The Migration of Power and North-South Inequalities: The Case of Italy and Libya

307 Pages·2010·2.062 MB·English

by  Emanuela Paoletti (auth.)

The Migration of Power and North–South Inequalities

The Migration of Power and
North–South Inequalities
The Case of Italy and Libya
Emanuela Paoletti
Researcher, International Migration Institute and Junior Research Fellow,
Somerville College, University of Oxford, UK
© Emanuela Paoletti 2010
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-24926-4
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First published 2010 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-32074-5 ISBN 978-0-230-29928-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230299283
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
Contents
List of Illustrations viii
List of Acronyms ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 Introduction and Methodology 1
1.1 Setting the scene 1
1.2 Hypothesis and research questions 4
1.3 Research methodology 8
1.3.1 Discourse analysis 8
1.3.2 Interviews 10
1.3.3 Data-gathering 11
1.4 Structure of the book 12
1.5 Conclusion 16
Part I Theoretical Background and Comparative Analysis
2 Theoretical Framework 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Why complex interdependence? 19
2.3 Definition of the key concepts 21
2.3.1 Political realism 22
2.3.2 Power in international relations 23
2.3.3 Externalisation of migration policies 28
2.3.4 N orth–South relations and international
migration 31
2.4 Conclusion 34
3 Comparative Analysis 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Negotiations on migration between the US and
selected Central and Latin American countries 36
3.2.1 Relations between the US and Cuba 36
3.2.2 Relations between the US and Mexico 40
3.3 Cooperation on migration between Morocco and Spain 46
3.4 Cooperation on migration between Turkey and the EU 50
3.5 Conclusion 54
v
vi Contents
Part II Migration Discourses and Practices in Italy and Libya
4 Italy and Migration 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Data on migration 60
4.3 Migration discourse in Italy 62
4.4 Italian migration policies 68
4.5 I talian migration policies and relations with third countries 74
4.6 Conclusion 77
5 Libya and Migration 79
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 Migration from Arab countries and related Libya’s policies 80
5.3 Migration from sub-Saharan Africa and
Libya’s related policies 85
5.4 Refugees and asylum-seekers in Libya 90
5.5 EU–Libyan relations 94
5.6 Libya’s official discourse on migration 97
5.7 Conclusion 102
Part III Empirical Analysis of the Bilateral Agreements on
Migration
6 Historical Background on the Agreements between
Italy and Libya 107
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Historical background from 1911 to the 1990s 108
6.3 Joint Communication (1998) 116
6.4 Memorandum of Intent (2000) 119
6.5 Berlusconi government (2001–2006) 121
6.6 Agreements between 2006 and 2008 131
6.7 Conclusion 137
7 Joint Measures on Migration 139
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Centres for irregular migrants funded by Italy in Libya 139
7.3 Repatriations from Italy to Libya 143
7.4 Repatriations from Libya to third countries 151
7.5 Coordinated patrolling 152
7.6 Provision of equipment 156
7.7 Training programmes 158
7.8 Exchange of information 159
7.9 The role of the International Organisation for
Migration (IOM) 160
7.10 Push-backs 163
7.11 Conclusion 165
Contents vii
Part IV Externalisation of Migration Control Measures and
Inter-state Relations
8 Analysis of Externalisation in the Italian–Libyan Context 169
8.1 Introduction 169
8.2 Is Italian–Libyan joint action on migration
a manifestation of externalisation? 169
8.3 How successful has the collaboration on migration been? 174
8.4 Trade-offs between Italy and Libya 180
8.5 Conclusion 183
9 Implications for International Relations Theory 184
9.1 Introduction 184
9.2 Analysis of Italy’s and Libya’s interests 186
9.3 Cost-benefit analysis with reference to migration 192
9.4 Power and ideas: The symbolic power of migration 196
9.5 Analysis of wider power relations through issue-linkage 198
9.6 Broadening the analysis 204
9.7 Conclusion 206
10 Conclusion 209
Notes 215
Bibliography 234
Index 295
Illustrations
Tables
5.1 Crimes committed by foreign nationals in
Libya in 2006 and 2007 99
7.1 Number of foreign nationals returned from Italy to Libya 146
7.2 Repatriations from Libya to third countries financed by Italy 152
7.3 Data on undocumented migrants deported and
arrested in Libya 161
8.1 Number of foreign nationals deported from Libya 179
9.1 A nalysis of ‘stated’ and ‘substantive’ interests of
Italy and Libya 187
9.2 Cost-benefits analysis in the negotiations on migration 194
Figures
4.1 Annual migration quotas 1996–2009 70
8.1 A pprehensions of undocumented migrants in
Sicily 2000–2009 176
8.2 T otal apprehensions of undocumented migrants in
Italy 1998–2009 177
9.1 Issue-linkages in the broad negotiations 199
viii
Acronyms
AI Amnesty International
AIRL L ’Associazione Italiani Rimpatriati dalla Libia, Italian
Association for the Italian Exiles from Libya
ALI Azienda Libico Italiana, Italian-Libyan Economic Enterprise
AMU Arab Maghreb Union
AVRR Assistance to Voluntary Return and Reintegration (project by
IOM)
BLM US Border Liaison Mechanism
Caritas Italian branch of the Italian Episcopal Conference
Censis Centre for the Studies of Social Investments
COMESSA C ommunity of Sahel-Saharan States (later renamed as
CENSAD)
DGCS I talian Department for Development Cooperation in the
Italian Foreign Affairs Ministry
DHS US Department of Homeland Security
EC European Commission
ECRI European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance
EMP European Mediterranean Partnership
ENI Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi, Italian multinational oil and gas
company
EP European Parliament
EU European Union
ICE I stituto Commercio Estero, Italian Institute for Foreign
Commerce
IDPs Internally displaced persons
ILO Immigration Liaison Officer
ILO International Labour Organisation
IOM International Organization for Migration
IR International Relations
IRCA US Immigration Reform and Control Act
ISTAT The Italian National Institute for Statistics
JHA EC Directorate for Justice and Home Affairs
LIFG Libyan Islamic Fighting Group
LPRs Legal Permanent Residents
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NGO Non-governmental Organizations
NOC Libya’s National Oil Company
PP People’s Party in Spain
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