Table Of Content

• -- THE MIDDLE PLATONISTS 80 D.c. to A.D. 220 Revised edition with a new afterword JOHN DILLON Cornell University Press Ithaca, New York Contents xiii ABBREVIATIONS xvii C I9n.I996~·JohnDillon Fint published 1977 by Cornell Univeniry Press t. T HE OLD ACADEMY .",ND THE TUEMES OF MIDDLE Cornell Plperb~ek~ edition. with rcvision~ PLATO::-lISM and a new afterword. published 1996_ A. Plaw: The Unwritten Doctrines B. SpeuSippU5 (c. 4<>7-))9 II.C.): " All righn reserved. beept for brief quotations in 1 revicw, this book. or pam I. Life and Works " thereof, mu~t not be reproduced in any fonn 2. Philosophy " without permission in "TIling from the publisher. (a) Firsl Principles " For infomution addreU Ccrncil UniH:nily Pres'. (b) Ethics Sage Hou~e. 312 Ea~t S~te Street. i(h3ca. New York 14830 (c) Logic and Theory of Knowledge " '9 Ubnry ofCongrus Cuaioging_m_Publio:ation Data Cd) Theory of Number " J. Conclusion u Dillon.John M. C. Xenocrates (J96--3 '4 B.C.) u The rniddlc plalonim. I!O B.C. 10 A.D. 220 I John Dillon. - Rev. I. Life and Works 'u. ed. with a new afterword. 2. Philosophy p. em. lnc1ud~'S bibliographical references and index. (a) Physics " (i) First Principles ISBN 0-8014-831 &-6 " I. Platonis[S. I. Title. (ii) Triadic Division of the Universe 3' 8517.D5-I 1996 (iii) Daemons 3' 184-dc20 (iv) Creation and StrUCture of the World 3J (b) Ethics 3J (c) Logic and Theory of Knowledge 35 (d) Pythagorism and Allegorizing 37 J. Conclusion 3' D. Polemon (C'. 3~O-2G7 B.C.) 39 E. The Dominant Themes of Middle Platonism 4J I. Ethics 4J 1. Physics " Primed in Great BriD;n J. Logic '9 4· Conclusion 5' .,. Conltnu vii vi COllltlltJ (b) Physics 2. ANTIOCIiUS OF ASCALON: THE T URN TO (i) Pythagorean First Principles uG D OGMATISM P (ii) The Physical World: Heaven and Earth "9 A. Life and Works: Sketch of Philosophical Development B (iii) Tne Composition and Nature of the Soul G, '3' B. Philosophy (c) Logic 'lJ I. The Criterion of Certainty 6"J 8. Some Middle Plawni!; Scholastic Formulations 'J5 2. Ethics C. Philo 'J' " (a) The Basic Principle ,0 t. Life and Works '39 (b) The 'End of Goods', or Supreme Good 1. Philosophy '45 " (c) The Virtues (a) The Criterion and the ttlru '45 (d) The Passions 77 (b) Ethics "G (e) Political Principles "., (i) General Principles "G (i) The Ideal State "'.0, (ii) The Vinues '49 (ii) The Natural Law (iii) The Passions '5' 3. Physics (iv) The Path [Q Vinue: Nature, Instruction, (a) The Composition of the World Practice '5' " (b) Fate and Free WiI! (v) Politics '53 S8 (c) The Gods (c) Physics , 55 " (d) Divination ,0 (i) God and the World , 55 (e) Daemons and Other Intermediate Beings (ii) The Ideas and the Logos '5' 4. Psychology 9' (iii) The Powers , 6, (a) Antiochus and Ihe Theory of Ideas 9' (iv) A Female Creative Principle: Sophia ,6J 9' ,6, (b) The Immortality of the Soul (v) Other Powers '0' (c) The Structure of the Soul (vi) Free Will and Providence ,66 '0' S. Logic (vii) Cosmology ,68 "'. 6. Rhetori!; (0:) Triadic Division of the Universe ,68 ,,0 C. Conclusion "'l (~) The Elements ,06 D. The Problem of Posidonius (viii) Daemons and Angels ", I. Life and Works ''007' (ix) Psychology '74 2. Philosophy (II.) The Parts of the Soul "'74, 008 (a) Physics (~) The Immortality of the Soul ", (b) The Soul ,,0 (d) Logic ", '" (c) Ethics (i) The Theory of Categories 3. Conclusion '" (ii) Ute Origins of L:lnguage: Etymology ,So ". ]. Conclusion ,S> J. PLATONISM AT ALEXANDRIJ,: EUDORUS AND PHILO " 5 A. Eudorus of Alexandria 4· PLUTARCH OF CH.AERONEIA AND THE ORIGINS OF I. Life and Works ""5, SECOND-CENTURY PLA'I'ONISM '"" 1. Eudorus and Neopythagoreanism A. Imroductorv , 3. Eudorus' Philosophical position '" B. life and W~rks , '5 on (a) Ethics Contents Conunu ix viii C. Plutarch's Teacher, Ammonius '" 2. Philosophy '" '" (a) Ethics '" D. Philosophical Position '" (b) Physics 'P I. (Eat)h icTsh e ulos '9' 3· Exegetical Method ""7, '93 F. Harpocration of Argos (b) The Virrues ,6, '9' G. Severns (c) Politics ,6, '" H. Conclusion 2. Phvsics (a)' The First Principles: God; the One and the Indefinite Dyad '99 6. THE 'SCHOOL OF GAWS': SHADOW AND SUBSTANCE ,,6.6, (b) TIte Logos and the Ideas '00 A. Gaius ,66 (c) The lrrational Soul: Plutarch's Dualism '0' B. Albinus (d) The Irmional Soul and Malter '0' I. Life and Works ,67 (e) The World Soul and the Individual Soul: 2. Pllilosophy '7' ",6 Creation of the World (a) General Principles '7' (f) Fate, Providence and Free Will ,08 (b) Theory of Knowledge; the kriurion '73 (g) Soul and Mind '" (c) LObrie or Dialectic '76 (h) Divisions of the Uniyerse and Hierarchies of ". (d) Physic~ or Theoretic " 0 (i) Mathematics ,So Being ,,6 (ii) First Principles ,So (i) Daemons (j) The Guardian Daemon . '" (iii) The Physical World '" (k) Contact of the Immaterial with the Matenal m (iv) Daemons " 7 (I) Demonology: Some Conclusions nn,) (v) The Sublunar World ,88 (m) A Multiplicity of Worlds n, (vi) Psychology '90 (!l) The Nature of [he Soul '90 J. Logic E. Conclusion " 9 (~) The Irrational Soul and the Embodied Soul '" 5. TJ{£ A TH£NIAN SCIIOOL tN TU£ SECOl'in CunURY (vii) Fate, Providence and Free Will "'9,' 'J' (e) Ethics A.D. 'J' (i) The Good for Man '9' A. Introductory B. The Problem of the 'Athenian Academy' 'J' (ii) The telos '99 'JJ (iii) Vinue and the Virtues JO, C. Nicostrarus 'J7 (iv) Politics JOJ D. Cal venus Taurus 'J7 (f) Albinus as a Teacher JO, 21.. LPihfiel oasnodp hWy orks ,'4,0° C. A1. pLuliefeiu asn odf WMaodrakusr a JJoo66 (a) Ethics (b) Physics ,'",6 1. Philosophy J" (a) Physics JD (c) Logic (d) Exegetical Method '4' (i) First Principles JD '47 (ii) Psychology: The Soul in General; The E. Atticus I. Life and Works '47 World Soul J' j x CQllttllts COflunu ,i (iii) Daemons )17 (b) Matter l7J (iv) Fate, Providence and Free Will po (c) World Soul and Individual Soul )7' (v) Soul and Body J16 (d) Daemons 37' (b) Ethics 318 3· Conclusion )7' (i) First Principles 328 F. Cronius J79 (ii) Vinues and Vices JJo G. Ammonius Saccas )'0 (iii) Rhetoric 333 H. Conclusion ).) (iv) Absolute and Relative Goods 333 (v) Friendship and Love 334 8. SOME LOOSE ENDS )" {vi} The Perfect Sage 314 A. The Spread of Platonist Influence: The 'Platonic (vii) Politics ]35 Underworld' 384 (c) Logic 336 I. Valenlinian Gnosticism )', J. Conclusion ))7 1. The PotmanJru )'9 D. Galen 339 3· The Chaldaean Orades )9' E. Conclusion J40 8. Some Miscellaneous Platonists )97 ,I.. Theon of Smyrna )97 ,. THE NEOPYTHAGOREANS 341 Maximus of Tyre )99 A. Introductory 341 3· Celsus 400 B. The Pythagoreans of Alexander Polyhislor and Sextus 4· Calcidius 40• Empiricus 342- 5· Two Summaries of Pla[Onic Doctrine 408 C. Mocleratus of Gades 344 (a) Diogenes laertius 40' t. Life and Works 344 (b) Hippolytus 4" 1. Philosophy }46 C. Conclusion ''4 (a) First Principles 346 349 (b) The Soul BIBLIOGRAPHY 4" (c) Number )So 35' 3· Conclusion AFTER"'ORD D. Nicomachus of Gerasa 351 4" Life and Works 351 b"DEXEs I. 1. Philosophy 353 I. General I "del( 45) (a) First Principles 3H ii. Index of Platonic Passages 45' (b) The Soul and the World 358 iii. Modern Authorities QUOted 459 (c) The Physical Cosmos 359 359 Cd) Ethics (e) Providence and the Problem of Evil )60 360 J. Conclusion E. Numenius of Apamea 361 l jfe and Works 361 I. 366 :l. Philosophy (a) Fjrst Principles: The Father and the Demiurge 366 Preface THE period in the history of Platonism which is the subject of this book has received hitherto comparatively little attention. It seems TO MY FATHER fated to remain in the position of those Tedious tracts of the Mid Myles Dillon Western United States through which one passes with all possible haste, in order to reach the excitements of one coast or the other. In ( '900"""197:1) Platonism, likewise, one tends to move all too hastily from Plato to Plotinus, with, at mosl, a perfunctory glance at those vast tracts of Academic scholasticism that lie between the two, and which were of such basic importance in the intellectual fonnation of the latter. It is the purpose of this book to fill, to some extent, that gap. I will cry to deal with the figures of the period as far as possible on their own terms, not as dimly seen milestones on the way to Neoplaronism. It has not been an easy task, however, to present a survey that will be coherent and yet Stay reasonably close to the frequently exiguous evi dence. There really is no body of re<:eived opinion on which one can base oneself in what is after all intended to be a relatively 'popular' book. In such a book one cannot be forever building up hypotheses step by laborious step; one must try to present conclusions. Inevitably, I have had to dwell upon details, since in many instances these details have not been d ......e lt upon before. I hope that the reader, appreciating the problems, will be patient. Not, of course, that nothing has been done. We have at least one comprehensive survey, in Volume ill: 2 of Eduard Zeller's vast Philosophie der Griechen, and a shorter, but very useful, account by Karl Praechter in Uberweg's general history of philosophy. The sur vey of Philip Merlan (who has elsewhere contributed much to the study of the period) in the Cambridge History ofL ate Greek and Early Mediaeval Philosophy (Pan I) is, however, vitiated by precisely the fault of which I am complaining, a spotty and partial treatment of the figures of the period as precursors of Plotinus, Apart from this, scholars such as Praechter, Willy Theiler, Hein J. rich Dorrie, f.mile Brehier, A.- Festugiere, Pierre Boyanek, and most H.-J. Recently Kramer, have done excellent work on particular ques tions, but no study of the period as a whole has yet resulted. 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' ctwdvbfdTnoPeeoieooolremlhetaiciwr tnecntde tjoag r us drli qo.tts anh, oe uifdtAeal rmi iiesdohautinv ee t onsatrh edetiawenaoleo alsodi fr ecl no pp mlhpt yofrmhhaeuo e ifwpramsrel vonmm,ppnh ees ratraauerooo osstnioln pp reaftItf i hrt t h ptitaaiyhsapoeosbrh ten h o ihMlsai esincatalbl e logiydaa nddts. s sto ofdoui rdAr swsylrpoe eceet voh m he taPemywofmap ll , rtaoaoap ehasnaspstdeche onyte at co,ned P dtrlwctroies ,ehSio a iz,reattt rhtise oyhn tp,ie h a esdarufiwn omt etrts detouenh.h at mrgtusitacH eco hsott s he 'eAt nmve cane sxhlnainooioeenepstdtcrwdi t,rdy teo heei t Icnhdsarmha .nsdtest it ,asu i hI bz Sytaasnisoeinn t dnuoot ncdktegctinooe h,cec' h,ir tesed tPa e sw,hw sldh rsafuaeeoooaihtvcsnriuoraee hrest.str qq~fmloCoarouu~rIter Ietolco,mV:L dehtteOheer eeu saOd~ dtllvahLg,,a u eetahogImiPm t eot ohb~h bntL,aeoih OsalvedeCott rneIh ~y,ol d r aam m tfePstohpa saulfOteliaud h cc Srwe~tfaeheIar lt'sh f?o rIceorLaocmreo tfhnike Pn bis ~pwcu,lnarh aerasgnaehiterrsnmydo3ny o dno te,ab ifA dfrswe ste yu ulthtxsihi hrenel,ivieeu . s .n.iprsi.tta evrteh ir nedne eiGmrt dsgschew ei I ,beostnslhrostloedfa ieau uostn\ tto".alshkesd e) rlIer .aemwmti b ttr iIalie iesls ovl tU 'h.huntaih"SnhO anis etl evr ihabr(wk neebuwees hfl.se .o adee uinIXyrcI ~an mnh aanlci s lcneayot mtth t ht mwihfweotevhre phsyeoopiytei ,sm rc a fl cdaglhos paesrtsi rsa edhvmamea r oigfsntneosutel doygeyasr Preface from a disinclination to repeat a job adequately done, but pardy also in order to allow a different 'voice' to appear in the quotations. I have, of course, carefully checked the accuncy of all translations not my own Abbreviations and have ventured 10 alter them when they were not sufficiently literal or accurate for my purposes. I have also made much use of Greek tenns in transliterated form. The result often appears barbar ous, but the reader must become familiar with the main terms of philo A. B D R:V IA T ION s of the works of individual ancient authors will be sophic discourse in this period if he is 10 follow [he course of its glvc.n m thhe suIrvey of their works at til·e .)...........o .,.m. nm. g 0 f th e ch a pter con- development. I have tried to limit footnotes to a minimum, and in that "md.l~g tern .. have adopted longer or shoner abbreviations of works spirit I have included references in the text. at lIIeren"t pomts in th e b0 0k accor~w, ng to the frequency with which I am most grateful to various friends for reading parts of this book the wor~ IS. bemg quoted, e.~. Plut~rch, Isis and Osiris,1s. er Os., De and making many useful criticisms: Frederic Amory, Peter Brown, Is.. or Is., Clccro, Tusculan DlSputatlOlls, Tuse. Disp. or TD. I ho e that Gerard Caspary, Albrecht Dihle, A. A. Long, J. ~l Rist, R. T. Wallis, tins pro~edur~ averts more confusion than it creates. That ce~rainlY John Whittaker, David Winston. They are not, of course, responsible was my mtentlon. for its shortcomings. I wish 10 mank me University of California at I give here some abbreviations used throughout the work: Berkeley for the grant of a Humanities Research Fellowship in 1971/1, which enabled me to start on the book. Finally, my eternal gratitude Ady. M~al/'. or A.M Sextus Empiricus, Adversus Alat/'eman"eos CH to my wife for her enormoUS patience and expenise in typing the whole Corpu.$ Hermtlieum manuscript, much of it more than once, and for directing numerous DL Diog~nes Laertiu., Liyes oj the Philosophers acute criticisms at hom style and content. I dedicate the book to the Dox. Gr. H .. Dlels (ed.), Doxographi Graed memory of my father, who set me originally upon the path of scholar EN Anstotle, Ethica Nicomac/'UJ Afu. ship, and kept me on it both by exhort:ltion and by example until his Aristotle, j',ferapJ..ysica NA Aulus Gellius, Noeus Auicae death. Berkeley, 1975 PT H. Thesleff(ed.), The Pythagorean TV:lSofthe Heiltllisric Period RE PaulJy-Wissowa, Real-E1I{yklopiidie de, /class/ c!'ell Altertumswisullschafi SVF H. von Arnim (ed.), Stoii;orum Vtttrum Frag menta Tim. Plato, Timaeus CH .... PTER ONE The Old Academy and the Themes of Middle Platonism P LA TO, on his death in 347 B.C., left behind him a philosophical heri· tage that has nOt yet lost its vigour. This hook concerns one period of inteHectual history, approxim:ltely three hundred years (c. 80 B.C.-t"• •- 1..0. n o), during which the implications of that heritage were med· itated upon by thinkers of varied intellectual capaciry, and cenain con· elusions were hammered out which were not without significance for later generations. It was during this period, in fact, that much of what passed for Platonism in later ag~-until a determined effort was made at the beginning of (he nineteenth century in Germany to return to the actual writings of Plato, unvarnished by interpretation- was laid down. ~'hat I propose to do in tillS introductory chapter is, first, to survey brieRy the doctrines of the immediate successors of Plato, commonly known as the Old Academy (prefaced by a discussion of the contro versial subject of the 'unwritten doctrines' of Plato), since it is with these figures- in panicular Xenocra[es~that a good deal of Middle Platonic scholasticism has its rOO[5; and secondly, to outline the main philosophical problems which exercised the philosophers of the period under review. Since I propose in the main body of the book to pro ceed chronologically, giving each philosopher separate consideration, it will be as well at the outset to establish, according to subject matter, the main lines of philosophic activity with which we will be concerned. A. PLATO, THE UNWRITTEN DOCTRINES It is no part of the purpose of this book to pre;enl a survey of Plato's philosophy. A knowledge of what generally passes for Pilm's philo- sophy, the docrrines derivable from his dialogues, is presupposed in the reader. But in order 10 understand the directions taken by Plato's TAt Old Academy and tAt Tkmu of Middle PlatQlIum Plato: Tlr.t UlIwriLUlI Doctrines 3 1 immediate successors, it is necessary here to say a few words about and reasonable, and fits in well with the developments attributed to wsttoeoh artacsht ho aiasnrreege acrttheo alamecta tmstinhto geany.s l ymIa trk uein cstho r oywafisnnt e gtnao s t tothPh esela o dtlpoivar'eslo. o b'guleunmewssr ithtlteaeftnt h bdisyo cimtPrlmianteeods i',ai nts ein hsciusec coite rsais l SfgiepnnTee uehmrsaeipy lldpsyeeu tlasafg i arlteson ed oda fn Xu tcphoooeuosntecl,i r naadento edcso t.fr tih ntuheses samuriaetai nbn leefce etaosts uaar rewisl,yo rsdkiin socpefu ttthehede .ys c I oawrpeei l lpo rcfe otthntye rsFtkwAwoss(laoiesonernwgrlaniiTlrgoccinevsiiintiuewnh cdoceen. ae geurrse laot ssiI e rs nascu,,tnabbd a hs acdioaabgiel)n nsouicn u fe tScdafkhtail splaocon eo neiulthrnran carfdhdytalen eii . eei nebsP wdnAneTi sn,ocel tx ga apth orufaebso mtusoinfwtr oosuft lcmndea'ted rcishiithrcsiiynah th uteeh itdvea eoe nsoehelron aa,nlro af ,tAlc)aes ianw dv hn vNtnctdeoofh ih eaiddnbtcfftarerdeh gom ot ttettr e shrttoaholietmi , yenkhm ekleofli aeiy eas vrsnen,wt .t r h e oga,pdlmdu esryr T iub s i a t dsdttb)hhaulonih eion el estirwotiihg n gattct dsiiiu uheslartnneii e snettaatg gp ieaooelsdtbou eos ra ffrnyaoirondcg e sseA,t dhntou dhinhlhadu siale o e nrbe ntcas cePi gfi eomnNoe noalt edtdanhsnuoere q t et sapoofdutuft wnh rpi hi(arrPfeesseftllyrtets ahll ryOpioyas yeotte o(oitno b rmnynoimbtlrntnv eie g te kiiois ybha stoatb nnirsayhttroauasstsohs eels,s. felw tt io yrbho sTteliP n eoafe dovhfblet tm uOieiahaeuniaytr sssrress . ypsdoEbcbpdwToeeare~eouflheai crpemTmdta~tsitt~hhsac ea~ro-: i oimh cncixena f Wdnuuatab al elsot adsget o s,hi fotpgPena trl secOprineeoncMenmaalorSeim.ddsn pSsedr~a w al le,nLtObbil Sidita cenath.tCo elch~h aifwls.octu~ llS riel nhmsmfl~ee mic, (mtsrn eulas b abUo ucmpotgineu dSnrhsadfcppite.I v osPOnrlal:tieuic vmnhyinnffi cniodoeastepehcdh y .rlrd iV ki aTp~ mH vmcteigslhbthioed,aeaodo eyel.u a t ur ra,ua onclee uadetrried anhntlert nn a ieen isavd tinv itsnores ueioedart eatmdesrrlu mtli s)sb ohap,lm eea .esegnld .tat eo hdu rdrcl ARaaroc eodleme eths.vecid sf a vfeaaieeyauasrlstid sde s chts Ptettctiieetoorehoamhltmdaafim atneos citytaf sanon tRrto,ueywiPg socdfc,t ap lsh mpr haln rtooeiut hosbdc ovlhfetcege hyhe ,leo r t i lptetmhcesilhiotln o,n eshe ed sos sPvtaes ihhitifaIteog uvnrioe l B.spulel,os v1 aSehlbeihgelyetgsaioaibiaund lhtusouvo egteai.tnoslesac srs,,, IlsCrwasbsiettatimumsgeruwiha asoien becsctissiaBaA seeshjtctouihtnde h,m cnau, rn m c e orheiltoaqtadse,toya rit e s.lutfaaasi ia tgo ff rc esCrhTtny oooct yoohcsnoldeoorthtto necenhoahi u nmee eu oahryeftegvschrybsnn uirper-thomii.tlw stra dmhtroem ast.ihvh eeh W ioosnrssAtan emaieetuefh etdot c treli reik egpwifu m oevc ai,nnwos ras sneemhloeeot aoasoos ,eaawdrssa n blPugdrt etoueb bdeo sul a tmbdfshw t eurnaore uAeysektanmtes oahay r ,ne rtolrdla kA hatwis rot tnpht)sonelhche- r,wlt aoeovhf a iuieaoAys ysleywevlsnbttttisehi linrcieo o nvsdeweiitya wttsh.usrwe gg tlar hteehe,ehthiedIso ss ma e,e,at u r Pt d t tplKlnaeoefr?apaile iortsinamo lsbtnrf,hen ke r tTtiet osreweobbmgr i neaehw,nirr eu Pennhtr taegarhaavattlmsl a rrneh a neairteytaewtnda lanodrt dhby eoPn egn e riie o llsotcd'eael v eishha,aueks a, gn c iil tsd,s teiwsbrtlo fos nAiuy ee ityiaoc ncah tnnb actsrh rniiyfaeh tc soniaayPoe essl teeo tlc ica asltelll.vnuIataeowaa tcng ,di gatgrt mthodtiseoelolcigv hi yee faa ponirtuait,n nolsdonP ang,uea c ,s in gshls ntlobetgpeahi a oodn,duEin t oancanw esoee tat rectsco ssh'rl ipestryeeoa,uotahitv sot icblarnnfhee(tteealcsoliteegeysylernt,eo~r~y, , ~S(acp~eatI(boTImmArh'lshtr~Iyfmohh iemee.e An rTunoimaa . s.ec~eCuto Dnestuhd~aakA t- l.uigncle~set p~Fay anshudm sfantlanui ueg' csrddm)nUeaa .bhspr . - .o~a t etTb yenIsiop uha ~scgeml Pha6ris mitt tsnstmahr,st lwe haiis oy~elaU9n otsaiete D~s c~gt?fgboeII wsed 7imn(een etrydtpeahepyfh r as lpaiat~sltea eidn,les9esrOs os, Dt it d e~ St rsePfIfcPnehbs,Sl.eiy. Uo)n lyv x)eoewmay ~rnac,oti il odee hUreineicinsletgtl snnai eugs ahetstag t iophea rus th ratgoh oebfatd hsinr.w eni r fe loetIdpsdiep fh~ ad5ue ,rairarf8 esnhi xdngaotno m4a euicseshbcdnnstEd e.feea o a oin- esanlsrNbrTiytTsc~li n r ella dt 8mahdeehyfas r5uticie iesen eanuBnsraxnt dne,t i rttOleittmo efhi wyOneesdet w ne nlsycebrheinyo neseh atefi (te(ii n sice hvabbaascs utchrmeaehnlepilierese es seredeto h a tni in. t oct lrra ahcopto el toT shan.yeehsA nr s eru h tpc eT )mh oacrna oeindIilehsonoclcnsenoi li t revttpfdmdtmiP-osar ivi r e,e~t nsytioi ebhecfclnritdutiec bneeyotvhnfea e plld aa n\maiiuelso'sh trsneltg,se eoiyp1iei ie nosnmn v hafposDhbccreut saso cpeooieenu suy'psoa i tiw remnainhlabnonoestendgngeeesss r.,f on the basis of scattered criticisms from Labour spokesmen. Never I Thai this docrrine is Plalonic as well as Arislotelian Ius hem weU dUll on theless, by looking at his evidence with a properly critical eye, one can Hratr.;i by H. J. Kramer in his work Artri he; Pia/on. wui Aruumles ' Heidelberg deduce a body of doctrine which is, in its main lines at least, coherent 19S9, <'$p. ch. J.

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The Middle Platonists: 80 B.C. to A.D. 220 PDF

238 Pages·1996·174.2 MB·English
by  John M. Dillon
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Preview The Middle Platonists: 80 B.C. to A.D. 220

• -- THE MIDDLE PLATONISTS 80 D.c. to A.D. 220 Revised edition with a new afterword JOHN DILLON Cornell University Press Ithaca, New York Contents xiii ABBREVIATIONS xvii C I9n.I996~·JohnDillon Fint published 1977 by Cornell Univeniry Press t. T HE OLD ACADEMY .",ND THE TUEMES OF MIDDLE Cornell Plperb~ek~ edition. with rcvision~ PLATO::-lISM and a new afterword. published 1996_ A. Plaw: The Unwritten Doctrines B. SpeuSippU5 (c. 4<>7-))9 II.C.): " All righn reserved. beept for brief quotations in 1 revicw, this book. or pam I. Life and Works " thereof, mu~t not be reproduced in any fonn 2. Philosophy " without permission in "TIling from the publisher. (a) Firsl Principles " For infomution addreU Ccrncil UniH:nily Pres'. (b) Ethics Sage Hou~e. 312 Ea~t S~te Street. i(h3ca. New York 14830 (c) Logic and Theory of Knowledge " '9 Ubnry ofCongrus Cuaioging_m_Publio:ation Data Cd) Theory of Number " J. Conclusion u Dillon.John M. C. Xenocrates (J96--3 '4 B.C.) u The rniddlc plalonim. I!O B.C. 10 A.D. 220 I John Dillon. - Rev. I. Life and Works 'u. ed. with a new afterword. 2. Philosophy p. em. lnc1ud~'S bibliographical references and index. (a) Physics " (i) First Principles ISBN 0-8014-831 &-6 " I. Platonis[S. I. Title. (ii) Triadic Division of the Universe 3' 8517.D5-I 1996 (iii) Daemons 3' 184-dc20 (iv) Creation and StrUCture of the World 3J (b) Ethics 3J (c) Logic and Theory of Knowledge 35 (d) Pythagorism and Allegorizing 37 J. Conclusion 3' D. Polemon (C'. 3~O-2G7 B.C.) 39 E. The Dominant Themes of Middle Platonism 4J I. Ethics 4J 1. Physics " Primed in Great BriD;n J. Logic '9 4· Conclusion 5' .,. Conltnu vii vi COllltlltJ (b) Physics 2. ANTIOCIiUS OF ASCALON: THE T URN TO (i) Pythagorean First Principles uG D OGMATISM P (ii) The Physical World: Heaven and Earth "9 A. Life and Works: Sketch of Philosophical Development B (iii) Tne Composition and Nature of the Soul G, '3' B. Philosophy (c) Logic 'lJ I. The Criterion of Certainty 6"J 8. Some Middle Plawni!; Scholastic Formulations 'J5 2. Ethics C. Philo 'J' " (a) The Basic Principle ,0 t. Life and Works '39 (b) The 'End of Goods', or Supreme Good 1. Philosophy '45 " (c) The Virtues (a) The Criterion and the ttlru '45 (d) The Passions 77 (b) Ethics "G (e) Political Principles "., (i) General Principles "G (i) The Ideal State "'.0, (ii) The Vinues '49 (ii) The Natural Law (iii) The Passions '5' 3. Physics (iv) The Path [Q Vinue: Nature, Instruction, (a) The Composition of the World Practice '5' " (b) Fate and Free WiI! (v) Politics '53 S8 (c) The Gods (c) Physics , 55 " (d) Divination ,0 (i) God and the World , 55 (e) Daemons and Other Intermediate Beings (ii) The Ideas and the Logos '5' 4. Psychology 9' (iii) The Powers , 6, (a) Antiochus and Ihe Theory of Ideas 9' (iv) A Female Creative Principle: Sophia ,6J 9' ,6, (b) The Immortality of the Soul (v) Other Powers '0' (c) The Structure of the Soul (vi) Free Will and Providence ,66 '0' S. Logic (vii) Cosmology ,68 "'. 6. Rhetori!; (0:) Triadic Division of the Universe ,68 ,,0 C. Conclusion "'l (~) The Elements ,06 D. The Problem of Posidonius (viii) Daemons and Angels ", I. Life and Works ''007' (ix) Psychology '74 2. Philosophy (II.) The Parts of the Soul "'74, 008 (a) Physics (~) The Immortality of the Soul ", (b) The Soul ,,0 (d) Logic ", '" (c) Ethics (i) The Theory of Categories 3. Conclusion '" (ii) Ute Origins of L:lnguage: Etymology ,So ". ]. Conclusion ,S> J. PLATONISM AT ALEXANDRIJ,: EUDORUS AND PHILO " 5 A. Eudorus of Alexandria 4· PLUTARCH OF CH.AERONEIA AND THE ORIGINS OF I. Life and Works ""5, SECOND-CENTURY PLA'I'ONISM '"" 1. Eudorus and Neopythagoreanism A. Imroductorv , 3. Eudorus' Philosophical position '" B. life and W~rks , '5 on (a) Ethics Contents Conunu ix viii C. Plutarch's Teacher, Ammonius '" 2. Philosophy '" '" (a) Ethics '" D. Philosophical Position '" (b) Physics 'P I. (Eat)h icTsh e ulos '9' 3· Exegetical Method ""7, '93 F. Harpocration of Argos (b) The Virrues ,6, '9' G. Severns (c) Politics ,6, '" H. Conclusion 2. Phvsics (a)' The First Principles: God; the One and the Indefinite Dyad '99 6. THE 'SCHOOL OF GAWS': SHADOW AND SUBSTANCE ,,6.6, (b) TIte Logos and the Ideas '00 A. Gaius ,66 (c) The lrrational Soul: Plutarch's Dualism '0' B. Albinus (d) The Irmional Soul and Malter '0' I. Life and Works ,67 (e) The World Soul and the Individual Soul: 2. Pllilosophy '7' ",6 Creation of the World (a) General Principles '7' (f) Fate, Providence and Free Will ,08 (b) Theory of Knowledge; the kriurion '73 (g) Soul and Mind '" (c) LObrie or Dialectic '76 (h) Divisions of the Uniyerse and Hierarchies of ". (d) Physic~ or Theoretic " 0 (i) Mathematics ,So Being ,,6 (ii) First Principles ,So (i) Daemons (j) The Guardian Daemon . '" (iii) The Physical World '" (k) Contact of the Immaterial with the Matenal m (iv) Daemons " 7 (I) Demonology: Some Conclusions nn,) (v) The Sublunar World ,88 (m) A Multiplicity of Worlds n, (vi) Psychology '90 (!l) The Nature of [he Soul '90 J. Logic E. Conclusion " 9 (~) The Irrational Soul and the Embodied Soul '" 5. TJ{£ A TH£NIAN SCIIOOL tN TU£ SECOl'in CunURY (vii) Fate, Providence and Free Will "'9,' 'J' (e) Ethics A.D. 'J' (i) The Good for Man '9' A. Introductory B. The Problem of the 'Athenian Academy' 'J' (ii) The telos '99 'JJ (iii) Vinue and the Virtues JO, C. Nicostrarus 'J7 (iv) Politics JOJ D. Cal venus Taurus 'J7 (f) Albinus as a Teacher JO, 21.. LPihfiel oasnodp hWy orks ,'4,0° C. A1. pLuliefeiu asn odf WMaodrakusr a JJoo66 (a) Ethics (b) Physics ,'",6 1. Philosophy J" (a) Physics JD (c) Logic (d) Exegetical Method '4' (i) First Principles JD '47 (ii) Psychology: The Soul in General; The E. Atticus I. Life and Works '47 World Soul J' j x CQllttllts COflunu ,i (iii) Daemons )17 (b) Matter l7J (iv) Fate, Providence and Free Will po (c) World Soul and Individual Soul )7' (v) Soul and Body J16 (d) Daemons 37' (b) Ethics 318 3· Conclusion )7' (i) First Principles 328 F. Cronius J79 (ii) Vinues and Vices JJo G. Ammonius Saccas )'0 (iii) Rhetoric 333 H. Conclusion ).) (iv) Absolute and Relative Goods 333 (v) Friendship and Love 334 8. SOME LOOSE ENDS )" {vi} The Perfect Sage 314 A. The Spread of Platonist Influence: The 'Platonic (vii) Politics ]35 Underworld' 384 (c) Logic 336 I. Valenlinian Gnosticism )', J. Conclusion ))7 1. The PotmanJru )'9 D. Galen 339 3· The Chaldaean Orades )9' E. Conclusion J40 8. Some Miscellaneous Platonists )97 ,I.. Theon of Smyrna )97 ,. THE NEOPYTHAGOREANS 341 Maximus of Tyre )99 A. Introductory 341 3· Celsus 400 B. The Pythagoreans of Alexander Polyhislor and Sextus 4· Calcidius 40• Empiricus 342- 5· Two Summaries of Pla[Onic Doctrine 408 C. Mocleratus of Gades 344 (a) Diogenes laertius 40' t. Life and Works 344 (b) Hippolytus 4" 1. Philosophy }46 C. Conclusion ''4 (a) First Principles 346 349 (b) The Soul BIBLIOGRAPHY 4" (c) Number )So 35' 3· Conclusion AFTER"'ORD D. Nicomachus of Gerasa 351 4" Life and Works 351 b"DEXEs I. 1. Philosophy 353 I. General I "del( 45) (a) First Principles 3H ii. Index of Platonic Passages 45' (b) The Soul and the World 358 iii. Modern Authorities QUOted 459 (c) The Physical Cosmos 359 359 Cd) Ethics (e) Providence and the Problem of Evil )60 360 J. Conclusion E. Numenius of Apamea 361 l jfe and Works 361 I. 366 :l. Philosophy (a) Fjrst Principles: The Father and the Demiurge 366 Preface THE period in the history of Platonism which is the subject of this book has received hitherto comparatively little attention. It seems TO MY FATHER fated to remain in the position of those Tedious tracts of the Mid Myles Dillon Western United States through which one passes with all possible haste, in order to reach the excitements of one coast or the other. In ( '900"""197:1) Platonism, likewise, one tends to move all too hastily from Plato to Plotinus, with, at mosl, a perfunctory glance at those vast tracts of Academic scholasticism that lie between the two, and which were of such basic importance in the intellectual fonnation of the latter. It is the purpose of this book to fill, to some extent, that gap. I will cry to deal with the figures of the period as far as possible on their own terms, not as dimly seen milestones on the way to Neoplaronism. It has not been an easy task, however, to present a survey that will be coherent and yet Stay reasonably close to the frequently exiguous evi dence. There really is no body of re<:eived opinion on which one can base oneself in what is after all intended to be a relatively 'popular' book. In such a book one cannot be forever building up hypotheses step by laborious step; one must try to present conclusions. Inevitably, I have had to dwell upon details, since in many instances these details have not been d ......e lt upon before. I hope that the reader, appreciating the problems, will be patient. Not, of course, that nothing has been done. We have at least one comprehensive survey, in Volume ill: 2 of Eduard Zeller's vast Philosophie der Griechen, and a shorter, but very useful, account by Karl Praechter in Uberweg's general history of philosophy. The sur vey of Philip Merlan (who has elsewhere contributed much to the study of the period) in the Cambridge History ofL ate Greek and Early Mediaeval Philosophy (Pan I) is, however, vitiated by precisely the fault of which I am complaining, a spotty and partial treatment of the figures of the period as precursors of Plotinus, Apart from this, scholars such as Praechter, Willy Theiler, Hein J. rich Dorrie, f.mile Brehier, A.- Festugiere, Pierre Boyanek, and most H.-J. Recently Kramer, have done excellent work on particular ques tions, but no study of the period as a whole has yet resulted. On Preface xv xiv Prefau vs1'adAffSasiea9nuotniucc rrr0drndrsoihei I6 duoer cnor oetPahsuteadho mmualsar leuDcv tnsc seii ootoemedc ina1n nnfldtisrt9epon ascnytGt3 u golrhemo6 wimarsnx ,fhiyiu,'iahmeeu moa TsTin,nAsvn cp.oa 'th h w.e,to Ddn aoNq 3rbbioe.tutr dt,eeew ag uh esoetiwnhrs swetrnpahcaolitre ttie pnveepg eeoSe ha ireid ncni rwv3t n eehs odetoi h, keno nAefsrfio s t qc hl3umi,mhuhRul 1bicolKslw au .ia ht npd'ttskScoh ehuueeEaeehri ep bss y. r a ty aelsp woplt enuWoah l pohqaanepdferidaurdn i eenteknvt hvetrc.nris ,enfaeiuoAt o 3A n tenwpstro rncig demhe nseothoaiporitd nis voiilesucln ocf ceatouhlutde,ohdrth c r se fu h Peottswdh tr sihfdhhliodih e yealetiPne olyhodv ymoilscp ebfear hu o oe attohaooAmtpearffhersnn ch d stre,ee Aiq ihcelnssslbaauy.eomilt tucesil assor3cp tx boe ooina eanglndpsi,rrfnel s hdia dthvottievhtnhhr cheddieiceeaarae,a ,el , ecvaumwunp[mt?n0hlisoloroeene e'tas:erhAwrrdnnmtemaek u mtsw ndl sbas aoyytm,oiePlt yif ea on llaa pd sboat ctnypmrhhotcyghaod reu e is ucoOn c erfttsvsi~,orihluen iceceeateAmrt .enn n u nct frahcSadbooei tnytiSo~o emrfmich,ors tgo oee tueima~.ihmst,b tl.sn i alea oe snednSr u~n u'fg lAmsusnnydi c t cn Pu~o c,ghffh toledaul hwlo ssracioetbttsmeehtt of iao ed'~ nraAansarra yttui slci hcnri.rwn,siaiz iesg msoialt Teltet,dtafonh fe ioriethbooits mresew r siunf r rJstst a buth,dhi : onvsoieolacwtIc gfeiseroclAe hee inenukwsw ' drltmmt,mwooiuh hssgaosfa aeruetro 'syrotnf yset saae ttt plr' n etI sbnBte.hhrlo' doa3.anweiieCSa slrlcsarl 'eo.nh S oy la'd silaKtg tsb co lonnosonioehtp unodihgici clhlmzt woeelieisaciecasimeceneolr m d nad iritnOesn siel ss nc tJ et'adfaoov etIo oeInviep oiuon rrravdatbfi rpts aie eut tltr fpilht hha'aaeho,uuteb elletahspmaamlirlidyeeesr_ r tIOn. fdcaneaaiusoMupshettfota n rs cfelseioliteawehitehdu dOrbhrcfn,aioa tado leettiasrnylor iltsrbdi ttro e,debaeelo yu bas n t Urm I esetPe k m tn o a e[loatleahmaiiohannte yt mtab tw npe otP o,olhst i fr'wve ehnnolufoefaote aeair roonldtas,tcee ot h d riomlelnlsbtgngs ed y codooau fuo tt t rSls hhseepr aoioislitta.mems rromno roft egtiro enTi r ppoCvei c st Mgl"ltlehf hiPbhhoyepe a neiielaetyn ssnshdo htl wpu ,e dso iid etehdtctclt iitl eJhoofinfeh hte.smSproeh snu v e e eorToes aiPerxmIrnafp. nur s larw csehya otuoNhsnlxt te ueoenmlalohoteaurafmc,varinmrv t semmleewPidibey emoes eopos.r hlmn slr-ttiesyormi hnsul'i cef ve p deaiggihftcmgtbtlenno gso eliuyrdianeoou.e sser ct tsi snsefniIhucttn,ttn irc eais wdochgsyiteds.aotoi ahs us llsItsc twevmaiho aoeotascehlrebaues h t' fia. ytwmosr ns a rvtchsutvhTcelirehe esabreiesad hoebt vsun ,naet eeeheftcl btm rhe yoh.acaheo owa i nooTtasisms hofngrrdoti h tsdidkt eri stdhb ienuseod vtsooeeedote e r aereemdf lvrh,wrn o mrchoyeiabmei oiooiers neussomakusn yidt eta sf s olemu~adbOsbtSGaonLenenyfeutolnavccnedv dO ~sel~meetorU eeaihl sdeno m,NtrS etomoo. ml n e,o p Snet pOltS ahorP rh nloe mt seyiean~os,lef~mPc c on I,, PhCng tml LPdtagu~uUoOttnSml rueaphtla~ IAiatalnnuedoleto rayrroelsrealresdcrfyeb n rdnh.hbc eba bi ipecnh Tviyiclynryfesh ~ue e sh q I dittylsSPaioolAhhauoo .odb f onpietepcXlm s s s~ onsIetomtd iS :rt.hmpndnp iiof netereonoahchoc~oTn, cnenlytasnrcotptr oi t weiairauto, unuouiest lshgitfslnsaepne,fayii c s ltnctioSo lihkthstii ahhlranoffi e es e !ibc f orqAow,s lc, oot i fuunItapenler wn hibeesx nPeftfe nafli'eehtreisalun'stcnei soo no,eueo im! dti nn,dddossbiwr nc o e- igwubmlnbsenaudirtee a ndy os ieoacibto ,n os nsem ouAltfst dnaegthiinr l hcmen m ey e ddhitset dam oneiaUmornetrme freoler ,leblioita u',us el\ed he'dbny noisear rv tse i-in d .noho.niu. -bi.ae cdenenv-ut suyrhemo regg,gstocd enr hhAhi oNunlm ameiiboo snersul uh rtiy bop fito imtisislh pliktensuenuA iioee afeieeeisuyedrtncnrsnsn iis yih fad toict ttliuielbeiobuhehdolesssrynyd_yee~ss . ' ctwdvbfdTnoPeeoieooolremlhetaiciwr tnecntde tjoag r us drli qo.tts anh, oe uifdtAeal rmi iiesdohautinv ee t onsatrh edetiawenaoleo alsodi fr ecl no pp mlhpt yofrmhhaeuo e ifwpramsrel vonmm,ppnh ees ratraauerooo osstnioln pp reaftItf i hrt t h ptitaaiyhsapoeosbrh ten h o ihMlsai esincatalbl e logiydaa nddts. s sto ofdoui rdAr swsylrpoe eceet voh m he taPemywofmap ll , rtaoaoap ehasnaspstdeche onyte at co,ned P dtrlwctroies ,ehSio a iz,reattt rhtise oyhn tp,ie h a esdarufiwn omt etrts detouenh.h at mrgtusitacH eco hsott s he 'eAt nmve cane sxhlnainooioeenepstdtcrwdi t,rdy teo heei t Icnhdsarmha .nsdtest it ,asu i hI bz Sytaasnisoeinn t dnuoot ncdktegctinooe h,cec' h,ir tesed tPa e sw,hw sldh rsafuaeeoooaihtvcsnriuoraee hrest.str qq~fmloCoarouu~rIter Ietolco,mV:L dehtteOheer eeu saOd~ dtllvahLg,,a u eetahogImiPm t eot ohb~h bntL,aeoih OsalvedeCott rneIh ~y,ol d r aam m tfePstohpa saulfOteliaud h cc Srwe~tfaeheIar lt'sh f?o rIceorLaocmreo tfhnike Pn bis ~pwcu,lnarh aerasgnaehiterrsnmydo3ny o dno te,ab ifA dfrswe ste yu ulthtxsihi hrenel,ivieeu . s .n.iprsi.tta evrteh ir nedne eiGmrt dsgschew ei I ,beostnslhrostloedfa ieau uostn\ tto".alshkesd e) rlIer .aemwmti b ttr iIalie iesls ovl tU 'h.huntaih"SnhO anis etl evr ihabr(wk neebuwees hfl.se .o adee uinIXyrcI ~an mnh aanlci s lcneayot mtth t ht mwihfweotevhre phsyeoopiytei ,sm rc a fl cdaglhos paesrtsi rsa edhvmamea r oigfsntneosutel doygeyasr Preface from a disinclination to repeat a job adequately done, but pardy also in order to allow a different 'voice' to appear in the quotations. I have, of course, carefully checked the accuncy of all translations not my own Abbreviations and have ventured 10 alter them when they were not sufficiently literal or accurate for my purposes. I have also made much use of Greek tenns in transliterated form. The result often appears barbar ous, but the reader must become familiar with the main terms of philo A. B D R:V IA T ION s of the works of individual ancient authors will be sophic discourse in this period if he is 10 follow [he course of its glvc.n m thhe suIrvey of their works at til·e .)...........o .,.m. nm. g 0 f th e ch a pter con- development. I have tried to limit footnotes to a minimum, and in that "md.l~g tern .. have adopted longer or shoner abbreviations of works spirit I have included references in the text. at lIIeren"t pomts in th e b0 0k accor~w, ng to the frequency with which I am most grateful to various friends for reading parts of this book the wor~ IS. bemg quoted, e.~. Plut~rch, Isis and Osiris,1s. er Os., De and making many useful criticisms: Frederic Amory, Peter Brown, Is.. or Is., Clccro, Tusculan DlSputatlOlls, Tuse. Disp. or TD. I ho e that Gerard Caspary, Albrecht Dihle, A. A. Long, J. ~l Rist, R. T. Wallis, tins pro~edur~ averts more confusion than it creates. That ce~rainlY John Whittaker, David Winston. They are not, of course, responsible was my mtentlon. for its shortcomings. I wish 10 mank me University of California at I give here some abbreviations used throughout the work: Berkeley for the grant of a Humanities Research Fellowship in 1971/1, which enabled me to start on the book. Finally, my eternal gratitude Ady. M~al/'. or A.M Sextus Empiricus, Adversus Alat/'eman"eos CH to my wife for her enormoUS patience and expenise in typing the whole Corpu.$ Hermtlieum manuscript, much of it more than once, and for directing numerous DL Diog~nes Laertiu., Liyes oj the Philosophers acute criticisms at hom style and content. I dedicate the book to the Dox. Gr. H .. Dlels (ed.), Doxographi Graed memory of my father, who set me originally upon the path of scholar EN Anstotle, Ethica Nicomac/'UJ Afu. ship, and kept me on it both by exhort:ltion and by example until his Aristotle, j',ferapJ..ysica NA Aulus Gellius, Noeus Auicae death. Berkeley, 1975 PT H. Thesleff(ed.), The Pythagorean TV:lSofthe Heiltllisric Period RE PaulJy-Wissowa, Real-E1I{yklopiidie de, /class/ c!'ell Altertumswisullschafi SVF H. von Arnim (ed.), Stoii;orum Vtttrum Frag menta Tim. Plato, Timaeus CH .... PTER ONE The Old Academy and the Themes of Middle Platonism P LA TO, on his death in 347 B.C., left behind him a philosophical heri· tage that has nOt yet lost its vigour. This hook concerns one period of inteHectual history, approxim:ltely three hundred years (c. 80 B.C.-t"• •- 1..0. n o), during which the implications of that heritage were med· itated upon by thinkers of varied intellectual capaciry, and cenain con· elusions were hammered out which were not without significance for later generations. It was during this period, in fact, that much of what passed for Platonism in later ag~-until a determined effort was made at the beginning of (he nineteenth century in Germany to return to the actual writings of Plato, unvarnished by interpretation- was laid down. ~'hat I propose to do in tillS introductory chapter is, first, to survey brieRy the doctrines of the immediate successors of Plato, commonly known as the Old Academy (prefaced by a discussion of the contro versial subject of the 'unwritten doctrines' of Plato), since it is with these figures- in panicular Xenocra[es~that a good deal of Middle Platonic scholasticism has its rOO[5; and secondly, to outline the main philosophical problems which exercised the philosophers of the period under review. Since I propose in the main body of the book to pro ceed chronologically, giving each philosopher separate consideration, it will be as well at the outset to establish, according to subject matter, the main lines of philosophic activity with which we will be concerned. A. PLATO, THE UNWRITTEN DOCTRINES It is no part of the purpose of this book to pre;enl a survey of Plato's philosophy. A knowledge of what generally passes for Pilm's philo- sophy, the docrrines derivable from his dialogues, is presupposed in the reader. But in order 10 understand the directions taken by Plato's TAt Old Academy and tAt Tkmu of Middle PlatQlIum Plato: Tlr.t UlIwriLUlI Doctrines 3 1 immediate successors, it is necessary here to say a few words about and reasonable, and fits in well with the developments attributed to wsttoeoh artacsht ho aiasnrreege acrttheo alamecta tmstinhto geany.s l ymIa trk uein cstho r oywafisnnt e gtnao s t tothPh esela o dtlpoivar'eslo. o b'guleunmewssr ithtlteaeftnt h bdisyo cimtPrlmianteeods i',ai nts ein hsciusec coite rsais l SfgiepnnTee uehmrsaeipy lldpsyeeu tlasafg i arlteson ed oda fn Xu tcphoooeuosntecl,i r naadento edcso t.fr tih ntuheses samuriaetai nbn leefce etaosts uaar rewisl,yo rsdkiin socpefu ttthehede .ys c I oawrpeei l lpo rcfe otthntye rsFtkwAwoss(laoiesonernwgrlaniiTlrgoccinevsiiintiuewnh cdoceen. ae geurrse laot ssiI e rs nascu,,tnabbd a hs acdioaabgiel)n nsouicn u fe tScdafkhtail splaocon eo neiulthrnran carfdhdytalen eii . eei nebsP wdnAneTi sn,ocel tx ga apth orufaebso mtusoinfwtr oosuft lcmndea'ted rcishiithrcsiiynah th uteeh itdvea eoe nsoehelron aa,nlro af ,tAlc)aes ianw dv hn vNtnctdeoofh ih eaiddnbtcfftarerdeh gom ot ttettr e shrttoaholietmi , yenkhm ekleofli aeiy eas vrsnen,wt .t r h e oga,pdlmdu esryr T iub s i a t dsdttb)hhaulonih eion el estirwotiihg n gattct dsiiiu uheslartnneii e snettaatg gp ieaooelsdtbou eos ra ffrnyaoirondcg e sseA,t dhntou dhinhlhadu siale o e nrbe ntcas cePi gfi eomnNoe noalt edtdanhsnuoere q t et sapoofdutuft wnh rpi hi(arrPfeesseftllyrtets ahll ryOpioyas yeotte o(oitno b rmnynoimbtlrntnv eie g te kiiois ybha stoatb nnirsayhttroauasstsohs eels,s. felw tt io yrbho sTteliP n eoafe dovhfblet tm uOieiahaeuniaytr sssrress . ypsdoEbcbpdwToeeare~eouflheai crpemTmdta~tsitt~hhsac ea~ro-: i oimh cncixena f Wdnuuatab al elsot adsget o s,hi fotpgPena trl secOprineeoncMenmaalorSeim.ddsn pSsedr~a w al le,nLtObbil Sidita cenath.tCo elch~h aifwls.octu~ llS riel nhmsmfl~ee mic, (mtsrn eulas b abUo ucmpotgineu dSnrhsadfcppite.I v osPOnrlal:tieuic vmnhyinnffi cniodoeastepehcdh y .rlrd iV ki aTp~ mH vmcteigslhbthioed,aeaodo eyel.u a t ur ra,ua onclee uadetrried anhntlert nn a ieen isavd tinv itsnores ueioedart eatmdesrrlu mtli s)sb ohap,lm eea .esegnld .tat eo hdu rdrcl ARaaroc eodleme eths.vecid sf a vfeaaieeyauasrlstid sde s chts Ptettctiieetoorehoamhltmdaafim atneos citytaf sanon tRrto,ueywiPg socdfc,t ap lsh mpr haln rtooeiut hosbdc ovlhfetcege hyhe ,leo r t i lptetmhcesilhiotln o,n eshe ed sos sPvtaes ihhitifaIteog uvnrioe l B.spulel,os v1 aSehlbeihgelyetgsaioaibiaund lhtusouvo egteai.tnoslesac srs,,, IlsCrwasbsiettatimumsgeruwiha asoien becsctissiaBaA seeshjtctouihtnde h,m cnau, rn m c e orheiltoaqtadse,toya rit e s.lutfaaasi ia tgo ff rc esCrhTtny oooct yoohcsnoldeoorthtto necenhoahi u nmee eu oahryeftegvschrybsnn uirper-thomii.tlw stra dmhtroem ast.ihvh eeh W ioosnrssAtan emaieetuefh etdot c treli reik egpwifu m oevc ai,nnwos ras sneemhloeeot aoasoos ,eaawdrssa n blPugdrt etoueb bdeo sul a tmbdfshw t eurnaore uAeysektanmtes oahay r ,ne rtolrdla kA hatwis rot tnpht)sonelhche- r,wlt aoeovhf a iuieaoAys ysleywevlsnbttttisehi linrcieo o nvsdeweiitya wttsh.usrwe gg tlar hteehe,ehthiedIso ss ma e,e,at u r Pt d t tplKlnaeoefr?apaile iortsinamo lsbtnrf,hen ke r tTtiet osreweobbmgr i neaehw,nirr eu Pennhtr taegarhaavattlmsl a rrneh a neairteytaewtnda lanodrt dhby eoPn egn e riie o llsotcd'eael v eishha,aueks a, gn c iil tsd,s teiwsbrtlo fos nAiuy ee ityiaoc ncah tnnb actsrh rniiyfaeh tc soniaayPoe essl teeo tlc ica asltelll.vnuIataeowaa tcng ,di gatgrt mthodtiseoelolcigv hi yee faa ponirtuait,n nolsdonP ang,uea c ,s in gshls ntlobetgpeahi a oodn,duEin t oancanw esoee tat rectsco ssh'rl ipestryeeoa,uotahitv sot icblarnnfhee(tteealcsoliteegeysylernt,eo~r~y, , ~S(acp~eatI(boTImmArh'lshtr~Iyfmohh iemee.e An rTunoimaa . s.ec~eCuto Dnestuhd~aakA t- l.uigncle~set p~Fay anshudm sfantlanui ueg' csrddm)nUeaa .bhspr . - .o~a t etTb yenIsiop uha ~scgeml Pha6ris mitt tsnstmahr,st lwe haiis oy~elaU9n otsaiete D~s c~gt?fgboeII wsed 7imn(een etrydtpeahepyfh r as lpaiat~sltea eidn,les9esrOs os, Dt it d e~ St rsePfIfcPnehbs,Sl.eiy. Uo)n lyv x)eoewmay ~rnac,oti il odee hUreineicinsletgtl snnai eugs ahetstag t iophea rus th ratgoh oebfatd hsinr.w eni r fe loetIdpsdiep fh~ ad5ue ,rairarf8 esnhi xdngaotno m4a euicseshbcdnnstEd e.feea o a oin- esanlsrNbrTiytTsc~li n r ella dt 8mahdeehyfas r5uticie iesen eanuBnsraxnt dne,t i rttOleittmo efhi wyOneesdet w ne nlsycebrheinyo neseh atefi (te(ii n sice hvabbaascs utchrmeaehnlepilierese es seredeto h a tni in. t oct lrra ahcopto el toT shan.yeehsA nr s eru h tpc eT )mh oacrna oeindIilehsonoclcnsenoi li t revttpfdmdtmiP-osar ivi r e,e~t nsytioi ebhecfclnritdutiec bneeyotvhnfea e plld aa n\maiiuelso'sh trsneltg,se eoiyp1iei ie nosnmn v hafposDhbccreut saso cpeooieenu suy'psoa i tiw remnainhlabnonoestendgngeeesss r.,f on the basis of scattered criticisms from Labour spokesmen. Never I Thai this docrrine is Plalonic as well as Arislotelian Ius hem weU dUll on theless, by looking at his evidence with a properly critical eye, one can Hratr.;i by H. J. Kramer in his work Artri he; Pia/on. wui Aruumles ' Heidelberg deduce a body of doctrine which is, in its main lines at least, coherent 19S9, <'$p. ch. J.

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