The minute pirate-bug genus Xylocoris dufour (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) from rice mills in Thailand

2006·6.1 MB·

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
108(3), 2006, pp. 525-533
THE MINUTE PIRATE-BUG GENUS XYLOCORIS DUFOUR (HEMIPTERA:
HETEROPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE) FROM RICE MILLS IN THAILAND
KAZUTAKA YAMADA, TOMOHIDE YASUNAGA, YUKINOBU NAKATANI,
AND TosHIyvA HIROWATARI
(KY, TH) Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Environmen-
tal Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan (e-mail:
[email protected]; [email protected]); (TY) JICA-SV,
c/o Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan Univ., Swayambhu, Kathmandu, Nepal (e-
mail: [email protected]); (YN) Laboratory of Insect Systematics, National
Resources Inventory Center, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences;
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan (e-mail: [email protected])
Abstract.4Three species of the anthocorid genus Xy/ocoris Dufour are reported
from rice mills in southern Thailand. They are considered effective biological control
agents against stored-product insect pests. Two of them, belonging to the subgenus
Proxylocoris Carayon, are described as new: X. cerealis Yamada and Yasunaga, n. sp.,
and X. hyalinipennis Yamada and Yasunaga, n. sp. A key is provided to help
distinguish these species.
Key Words: Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Xy/ocoris, new species, Thailand, biological
control
Xylocoris Dufour, 1831, is a large X. (Arrostelus) flavipes (Reuter, 1875),
anthocorine flower bug genus, compris- a well-known predator of stored-product
ing about 50 species in the world, insect <pests: The9 other two9 8represent
principally in the MHolarctic Region undescribed species belonging to the
(jo Chu 1969, <Henry 1988; <Peéricart subgenus Proxylocoris Carayon, 1972.
1996). These bugs usually prey on Two species, Xylocoris (Proxylocoris)
various small arthropods, and some have cerealis and X. (P) hyalinipennis, are
been reported to be effective natural described here as new, and the well-
enemies against pests in stored-food known _X. (A.) flavipes is diagnosed. In
facilities and grain mills (e.g., Péricart addition to diagnoses and descriptions of
1972, Lattin 2000). It is necessary to these three species, biological informa-
accurately identify species to establish tion on Xy/ocoris in rice mills is docu-
modern taxonomic research for such mented, and key is provided to distin-
natural enemies. There is no adequate guish the three Xy/ocoris species from
taxonomic study on the genus Xy/ocoris rice mills in Thailand.
in the Oriental Region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During continuing investigations of
rice mills in Thailand, Nakatani collected Dried specimens of each species were
three species of XYyv/ocoris. One of them is used. For genitalic observations, the
526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
entire abdomen was removed from the peritreme, besides the peculiar copulato-
body, soaked in 5% hot KOH solution ry direction.
for 345 minutes, and placed into glycerin All species of Xylocoris are predaceous
on a glass slide. Illustrations of the and often found in habitats such as
structure were drawn with the aid of under the bark of trees, among dead
a Nikon Stereoscopic Zoom Microscope plant materials, and in litter layers of
SMZ1500. Scanning electron microscopy shaded forests. A few species are found
was used to observe the details of surface in stored-food facilities, especially grains,
structures. and preferably prey on small arthropods.
Depositories of material are abbrevi- Some species have brachypterous, sub-
ated as follows: National Institute of brachypterous, and macropterous forms.
Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba
(NIAES); Entomological Laboratory, Subgenus Proxylocoris Carayon
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai
Proxylocoris Carayon 1972: 594 (as
(OPU). Abbreviation is used for the
a subgenus of Xylocoris). Type species
collector of the specimens examined:
by original designation: Piezostethus
YN (Yukinobu Nakatani). All measure-
afer Reuter 1884.
ments are given in millimeters. Only
selected references are cited for each Remarks.4Proxylocoris is distingui-
taxon; see the catalogue of Péricart shed from other subgenera by a combi-
(1996) for further information. Termi- nation of the following characters: male
nology for descriptions follows Carayon fore- and midlegs with tibial teeth always
C1972). present, row of tibial teeth on midleg
longer than that of foreleg; canaliculi of
TAXONOMY ostiole distinct and densely distributed
(Figs. 8-9); ectospermalege placed be-
Genus Xylocoris Dufour
tween abdominal terga II and III
Xylocoris Dufour 1831: 423. Type species
(Figs. 17,21):
by monotypy: Xylocoris rufipennis
This subgenus has contained approx-
Dufour 1831.
imately 20 species; most of these are
Diagnosis.4Recognized by the oval to distributed in the Palearictic Region
elongate-oval body, dorsum shining and (Péricart 1996). A single member, X.
smooth, pronotum with stout, long, clarus (Distant, 1910), is known from the
suberect corner setae, well-developed Oriental Region (India and Myanmar).
fossula spongiosa at apex of foretibia,
Xylocoris (Proxylocoris) cerealis Yamada
midtibia bears smaller foussula spon-
and Yasunaga, new species
giosa, stout, long spines distributed
(Figs. 1, 4, 8, 11414)
along predominant part of the metatibia,
sickle-shaped paramere curved toward
Xylocoris (Proxylocoris) sp. 1: Nakatani
the posterolateral end and ectosperma-
2004: 38.
lege usually opening at right side of
abdominal terga III and VIII in female. Diagnosis.._Recognized by the shiny,
Remarks.4This genus 1s divided into oblong-oval body, semi-transparent he-
four subgenera, Xy/locoris s. str., Prox- melytron, infuscate clavus and corium
yvlocoris Carayon, Arrostelus Kirkaldy, that are darkened along the inner margin
and Stictosynechia Reuter, based on the with a dark subtriangular spot at the
position of the tibial teeth in the male mesial inner margin (Fig. 4), medially
and the surface structure of the ostiolar angulate paramere in posterior view
VOLUME 108, NUMBER 3
nN i) 4
Figs. 1-3. Xylocoris spp. from Thailand. 1, X. (Proxylocoris) cerealis, ¢. 2, X.(P.) hyalinipennis, ° . 3,
X. (Arrostelus) flavipes, °, subbrachypterous. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
(Fig. 13), and much smaller, weakly reddish brown. Antenna yellowish
sclerotized ectospermalege (Fig. 14). brown; segment I dark brown, almost
Description.4Body (Fig. 1) oblong- reaching to apex of head, with sparse,
oval; dorsal surface shiny, with pale short setae; segment II tinged with dark
yellow, short, reclining pubescence. Head brown on apical %3, thickened toward
(Fig. 1) blackish brown, smooth, head apex, about 0.78 times as long as width
about 0.8 times as long as wide across of head, with densely distributed, re-
eyes; apex of head tinged with pale clining setae; segments III and IV each
yellow; three pairs of long, erect setae shorter than segment II, with sparsely
on each side of tylus, near anterior inner distributed, long, suberect setae; segment
margin of eyes, and between eyes and III slightly shorter than IV; length of
ocelli; length of anteocular portion as segments I-IV (4/2): 0.16/0.16, 0.38/
long as eye in dorsal view; vertex 3.6 0.404-0.41, 0.31/0.3140.34, and 0.34/0.344
times as wide as eye in dorsal view; ocelli 0.38. Rostrum yellowish brown, attain-
Figs. 4-7. Left forewings of Xylocoris spp. 4, X. (Proxylocoris) cerealis. 5, X. (P.) hyalinipennis. 6, 7, X.
(Arrostelus) flavipes, macropterous and subbrachypterous. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
sy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 8410. Ostiolar peritremes of Xy/ocoris spp. in left lateroventral view. 8, XY. (Proxyvlocoris) cerealis.
9, X. (P.) hyalinipennis. 10, X. (Arrostelus) flavipes. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: sca = supracoxal
area; cn = canaliculi.
ing base of mesocoxae; segment I and bearing long, stout spines. Abdomen
basal half of segment II tinged with dark blackish brown; scissure on abdominal
brown; segment III more than twice as terga reaching segment III.
long as II. Male genitalia (Figs. 11-13): Pygo-
Pronotum (Fig. 1) varying from black phore longitudinally narrow and basally
to blackish brown, sparsely pubescent, constricted, posteroventrally with long
with posterior half weakly depressed and setae; longest setae slightly shorter than
transversely strigosed; collar incomplete; half of paramere; paramere medially
anterior margin of pronotum curved, angulate, slightly bent at apex.
slightly shorter than mesal length; lateral Female genitalia (Fig. 14): Ectosper-
margin nearly straight; posterior margin malege much smaller than that of X.
slightly concave, twice as long as anterior galactinus and X. hiurai and weakly
margin. Scutellum black to blackish sclerotized, extending posteriorly.
brown, apex pale yellow, anterior <% of Measurements: &/2: Body length
lateral side bearing long, suberect setae. 2.75/2.8843.08; head length (excl. neck)
Hemelytron (Figs. 1, 4) semitransparent, 0.41/0.39-0.41; head width (incl. eyes)
tinged with yellowish brown, with 0.48/0.51; vertex width 0.30/0.3240.34;
sparsely distributed, short, reclining pu- width between ocelli 0.23/0.26; rostral
bescence and minute punctures; clavus length 0.91/0.974-1.03; anterior pronotal
and corium darkened along inner mar- width 0.43/0.3940.43; mesal pronotal
gin, with dark subtriangle spot at mesial length 0.47/0.4740.48; basal pronotal
inner margin; membrane transparent, width 0.98/1.0641.09; length of embolial
with indistinct vein. Ostiolar peritreme margin 0.90/0.9441.00; length of lateral
(Fig. 8) brown; ostiole wide, curved cuneal margin 0.50/0.4840.50; maximum
anteriorly; apex of ostiole not reaching width across hemelytra 1.05/1.1541.20.
anterior margin of metapleuron; supra- Holotype.4 ¢, THAILAND: Songkhla
coxal area with transverse rows of Prov., Ranode, Rice mill factory, NO7-
furrows. Legs yellowish brown, stout, 489 E100-169, 11. xi. 2002, Y. Nakatani
with densely distributed, pale yellow (NIAES).
pubescence; each femur dark brown, Paratypes4THAILAND: 1 ?, Na-
with apex slightly yellowish; each tibia khon Si Thammarat, NO8-159 E100-019,
VOLUME 108, NUMBER 3 529
Figs. 11-21. Male (11413, 15-17, 19-21) and female (14, 18) genitalia of Xy/locoris spp. 11414, X.
(Proxylocoris) cerealis. 15-18, X. (P.) hyalinipennis. 19-21, X. (Arrostelus) flavipes. 11, 15, 19, Pygophores
in dorsal view; 12, 16, 20, parameres in dorsal view; 13, 17, 21, parameres in posterior view; 14, 18, ecto-
spermalege in dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
16. xi. 2002, YN (OPU); 1 2, Nakhon Si margin of metapleuron in X. galactinus),
Thammarat, NO8-239 E100-029, 15.x1.2002, medially angulate paramere (strongly
YN (OPU); 1 2, same data as holotype curved in X. galactinus), and much
(NIAES). smaller ectospermalege (rather larger
Distribution.4Southern Thailand. ectospermalege in X. galactinus), and
Etymology.4From the Latin <8cerea- from X. hiurai by the weakly sclerotized
lis= (= of grain), referring to its habitat and posteriorly extended ectospermalege
in cereal stocks in Thailand; an adjective. (more darkened and obscure, subtrian-
Remarks.4In_ general appearance, gular, and anteriorly broadened in X.
this new species resembles the cosmopol- hiurai).
itan X. galactinus (Fieber, 1836) and the
temperate eastern Asian inhabitant ¥X. Xylocoris (Proxylocoris) hyalinipennis
hiurai Kerzhner and Elov, 1976. Xy/lo- Yamada and Yasunaga, new species
coris cerealis is distinguished from X.
(Figsy 2; >, 91513)
galactinus by the apex of ostiolar canal
not extending to the anterior margin of Xylocoris (Proxylocoris) sp. 2: Nakatani
the metapleuron (reaches the anterior 2004: 38.
530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Diagnosis.4Recognized by the much side bearing long, suberect setae. Hem-
smaller body, mostly hyaline hemelytron elytron (Figs. 2, 5) nearly transparent,
that is tinged with ocherous, infuscate tinged with yellowish brown, with
clavus and corium that are narrowly sparsely distributed, short, reclining pu-
darkened along inner margins (Fig. 5), bescence and minute punctures; clavus
ostiolar peritreme accompanying narrow and corium narrowly darkened along
evaporative area and widened ostiole inner margin; membrane _ transparent,
(Fig. 9), the strongly curved apical ' with indistinct veins. Ostiolar peritreme
of the paramere that is furnished with (Fig. 9) brown, with narrow evaporative
a bifurcate process subapically (Fig. 17), area and rather broadened ostiole curved
and the anteriorly broadened ectosper- anteriorly; apex of ostiole almost reach-
malege (Fig. 18). ing anterior margin of metapleuron;
Description.4Body (Fig. 2) elongate supracoxal area with transverse furrows.
oval; dorsal surface shiny, with bright Legs yellowish brown, stout, densely
yellow, short, reclining pubescence. Head clothed with pale yellow pubescence;
(Fig. 2) blackish brown, smooth, about each femur dark brown, tinged with
0.75 times as long as width across eyes; yellowish brown at apex; each tibia
apex of head broadly tinged with pale bearing long stout spines. Abdomen
yellow; a pair of erect setae present at blackish brown; scissure on abdominal
each side of tylus near anterior inner terga extending to segment III.
margin of eye, and between eye and Male genitalia (Figs. 15-17): Pygo-
ocellus; anteocular portion slightly lon- phore basally narrow; paramere arising
ger than eye in dorsal view; vertex 3.8 near posteroventral angle of pygophore,
times as wide as eye in dorsal view; ocelli extending to near median projection on
red. Antenna yellowish brown; segment left margin of pygophore in dorsal view,
I nearly extending to apex of head, strongly curved at apical 3 in posterior
with sparsely distributed, short setae; view, with subapical conspicuous, bi-
segment II sometimes tinged with dark furcate process.
brown at apex, gradually thickened to- Female genitalia (Fig. 18): Ectosper-
ward apex, 3/4 as long as head width, malege anteriorly broadened, with a com-
with densely distributed, reclining setae; plexly folded thin duct at right lateral
segments III and IV, each almost equal margin.
in length to II, with sparsely distributed, Measurements: &/°: Body length 2.25/
long, suberect setae; length of antennal 2.3042.38; head length (excl. neck) 0.30/
segments I-IV (6/2): 0.13/0.13, 0.30/ 0.3140.32; head width (incl. eyes) 0.40/
0.31, 0.30/0.3040.31, 0.30/0.2940.30. Ros- 0.43; vertex width 0.28/0.2740.28; width
trum yellowish brown, extending to base between ocelli 0.20/0.2240.23; rostral
of mesocoxae; segment III about twice as length ?/0.97-1.03 (¢: apical two seg-
long as II. ments lost); anterior pronotal width 0.344
Pronotum (Fig. 2) black to blackish 0.36/0.364-0.38; mesal pronotal length
brown, sparsely pubescent, with weakly 0.3840.43/0.3840.40; basal pronotal width
depressed posterior half; collar indis- 0.7740.78/0.8340.85; length of embolial
tinct; anterior margin of pronotum margin 0.70/0.7040.74; length of cuneal
curved, about as long as mesal length; margin 0.35/0.3840.40; maximum width
anterior humeri rounded; lateral margin across hemelytra 0.85/0.8640.88.
nearly straight; posterior margin slightly Holotype.4%, THAILAND: Nakhon
curved, slightly more than twice as long Si Thammarat, Rice mill factory, N08-
as anterior margin. Scutellum black to 239 E100-029, 15.xi.2002, Y. Nakatani
blackish brown; anterior <% of lateral (NIAES). .
VOLUME 108, NUMBER 3 SS
Paratypes.4THAILAND: 1 @&1 &, Four species, X. congoensis (Bergroth,
same data as for holotype (NIAES): 1 2, 1905); X¢ )f lavipes <@Reuters 1875), Xi
1 2°, Nakhon Si Thammarat, NO8-159 hirsutus Carayon, 1961, and X. queen-
ETOO-017,01G6ix1 2002» YN (OPU);.2. 2, slandicus Gross, 1956, are known to
Songkhla Prov., Ranode, NO7-489 E100- occur in the tropical and subtropical
1G. isa 2002.YIN: (OP). zone around the world (Chu 1969,
Distribution.4Southern Thailand. Péricart 1996).
Etymology.4From the Latin <8hyali-
nus= (= transparent), combined with Xylocoris (Arrostelus) flavipes (Reuter)
<<pennis9 (= wing), referring to the nearly (Figs /33:6).7;, TO: 19=21)
transparent hemelytra; an adjective.
Remarks.4This new species is very Piezostethus flavipes Reuter 1875: 65.
similar to X. clarus (Distant, 1910) in the
Diagnosis.4Recognized by the small
coloration of the hemelytra and appear-
(1.842.2 mm), elongate-oval body (Fig. 3):
ance of female genitalia from which it is
dark brown head (Fig. 3) with pale
distinguished by the apex of the para-
yellow tylus; pale yellow antenna and
mere extending to near median projec-
rostrum; dark brown, unicolorous, high-
tion on left margin of pygophore (apex
ly polished, almost impunctate, and
of paramere extending well beyond
sparsely pubescent pronotum (Fig. 3);
median projection on left margin of
yellowish-brown hemelytron (Figs. 3, 64
pygophore in X. clarus) and the com-
7), broadly darkened cuneus in macrop-
plexly folded thin duct at right lateral
terous form, corium and cuneus that are
margin of ectospemalege (simple, vague,
sometimes narrowly darkened in sub-
and conical ectospermalege in X. clarus).
brachypterous form; ostiolar peritreme
This new species is allied to former
(Fig. 10) with a smooth ostiole and
species, but may be distinguished by
supracoxal area; entirely pale yellow
smaller body size, narrowly darkened
legs; pygophore (Fig. 19) with charac-
along inner margin of clavus and corium,
teristic process basally; and moderately
narrow evaporative area, broadened
curved paramere (Figs. 20-21).
ostiole, and subapically curved paramere
Measurements: ¢/2: Body length
with a characteristic bifurcate process.
1.8041.88/2.0042.25; head length (excl.
Subgenus Arrostelus Kirkaldy neck) 0.2940.30/0.3040.34; head width
including compound eyes 0.3540.36/
Arrostus Reuter 1884: 35 (as subgenus of
0.3840.41; vertex width 0.2440.26/0.244
Piezostethus) (janior homonym of Ar-
0.26: width between ocelli 0.1940.21/
rostus Eahreus. 1872, Coleoptera):
0.1940.21; rostral length 0.8140.84/0.814
Type species by monotypy: Piezo-
0.88: pronotal anterior margin width
stethus flavipes Reuter 1884.
0.3140.32/0.34; mesal pronotal length
Arrostelus Kirkaldy 1906: 119. New
0.3240.34/0.3440.36; basal pronotal width
name for Arrostus Reuter.
0.6140.64/0.7040.82; length of embolial
Remarks.4This subgenus may _ be margin 0.5040.53/0.5540.74 in subbra-
separated from other subgenera by chypterous, ?/0.6540.75 in macropterous;
a combination of the following charac- length of cuneal margin 0.2040.22/
ters: male tibial teeth always absent; 0.2440.27 in subbrachypterous, ?/0.404
supracoxal area of metapleuron distinct 0.45 in macropterous; maximum width
(Fig. 10); ectospermalege always absent; across hemelytra 0.7040.72/0.7840.80 in
and copulation site and cicatrices present subbrachypterous, ?/0.8040.90 in mac-
on anterodorsal area of abdomen. ropterous.
532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Specimens examined: (Subbrachypterous culionidae), Corcyra cephalonia (Stain-
form: subbrac.; macropterous form: mac.) ton) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), and
TEALUAIND. 3165 il SaGubbracs)siNa= Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) (Lep., Gele-
khon Nayok, N14-16° E101-049, 2.x1.2002, chidae). They have been documented as
YN (OPU); 1 & (subbrac.), Nakhon Si major pests of paddy and milled rice.
Thammarat, N0O8-24 100-009, 15.x1i. Xylocoris flavipes is known to prey on
2002, YN (OPU); 2 (C*subbracei2 many developmental stages of various
mac.), Nakhon Si Thammarat, NO8-239 coleopteran and _ lepidopteran pests
E100-029, 15.xi.2002, YN (NIAES); 2 2 (Jay et al. 1968, Arbogast et al. 1971).
subbrac., 1 mac.), Phatthalung, N07-36° In addition, X. sordidus is known to
E100-079, 12.xi.2002, YN (NIAES). inhabit stored grain facilities in North
Distribution.4Europe, northern and and South America. The cosmopolitan
tropical Africa, Asia (Turkey, Saudi species X. galactinus is a known predator
of various insects found in the stored-
Arabia, Yemen, Pakistan, India, Indone-
grain habitats (Chu 1969, Péricart
sia, Thailand, China), Australia, North
America (U.S.A), South America. 1972). Thus some. stored-food insect
pests can be regarded as prey of the
KEY TO XYLOCORIS SPECIES FOUND IN RICE anthocorid species reported here. Xy/o-
MILLS IN THAILAND coris flavipes is the only species known
previously from Thailand (Visaratha-
1. Hemelytron yellowish brown, with dark-
nonth et al. 1994). This species is widely
ened cuneus; femora unicolorous pale
yellow; ostiole smooth, lacking canalicu- distributed in temperate, subtropical,
Lit eee 3 AIT EES AMES X. (Arrostelus) flavipes and tropical zones of the world. The
Hemelytron mostly transparent or semi- native range of this species is difficult to
transparent; femora dark brown; ostiole
determine because it has been trans-
withecanaliculite es 5 tees auc ie yao asain ae D
ported to so many parts of the world in
tN Body larger (about 3.0 mm long); clavus
and corium darkened along inner margins commerce (Lattin 2000).
with a dark, subtrianguler spot at mesial Xylocoris flavipes is the most common
inner margin; paramere angulate medial- in rice mill inhabitant in Thailand. In
| eter2.s ee,e X. (Proxylocoris) cerealis contrast, X. cerealis and X. hyalinipennis
Body smaller (about 2.3 mm long); clavus
appear to be restricted in distribution
and corium narrowly darkened along inner
and currently are found only in the
margin; paramere curved subapically, with
characteristic bifurcate process........ southern Thailand, where they co-occur
Spee COREY cs erica aka Gees Y. (P.) hyalinipennis with X. flavipes in Phatthalung.
BIOLOGY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Visarathanonth and Sukprakarn (1988) Weare grateful to Dr. T. J. Henry (US.
reported 72 species of stored-product Department of Agriculture, Washington
insect pests from Thailand. Present in- DG.) and Dry J.D: Latin (Department
vestigations of rice mills, the following of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon
insect species were found from rice bran State University) for reviewing the man-
and polished rice: Rhyzopertha dominica uscript with useful comments and sugges-
(Fabricius) (Coleoptera, Bostrichidae), tions. Yamada expresses his cordial
Lophocateres pusillus (Klug) (Col., Tro- thanks to Prof. M. Ishii and Mr. N. Hirai
gossitidae), Oryzaephilus | surinamensis (Osaka Prefecture University) for their
(Linnaeus) (Col., Silvanidae), Cryptolestes encouragement and advice on his study.
pusillus (Schonherr) (Col., Cucuyidae), Yasunaga also is appreciative of Dr. S.
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Col., Te- Miyamoto (Fukuoka City) for his con-
nebrionidae), Sitophilus spp. (Col., Cur- tinuous interest and advice. This survey
VOLUME 108, NUMBER 3 533
was partly supported by a research pro- of the aquatic and semi-aquatic Trochalo-
ject, <Development of low-input technol- poda). Transactions of the American Entomo-
logical Society 32: 117-136.
ogy for reducing post harvest losses of
Lattin, J. D. 2000. Chapter 26. Minute pirate bugs
staples in Southeast Asia,= of the Japan
(Anthocoridae), pp. 607-637. In Schaefer, C.
International Research Center for Agri- W. and A. R. Panzini, eds. Heteroptera of
cultural Sciences. economic importance. CRC Press, New York.
828 pp.
Nakatani, Y. 2004. Heteroptera, pp. 31-39. In
LITERATURE CITED Hayashi, T., S. Nakamura, and P. Visaratha-
nonth et al., eds. Stored rice insect pests and
Arbogast, R. T., M. Carthon, and J. R. Roberts,
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Jr. 1971. Developmental stages of Xy/ocoris
International Agricultural Series No. 13. Fun-
flavipes (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), a predator
ny Publishing, Bangkok. 79 pp.
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Péricart, J. 1972. Hémipteres Anthocoridae, Cimi-
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cidae et Microphyisidae de lOuest-paléarc-
1134.
tique. Jn Faune de l9Europe et du_ bassin
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et espéces nouvelles (Hem. Anthocoridae). . 1996. Family Anthocoridae Fieber, 1836 -
Annales de la Société Entomologique de Flower bugs, minute pirate bugs, pp. 1084140.
France (n.s.) 8: 579-606. In Aukema, B. and C. Rieger, eds. Catalogue of
Chu, Y. I. 1969. On the bionomics of Lyctocoris the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region
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