
III. AMINOACYLATION OF A SITE WITHIN THE PICORNAVIRUS
GENOME ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32
IV. POLY(A) IN PICORNAVIRUS RNAs ••••••••• • •• 33
V. 3' -TERMINAL NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES OF PICORNAVIRUS
RNAs ••• 35
Acknowledgement 41
References • . • • 41
viii CONTEHTS
Chapter 3: structure-Function Relationships in the
Picornaviruses • • • • • • • • • • • • 49
F. Brown
Int roduc tion . . • . . • • . • • • . • • . • . . . . 49
I. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS PARTICLES 51
A. Morphology . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . • . . 51
B. Relationship Between Buoyant Density in Caesium
Chloride and Stability Between pH3 and pH7 51
C. Effect of Photodynamically Active Dyes on the
Pic ornavirus es ••• • • • • • • • • • 53
II. VIRUS RNA • . • •••••••• 53
A. Sedimentation Characteristics 54
B. Polycytidylic Acid Tract 55
III. VIRUS PROTEINS • • • • • • • • 58
A. In Situ Sensitivity to Trypsin of One of the
Polypeptides of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus • • • • 58
B. Antigenicity of the Individual Polypeptides of
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 61
IV. VIRUS-INDUCED PROTEINS • • • • • • • • 63
V. ANTIGENIC VARIATION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64
A. The RNA Component • • • • • • 65
B. The Proteins • • • • • • • 65
Acknowledgements • 69
References • • • • • • • • 69
SJ!".:TION II: EARLY EVENTS DURING THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS: SHUT
OFF OF CELLULAR SYNTHESIS
Chapter 4: Inhibition of Cellular Protein Synthesis After
Virus Infection • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 73
Jean M. Lucas-Lenard
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 73
I. THE INHIBITION OF SYNTHESIS OF CELLULAR
MACROMOLECULES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 74
A. Cellular Protein Synthesis Inhibition. • • • • • •• 74
B. Cellular RNA Synthesis Inhibition • • • • • • •• 77
C. Inhibition of DNA Synthesis • • • • • • • • • •• 78
II. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS TO EXPLAIN CELLULAR PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS INHIBITION • • • • • • • • • • • 79
A. Stability of Host Cell mRNA • • • • • • • • • • • 79
B. Increased Permeability of Cell Membranes to Salts 83
C. Competition Between Cellular and Viral mRNAs •••• 84
D. Synthesis of New, Viral Specific, Initiation
Factors . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
E. Inactivation of Cellular Initiation Factors • • • •• 86
F. Double-stranded RNA as an Inhibitor of Protein
Synthesis . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 89
CONTENTS ix
III. DISCUSSION 90
IV. CONCLUSIONS 92
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . 92
References • • • • 93
Chapter 5: The Role of Initiation Factors in the Shut-Off of
Protein Synthesis • • • • • • • • • • 101
C. Baglioni, P.A. Maroney and M. Simili
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
I. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS WITH EXTRACTS OF ENC-INFECTED
CELLS • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 103
II. THE ROLE OF INITIATION FACTORS IN THE SHUT-OFF 104
III. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS • • • • • • • 108
Acknowledgement 110
References • • • • • • 110
SECTION III. SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF VIRAL PROTEINS
Chapter 6: Synthesis and Processing of Picornaviral
Polyprotein • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 3
R.R. Rueckert, T.J. Matthews, O.M. Kew, M. Pallansch,
C. McLean and D. Omilianowski
Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 3
0 • • • • • •
A. Evidence that Picornaviral RNAs Contain a Single
Initiation Site. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 113
B. Pactamycin as a Tool for Mapping Translational
Order . . . . . • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • . 114
C. Does Picornavirus RNA Contain a Second Termination
Site? . . . . . . . • • . • • • • • . • . . 115
D. Are the Three Primary Products P1, S and P2 Located
in One Translational Cistron or Two? •• • • 116
I. PROTEINS OF HUMAN RHINOVIRUS 1 A • • • • • • • • 118
II. THE PROCESSING MAP OF POLIOVlRAL POLYPROTEIN 121
III. CONCLUSIONS • • • • • 123
References • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 124
Chapter 7: Virus-Directed Protein Synthesis 127
Jean M. Lucas-Lenard
Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • 127
I. POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS .AND CLEAVAGE 128
II. PRECURSOR-PRODUCT RELATIONSHIPS • • 132
III. GENE ORDER OF PICORNAVIRUS PROTEINS •• 135
IV. MOLAR RATIOS OF VIRAL POLYPEPTIDES 138
V. FUNCTION OF PICORNAVIRUS PROTEINS • 143
Acknowledgements • 144
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
x CONTENTS
Chapter 8: Role of Cellular and Viral Proteases in the
Processing of Picornavirus Proteins • • • • 149
Bruce D. Korant
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
I. POLYFROTEINS OF PICORNAVIRUSES: PROTEOLYTIC
REGULATION OF ALL VIRAL FUNCTIONS • • • • • • • • • • 150
II. ROLE OF CELLULAR PROTEASES IN PICORNAVIRUS
INFECTIONS • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 152
III. EVlPENCE FOR A PICORNAVIRUS-SPECIFIC PROTEASE • 156
IV. CLEAVAGE SITES IN PICORNAVIRUS PRECURSOR PROTEINS • 164
V. INHIBITORS OF VIRAL PROTEOLYSIS •••• 165
A. Alteration of the Substrate. 165
B. Chemical Protease Inhibitors •••• 167
Acknowledgements • • • • • • • • 169
References . . . • . . . . . . . 170
Chapter 9: The Genome-Linked Protein of Picornaviruses:
Discovery, Properties and Possible Functions 175
Eckard Wimmer
I. DISCOVERY OF VPg and ITS LOCATION IN VIRION RNA 175
II. PROPERTIES OF VPg • . • • • • • • • • . . • • • 179
III. LINKAGE BETWEEN PROTEIN ANTI POLIOVIRUS GENOME 180
IV. IS VPg VIRUS-CODED? • • • • • 181
V. POSSIBLE FUNCTION(S) OF VPg • 182
Acknowledgements 187
References . • . • . . • • • • • 188
SECTION IV: ON DECODING THE VIRAL mRNA
Chapter 10: The Mechanism and Cytoplasmic Control of
Mammalian Protein Synthesis •• • • • • 191
Richard J. Jackson
Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . .• 191
I. RIBOSOME STRUCTURE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 192
II. INITIATION FACTORS ANTI THE MECHANISM OF INITIATION. 194
III. CONTROL OF INITIATION IN RETICULOCYTE SYSTEMS. • 198
IV. REGULATION OF INITIATION IN NUCLEATED CELLSj THE
MECHANISM OF INTERFERON ACTION • • • • • • • 201
V. VIRUS-INDUCED SHUT-OFF OF HOST CELL PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 204
VI. mRNPs and UNTRANSLATED mRNA • • • • • • . • • 206
VII. INITIATION SITE SELECTION ON mRNAj THE ROLE OF
"CAPS" •..• . . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 210
VIII. THE EXPRESSION OF VIRAL POLYCISTRONIC GENOMES • 214
IX. CONCLUTIING REMARKS • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 216