Foreword The Board of the AMBERIF Fair appreciates that research is necessary for the jewellery industry, with amber as its main focus, to develop. This awareness has brought yet again a published volume as its concrete effect and this year it is a piece fitting for the Gdańsk event’s 20th anniversary. The AMBER. RESEARCH—COLLECTIONS—THE MARKET Symposium, the proceedings of which we now give you, enriches the knowledge about amber presented by the symposium contributors at very diverse lengths. These are both short abstracts and papers longer than can be presented during the symposium itself. 32 speakers and 22 contributors behind the poster submissions are not all. The co–authors almost double this number. Today, in view of the enormous methodological possibilities and equipment available only in some laboratories – for more complex subjects – it is important to gather a good research team. These are people of science, collectors or just simply amber lovers. Professor Dany Azar’s paper introduces us to the state of the art in the RESEARCH on fossil resins in the world. And then there is a large dose of knowledge about the Eocene deposits of amber (=succinite) around the Baltic Sea, in Ukraine and in Saxony–Anhalt. Plus deposits which are of the same age but of different type in Fushun, the much older deposits of Cretaceous fossil resin in Myanmar (Burma) and for the first time also from Lebanon’s Upper Jurassic sediments. From the perspective of the temporary shortage of raw amber on the market, we consider with interest the predominantly literature–based research on succinite redeposited in the Quaternary Age and the 19th century methods of its production. For the first time gypsum minicrystals have been described on the surface of amber collected on the beach which, just as barnacles and bryozoans, tell us about amber’s dwelling in the Baltic. A British palaeoentomologist has finally pointed out that it’s really worthwhile to study copal, a source of research material that went underestimated in the past. A German researcher is still trying to convince us about the mediocre merits of "green amber" obtained through the modification of not only copal but also other subfossil or even fossil resins. The most difficult issues of the physico–chemical properties of fossil resins – from the point of view of identification (so necessary and always required at trade exhibitions) but also their use in cosmetics, are presented by a large and experienced contingent of chemists. We have also waited long for the discovery of the diagnostic bands of IR spectra which will allow us to tell natural amber from its modifications. The papers on arthropods in amber are about true flies this time. A large team of authors presents Doug Lundberg’s (USA) discovery in Dominican amber: the traces of a bird, with more than just single feathers. In COLLECTIONS, a contributor from Lithuania, a team from Russia and Polish archaeologists discuss amber routes, amber crafting in various epochs and cultures, based on collections available in museums. This is also where research material is sought by the conservators who are so vital in rescuing amber from the fatally destructive processes which it undergoes. As always, interesting reports about amber in art, both in terms of the documentation of collections and in terms of design, can be read in contributions from recognised experts, educators and art historians. Important MARKET issues for Baltic amber (succinite) include deposits, raw amber and trade exhibitions at which amber products reach the customers. It has become apparent that Poland’s northern Lublin region is the most prospective and recommended for raw amber production. Geologist Krzysztof Czuryłowicz gives us most realistic indications of an existing shallow deposit in Górka Lubartowska. For 13 years now, amber has had its prestigious place in Warsaw at the GOLD SILVER TIME trade show but it was in Gdańsk in 1994 that the first amber trade fair took place. The secrets of AMBERIF, organised this year for the 20th time by the MTG SA Gdańsk International Fair Co. will be revealed to you by its Project Director Ewa Rachoń. Barbara Kosmowska–Ceranowicz, Elżbieta Sontag, Wiesław Gierłowski TABLE OF CONTENTS AZAR D. State of the art in the research on fossil resin in the World ................................................................................ 7 DEPOSITS, EXCAVATION, RESEARCH DEPOSITS AND FINDS: BALTIC AMBER (SUCCINITE) AND OTHER FOSSIL RESINS MALISZEWSKI K., MARCINIAK‐MALISZEWSKA B., KUPRYJANOWICZ J., PIELIŃSKA A. Gypsum crystals on surface of Baltic amber from beach findings ......................................................................................................................................... 8 MAŁKA A., KRAMARSKA R. The mining of Baltic amber deposits in Poland ‐ an overview .................................................. 10 MATSUI V. Geological nature and primary sources of amber‐succinite deposits in Europe ............................................ 16 NOHRA Y., AZAR D., GÈZE R., MAKSOUD S., EL‐SAMRANI A., PERRICHOT V. New Jurassic amber outcrops from Lebanon ......... 17 RAPPSILBER I., KRUMBIEGEL G, WIMMER R. Overview of Bitterfeld amber ............................................................................ 18 SAUL J.,M. “Electrum”: why was the same word used for amber and for the naturally occurring alloy of gold + silver? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23 SHI G., GRIMALDI D.G., HARLOW G.E., WANG J., WANG J., YANG M., LEI W., LI Q., LI X., ZHANG. R. The geological and gemmological features and age constraint of Burmese Amber ............................................................................... 24 SHPYRKA V., BILYCHENKO P., BELICHENKO O. State of study and industrial development prospects of Volodymyrets amber region of Ukraine ........................................................................................................................................... 26 SŁODKOWSKA B., KRAMARSKA R., KASIŃSKI J.R. The Eocene Climatic Optimum and the formation of the Baltic amber deposits ..................................................................................................................................................................... 28 SZWEDO J., WANG B., ZHANG H. The Eocene Fushun amber ‐ known and unknown .......................................................... 33 COPAL AND OTHER SUBFOSSIL RESINS PENNEY D., PREZIOSI R.F. Sub‐fossils in Copal: An Undervalued Scientific Resource ......................................................... 38 SCHOLLENBRUCH K. Green Amber ‐ a current challenge for gemmologists ........................................................................ 43 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS ARCT J., PYTKOWSKA K., SYNORADZKI L., SAFARZYŃSKI S. Comprehensive research project on the amber and its application in cosmetology ....................................................................................................................................... 46 MATUSZEWSKA A. Chemotaxonomic marks of selected fossil and subfossil resin groups ................................................. 46 ŁYDŻBA‐KOPCZYŃSKA B., KOSMOSWSKA‐CERANOWICZ B., SACHANBIŃSKI M. An atlas of the Raman spectra of amber ............... 51 SACHANBIŃSKI M., CHOJCAN J. Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS) in amber research ............................................. 53 SOBIECKA A. SYNORADZKI L., HAJMOWICZ H., ARCT J., PYTKOWSKA K., SAFARZYŃSKI S. Application research on cosmetics made of Baltic amber ................................................................................................................................................ 55 SYNORADZKI L. Contemporary methods for determining the structure of amber and the application of amber in cosmetics .................................................................................................................................................................. 55 TUMIŁOWICZ P. SYNORADZKI L., SOBIECKA A., HAJMOWICZ H., ARCT J., PYTKOWSKA K., SAFARZYŃSKI S. An overview of the properties of biologically active ingredients in Baltic amber .................................................................................... 56 WAGNER‐WYSIECKA E. Instrumental methods in amber (succinite) and other fossil resins investigations ....................... 56 CRAFTING TECHNIQUES FOR RAW BALTIC AMBER AND IMITATIONS GRONUŚ‐DUTKO B. The wealth of colours in natural amber .............................................................................................. 59 KOSMOWSKA‐CERANOWICZ B., WAGNER‐WYSIECKA E. Modified Baltic amber identified in transmission and reflectance IR spectra .................................................................................................................................................................. 60 AMBER INCLUSIONS KOSMOWSKA‐CERANOWICZ B., KULICKI C., KUPRYJANOWICZ J., MARCZAK J., LUNDBERG D., FUDALA J. Bird traces in Dominican Amber ....................................................................................................................................................................... 62 SKIBIŃSKA K. The presence of primitive dipterans of the family Tanyderidae in Baltic amber ......................................... 66 SONTAG E. The Collection of Animal Inclusions at the University of Gdańsk, Museum of Amber Inclusions .................. 67 SZCZEPANIAK K. Chironomidae inclusions at the Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of the Earth, Warsaw ................ 70 ARCHAEOLOGY, COLLECTIONS AND DESIGN LATEST DISCOVERIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY BUTRIMAS A., JOVAIŠA E. The Balt‘s Amber route to classical civilization ........................................................................... 71 CZEBRESZUK J., SZMYT M. Amber in Europe 3000 years BCE .............................................................................................. 74 JANUSZEK K., MANASTERSKI D. A unique symbolic votive deposit with Early Bronze Age amber ornaments ..................... 76 KWIATKOWSKA K., MANASTERSKI D. Amber routes in Central Europe’s prehistory ‐ an overview ....................................... 77 ZHELENTSOVA O.V., KUSINA I.N., MILOVANOV S.I. Amber trade in Medieval Rus’: the current state and prospects for research .................................................................................................................................................................... 79 AMBER COLLECTIONS IN MUSEUMS AND TREASURIES BIELIŃSKA‐MAJEWSKA B., BOKINIEC E., UZIEMBŁO R. Amber from the collections of District Museum in Toruń. Objects dated from Neolithic to the early Middle Ages ........................................................................................................ 81 KING R. Finding the Divine Falernian: Amber in Early Modern Italy ................................................................................ 81 KRASKA Z. Amber in Legnica ............................................................................................................................................. 83 MAZUROWSKI R.F. Amber classification principles in archaeology ................................................................................... 85 PIELIŃSKA A., GRONUŚ‐DUTKO B. Amber in collections of Polish museums ......................................................................... 88 PIELIŃSKA A., GRONUŚ‐DUTKO B. Exhibition Amber in medicine in Museum of the Pharmacy in Warsaw, April‐ November 2012 ........................................................................................................................................................ 90 ROSS A., SHERIDAN A. Amazing Amber: the challenges of creating an exhibition on amber and possible solutions ........ 92 SOBECKA A. The Development of the Malbork Amber Collection .................................................................................... 95 VÁVRA N. Leopold Schmid and Bachofen‐Echt ‐ two forgotten amber specialists from Austria: their studies and collections. ................................................................................................................................................................ 96 CONSERVATION ŁUKASZEWICZ J.W. On the conservation of ancient amber................................................................................................ 98 SAFARZYŃSKI S. The Preventive conservation of interior architecture features decorated with amber ......................... 100 ZATORSKA A. Amber beads from Szelków, Poland, from 2nd/3rd cent. CE and the conservation method used on them ....................................................................................................................................................................... 101 PRIVATE COLLECTIONS GIERŁOWSKA G. Baltic amber in Gabriela Gierłowska’s Collection ‐ a presentation ....................................................... 103 HOFFEINS C. The Hoffeins Inclusion Collection ............................................................................................................... 108 AMBER IN ART BIELAK J. Medici amber collection owned by Maria Maddalena of Austria (1589‐1631) in the Pallazzo Pitti in Florence. State of the art objects and research perspectives ................................................................................ 112 GIERŁOWSKI W. Contemporary Referencesto amber art and craft of the turn of the 17th and 18th cent. ...................... 115 KOSTYASHOVA Z. Amber and wood in contemporary art ................................................................................................ 121 DESIGN - DEVELOPMENT, DIRECTIONS FIJAŁKOWSKI S. Amber + Design – Then, Now and in the Coming Future ....................................................................... 123 SADO A. Modern amber jewellery design ...................................................................................................................... 127 SZADKOWSKI A. The Design of jewellery with amber ‐ forecasts for design development ............................................. 129 THE AMBER MARKET RAW AMBER OUTPUT CZURYŁOWICZ K. Comprehensive study of geological setting and mineral potential of Górka Lubartowska amber‐ bearing deposit (district Lublin) .............................................................................................................................. 132 ECONOMY, TRADE GONTARSKA W. The market requires promotion measures. The „Not Only by the Baltic Sea” exhibition at the 2012 Gold Silver Time trade exhibition, Warsaw ................................................................................................... 133 RACHOŃ E., KOSIOR M. The Amberif Fair, Gdańsk ‐ development prospects for the export of Polish‐made Baltic amber products ...................................................................................................................................................... 135 Amberif 2013 INTERNATIONAL AMBER RESEARCHER SYMPOSIUM Page 7 AZAR D. State of the art in the research on fossil resin in the World OPENING LECTURE DANY AZAR Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, Department of Natural Sciences, Fanar, Fanar - Matn, P.O. Box 26110217, Lebanon; e-mail: [email protected] Amber (or fossil resin), a wonderful warm and shimmering material, with the colour of sun and gold, has seduced humans since ever and this fact is documented since at least the Neolithic. It has been priced over ages for its beauty and gemological qualities. The amber got its names in different languages and civilizations after its physical and chemical properties. A lot of mythologies provide explanations on its formation and most of then give it an origin related with divinities; but amber, in reality is a fossil vegetal resin. If today this reality is no more a secret to anyone, determining the exact botanical origin of amber is still a great challenge to the scientific committee. Amber is renowned as being a splendid material for the fascinating conservation of biological inclusions in their minute 3–dimentional details. It is a gold mine for the palaeontologists as it contains a variety of biological inclusions in pristine conditions. Till the last five years the study of biological inclusions in amber was only made by traditional optical microscopy; but today with the drastic advance in science, a great step toward the future have been made, especially with the use of new tools of exploration and imaging, even in opaque material. These tools are represented by the X–ray synchrotron tomography or even with the new generation of micro CT–Scanners that begin to be more and more precise and available. The new technology does not allow only the study of external morphology of the inclusions, but also their infinitesimal internal anatomy, and all this in a safe non destructive way. The most impressive is that the information resulting from the use of this technology can be reproduced and distributed in all natural history museums and thus constitute a virtual typotheque. Within some years, perhaps even scientists will not have the obligation to move for examining type material, as they will have a “virtual type” in their own institution or laboratory. Moreover not only the inclusion can be visualized in 3–dimentional fashion, but even printed in3D at the scale of our choice. Amber occurs all over the world, and every year several outcrops are discovered here and there. During the last 20 years, known outcrops of amber have increased significantly in number, due to the international growing of scientific awareness and interest in such material. There is no doubt that “Jurassic Park” in 1993, the famous American science fiction adventure thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg, and based on the novel of the same name by Michael Crichton, played a noticeable role in making amber more popular. Before this date interest in amber was mainly restricted to Caribbean and especially Baltic countries (of great tradition in amber), though amber occurrence was recognized from several localities worldwide. Due to this growing interest and to the globalization, several serious multidisciplinary and collaborative scientific teams are formed in diverse countries, and many PhDs are done or ongoing. What is really marvelous also is the fact that with the present technologies of communication, most of these scientists from all origins are collaborating internationally; and bibliography is quickly exchanged as pdf electronic format. Consequently a relatively massive number of good quality publications are produced annually either in chemistry of amber or in its biological inclusion. Moreover, fossil material is more and more attractive to neonatologists, which are integrating the palaeontologists teams, ameliorating as such the quality of research, and in consequence our knowledge of the historical evolution of the studied groups. I believe that scientific researches on amber(s) and its (their) inclusions will be flourishing and very prosper in the near future; as the development of technologies and the growing interest on this (these) fossil resin(s) is very promising. Page 8 INTERNATIONAL AMBER RESEARCHER SYMPOSIUM Amberif 2013 DEPOSITS, EXCAVATION, RESEARCH DEPOSITS AND FINDS: BALTIC AMBER (SUCCINITE) AND OTHER FOSSIL RESINS MALISZEWSKI K., MARCINIAK‐MALISZEWSKA B., KUPRYJANOWICZ J., PIELIŃSKA A. Gypsum crystals on surface of Baltic amber from beach findings POSTER KRZYSZTOF MALISZEWSKI1, BEATA MARCINIAK‐MALISZEWSKA2, JANUSZ KUPRYJANOWICZ3, ALICJA PIELIŃSKA1 1Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, Na Skarpie 20/26, 27, 00-488 Warszawa, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2Research Laboratory of Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials in Warsaw, Postępu 9, 02-676 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 3Professor Andrzej Myrcha Natural Science Museum, University in Bialystok, Swierkowa 20B, 15-328 Bialystok, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Many crystals – colourless and transparent, with a length up to 1 mm – were discovered in the hollows on the surface of three Baltic amber nuggets found in beach sediments, now kept at the Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of the Earth in Warsaw. The crystals are of automorphous (acicular, rod–shaped, columnar, sometimes short–columnar) habit, with perfectly shaped flat faces and properly terminated. Only a few of them are chipped or broken off. Next to individual crystals, there are also spectacular radial aggregates of several up to several dozen specimens. Research methods and findings The initial observations were performed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and an EDS Spectrometer at the Białystok University of Technology (rough vacuum, pressure of 40 Pa). Detailed tests on the crystals were run at the Research Laboratory of the Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials in Warsaw. The elemental composition of the crystalline forms was studied using a Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG–SEM) – the spot–specific Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) tests were performed without spraying the pieces of amber with a conductive material, in rough vacuum range in the presence of water vapour. These were standardless elemental analyses performed through Variable Pressure Quantification (ViPQ) – the EDS spectra were recorded twice in each spot, at different water vapour pressures (30 Pa and 60 Pa). The elemental composition was determined by extrapolating the signal intensity from each element to the pressure of 0 Pa (perfect vacuum). Selected crystals were subjected to a destructive test using X–ray Diffraction (XRD), with the material placed in a Lindemann glass capillary tube. The qualitative analysis of phase composition was performed in a Debye–Scherrer–Hull optical system, using a diffractometer with a Cu anode. The crystals’ dominant elements are carbon (6.2–11.8 %wt), oxygen (49.7–54.6 %wt), sulphur (16.9– 19.7 %wt) and calcium (19.2–22.9 %wt). The presence of Na, Fe, Si and Al was also discovered, in concentrations up to 1 %wt. The morphology of the crystals and the results of the elemental composition tests (taking into account the % content of main group elements’ atoms, excluding carbon) indicate them to be gypsum crystals (CaSO ∙ 4 2H O). This has been confirmed by phase composition tests (Maliszewski et al. 2012). 2 Amberif 2013 INTERNATIONAL AMBER RESEARCHER SYMPOSIUM Page 9 Based on the relevant literature, the authors’ observations and the performed analysis, it was concluded that the mineral crystallised most likely from sea water. The habit of the crystals and their condition contradict the possibility of their having formed before being deposited in the beach sediments. The analysed crystals come in various forms and sizes. One can see smaller crystals formed on larger ones, or even entire radial aggregates found on larger monocrystals. The considerable diversity of the crystalline forms suggests that there were several episodes of dissolution and crystallisation – the saturation or depletion of the solution (Jafarzadeh, Burnham 1992). The gypsum crystals are mainly located in hollows in the amber surface where water retention may have taken place. The tests (SEM–EDS, XRD) have also indicated the presence of other minerals: 1. anhydrous or hemihydrous calcium sulphate – anhydrite and/or bassanite. The reduced oxygen content, found in the elemental composition of some crystals as compared to the other crystalline forms, may be related to the dehydration of gypsum due to, for example, intense heating. According to Jaworska (2012), the gypsum–anhydrite transition in near–surface conditions requires temperatures close to 50°C, which are possible in beach sediments. However, the phase composition analysis did not show the presence of calcium sulphates other than gypsum. 2. halite – discovered using the diffraction method; the mineral may take the form of microcrystals which cover hollows and microcracks in the surface of amber or the hollows and microcracks formed on the gypsum crystals. 3. quartz (its presence was confirmed by means of XRD) – these are probably the fine grains of the dust or clay fraction from beach accumulations or those floating in the sea, which got stuck in the uneven parts of the surface of the analysed nugget. Peculiarities found on the surface of Baltic amber pieces from beach findings Moreover, the surfaces of three of the amber pieces display: I – the weathered surface layer of the pieces – polygonal surface structure II – fine pieces of driftwood in the surface hollows III – diatom fragments on the driftwood Framboidal pyrite On the driftwood found in one of the specimens, the SEM tests have shown the presence of characteristic framboidal pyrite structures, whose aggregates are commonly found, for example, in contemporary coastal sediments. Framboidal pyrite formation is attributed to bacterial or even nanobacterial activity (Folk 2005), however the latest research points to the possibility of synthesising such pyrite aggregates under lab conditions (Ohfuji, Richard 2005). References Folk R.L. 2005. Nannobacteria and the formation of framboidal pyrite: Textural evidence. Journal of Earth System Science 114 (3), 369‐374 Jafarzadeh A.A., Burnham C.P. 1992. Gypsum crystals in soils. Journal of Soil Science 43, 409‐420 Jaworska J. 2012. Crystallization, Alternation and Recrystallization of Sulphates. W: Mastai Y. (red.): Advances in Crystallization Processes. 465‐482, InTech. Krzysztof Maliszewski, Beata Marciniak‐Maliszewska, Janusz Kupryjanowicz, Alicja Pielińska 2012: Formy krystaliczne na powierzchni bursztynu bałtyckiego. Summary: Crystalline forms on the surface of Baltic amber. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 50, 67‐76. Ohfuji H., Richard D. 2005. Experimental syntheses of framboids ‐ a review. Earth‐Science Reviews 71, 147‐170
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