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The Modern Natural Science Picture of the World PDF

200 Pages·2020·14.107 MB·English
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The Modern Natural Science Picture of the World The Modern Natural Science Picture of the World By Yurii Khapachev, Arthur Dyshekov, Tatyana Oranova and Tatyana Shustova The Modern Natural Science Picture of the World By Yurii Khapachev, Arthur Dyshekov, Tatyana Oranova and Tatyana Shustova This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Yurii Khapachev, Arthur Dyshekov, Tatyana Oranova and Tatyana Shustova All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-4611-X ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-4611-0 This book is dedicated to the memory of the Great Scientist and Teacher Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (25.04.1903–20.10.1987) Giants thanks to which we see the scientific picture of the World “from the height of bird flight”. Kolmogorov – Poincaré – Gauss – Euler – Newton: only five such lives separate us from the sources of our science. Academician V.I. Arnold TABLE OF CONTENTS Preamble ..................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations ............................................................................... xiii Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Natural and humanitarian culture. Beauty ............................................ 1 Beauty in humanitarian culture ............................................................. 1 Painting and sculpture .......................................................................... 1 Architecture ......................................................................................... 4 Music ................................................................................................... 4 Poetry ................................................................................................... 5 Beauty in mathematics .......................................................................... 8 The sum of the corners of the triangle ................................................. 9 Part of not less than a whole. The set of power continuum ................ 10 Fractals ............................................................................................... 11 The most beautiful formula ................................................................ 11 Part I: The World as a Physical System Chapter 1 .................................................................................................. 14 Discourse and intuition. Criterion of evidence. The problem of scientific axiomatics Chapter 2 .................................................................................................. 21 Discretion and continuity in nature. Fundamental world constants and levels of the organization of matter Chapter 3 .................................................................................................. 24 Conservation laws as a consequence of symmetry. Properties of space and time Chapter 4 .................................................................................................. 28 The space-time continuum as a consequence of a fundamental constant – the speed of light viii Table of Contents Chapter 5 .................................................................................................. 35 Geometry of space-time. Gravity as a consequence of geometry in the Einstein paradigm Chapter 6 .................................................................................................. 43 We enter the microcosm. The Planck constant and the wave of de Broglie. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Spin Chapter 7 .................................................................................................. 47 Four fundamental interactions: gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong Chapter 8 .................................................................................................. 51 Scenario of the evolution of the Universe Chapter 9 .................................................................................................. 58 Macrocosm. Laws of equilibrium. Thermodynamics. The Boltzmann constant Chapter 10 ................................................................................................ 65 Self-organization. Dissipative structures. The Glansdorff-Prigogine evolution criterion Chapter 11 ................................................................................................ 75 Criterion of relative ordering of living systems. Evolution and degradation. The main regularities of the mathematical theory of rearrangements Part II: Chemical Systems Chapter 12 ................................................................................................ 82 The transition state lifetime as the fundamental chemical constant Chapter 13 ................................................................................................ 85 Catalysis, its criteria and essence. The Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction Chapter 14 ................................................................................................ 93 Conceptual systems of chemistry Chapter 15 ................................................................................................ 97 Chemical evolution and biogenesis The Modern Natural Science Picture of the World ix Part III: Living Systems Chapter 16 .............................................................................................. 103 Biological axioms and biological constants The zero axiom ................................................................................ 104 The first axiom ................................................................................. 105 The second axiom ............................................................................ 106 The third axiom ................................................................................ 108 The fourth axiom ............................................................................. 109 Chapter 17 .............................................................................................. 111 Digest of conceptual achievements of modern fundamental biology The RNA world ............................................................................... 111 The possibility of inheriting acquired traits ..................................... 112 Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam ............................... 113 Mirror neurons ................................................................................. 115 Altruists and Simpson's paradox ...................................................... 116 Human physical fields ...................................................................... 117 Beauty and the brain ........................................................................ 120 Chapter 18 .............................................................................................. 122 Physiological bases of vital activity. Living information systems Chapter 19 .............................................................................................. 133 Metabolism and homeostasis Chapter 20 .............................................................................................. 141 Adaptive, compensatory-adaptive, and pathological reactions of the body Chapter 21 .............................................................................................. 148 Higher nervous activity and mental functions. Consciousness Chapter 22 .............................................................................................. 160 Structure and classification of human needs Chapter 23 .............................................................................................. 168 Psychosomatic disorders Conclusion .............................................................................................. 179 The problem of the evolution of science Bibliography ........................................................................................... 183

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