The Middle East and the Western Alliance PDF
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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: POLITICS OF THE MIDDLE EAST Volume 13 THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE WESTERN ALLIANCE This page intentionally left blank THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE WESTERN ALLIANCE Edited by STEVEN L. SPIEGEL Firstpublishedin1982byGeorgeAllen&Unwin Thiseditionfirstpublishedin2016 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©1982StevenL.Spiegel Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilised inanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownor hereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformation storageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregistered trademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintentto infringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-138-83939-7(Set) ISBN:978-1-315-68049-1(Set)(ebk) ISBN:978-1-138-92318-8(Volume13)(hbk) ISBN:978-1-315-68520-5(Volume13)(ebk) Publisher’sNote Thepublisherhasgonetogreatlengthstoensurethequalityofthisreprintbut pointsoutthatsomeimperfectionsintheoriginalcopiesmaybeapparent. Disclaimer Thepublisherhasmadeeveryefforttotracecopyrightholdersandwouldwelcome correspondencefromthosetheyhavebeenunabletotrace. The Middle East and the Western Alliance Edited by Steven L. Spiegel London GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN Boston Sydney © Center for International and Strategic Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles, 1982. This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd, 40 Museum Street, London WC1A 1LU, UK George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd. Park Lane, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 4TE, UK Allen & Unwin, Inc., 9 Winchester Terrace, Winchester, Mass. 01890, USA George Allen & Unwin Australia Pty Ltd, 8 Napier Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060. Australia First published in 1982 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The Middle East and the Western Alliance. 1. Near East — Foreign relations 2. World politics — 1975-1985 I. Spiegel, Steven L. 327.560171 '3 DS63 ISBN 0-04-327067-0 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Middle East and the Western Alliance Includes index. 1. Near East — Politics and Government — 1945— I. Spiegel, Steven L. II. Title. DS63.1.M4854 956'.04 82-6752 ISBN 0-04-327067-0 AACR2 Set in 10 on II point Times by Grove Graphics Tring and printed in Great Britain by Mackays of Chatham Contents Introduction by Steven L. Spiegel page 1 PART ONE POLICIES WITHIN THE ALLIANCE TOWARD THE MIDDLE EAST 1 The Western Alliance in the Middle East: Problems for US Foreign Policy by William B. Quandt 9 2 Europe and the Middle East by Dominique Moisi 18 3 Japan and the Middle East by Masahiro Sasagawa 33 PART TWO ALLIANCE STRATEGIES, COOPERATION AND CONFLICT 4 Alice in Wonderland: The North Atlantic Alliance and the Arab-lsraeli Dispute by Janice Gross Stein 49 5 Euro-American Energy Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1970-80: The Pervasive Crisis by Joan Garratt 82 6 Energy and the Western Alliance by Robert J. Lieber 104 PART THREE THE SUPERPOWER CONNECTION 7 American Leadership, the Western Alliance and the Old Regime in the Persian Gulf by James R. Kurth 117 8 New Directions for Soviet Middle East Policy in the 1980s: Implications for the Atlantic Alliance by Francis Fukuyama 129 PART FOUR THE ARAB WORLD AND THE WESTERN ALLIANCE 9 Geopolitical Illusions by Fouad Ajami 147 10 Egypt and the Western Alliance: The Politics of Westo- mania 1 by Ibrahim Karawan 163 11 Palestinians and the Western Alliance: A Palestinian Perspective by Tawfic E. Farah 182 PART FIVE THE MAJOR NON-ARAB MIDDLE EAST STATES AND THE WESTERN ALLIANCE 12 Israel and the Western Alliance by Itamar Rabinovitch 197 13 Iran and the Middle East by Richard W. Cottam 207 14 Turkey in Crisis: Implications for the Atlantic Alliance by Ciro Elliott Zoppo 226 Index 249 This page intentionally left blank Introduction STEVEN L. SPIEGEL The post-World War II Western Alliance has long been heralded by statesmen and scholars alike as a model of diplomacy and international collaboration. As a consequence the alliance has been judged by a standard of cooperation which it has only rarely achieved. In a coalition of demo cracies - united by common values but a receding sense of external danger and a series of competing domestic interests - controversies were to be anticipated. Indeed, the alliance has never attained the degree of coopera tion to which it has often been credited. It was one thing to withstand the perceived threat of a Soviet military thrust into the West German heart land, but it has been more complex to apply principles of cooperation to matters of commerce and to issues affecting regions outside Europe. Here a singular fallacy has operated. Because the alliance has had major accomplishments in the defense of Europe, many observers have assumed that it has acted elsewhere with similar success. Therefore, the strains which have occurred vis-a-vis the Middle East and energy policy since October 1973 have been perceived in some quarters as an indication that the alliance was disintegrating. Yet the conclusion is deceptive. While coalition tensions have indeed existed since 1973, many observers easily ignore that the fact of strain itself is not novel. The conflict between the USA and Europe over issues relating to the colonial empires and their dismantlement were endemic to the postwar period. The American attitude at the time is reflected in a patronizing anti-imperialism, resulting in policy disputes over the future of such areas as Indochina, South Asia and Africa. The Middle East was typical of this approach toward the European imperial tradition. For example, Secretary of State Dulles returned from a fact-finding trip to the area in the spring of 1953 and reported to the president that he believed that the British, French and Israelis were ‘millstones around our neck’. According to the official minutes of a meet ing during the Suez crisis, ‘Secretary Dulles commented that he had been greatly worried for two or three years over our identification with countries pursuing colonial policies not compatible with our own’. The Middle East, however, was an area of alliance acrimony dating back even to the period before World War II, when the USA sought to displace the supremacy of British oil companies in the area - a process which continued after the war. Meanwhile, in the immediate postwar period the USA eased the French out of Syria and Lebanon and engaged in a tense series of controversies with Britain over the future of Palestine and, later, over the future of the British role in the Suez Canal area. The most distinctive and dramatic alliance crisis since 1945 actually occurred long before 1973 - over the Egyptian nationalization of the Suez Canal
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