The Middle East and the United States: History, Politics, and Ideologies

479 Pages·2018·5.19 MB·English

by  David W. Lesch

The
Middle East

and the
United States
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
SIXTH EDITION

The
M i d d l e E a s t
and the

U n i t e d S tat e s
History, Politics, and Ideologies
Edited by
David W. Lesch
Trinity University
Mark L. Haas
Duquesne University
RO Routledge
UTLEDG Taylor & Francis Group
E
NEW YORK AND LONDON
First published 2012 by Westview Press
Published 2018 by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright © 2018 Taylor & Francis

Sixth Edition: 2018
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Lesch, David W., editor. | Haas, Mark L., editor.
Title: The Middle East and the United States : history, politics, and ideologies / edited by
David W. Lesch, Mark L. Haas.
Description: Sixth edition. | New York, NY : Westview Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical
references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2017035692 (print) | ISBN 9780813350585 | ISBN 9780813350585q (pbk) |
Subjects: LCSH: Middle East—Foreign relations—United States. | United States—Foreign
relations—Middle East.
Classification: LCC DS63.2.U5 M43 2018 (print)
DDC 327.56073—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017035692
ISBN: 978-1-138-60466-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-8133-5058-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-48904-4 (ebk)
To our children,

Katie, Abby, and Will (MLH)
and Michael (DWL).

May they know a world at peace.
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
CONTENTS
Preface to the Sixth Edition ix
Note on the Text xi
Map of North Africa and the Middle East xii
Introduction: How American Middle East Policy Is Made,
William B. Quandt 1
part i
The US Enters the Middle East
15
1 Americans and the Muslim World: First Encounters,
Robert J. Allison 19
2 The Ironic Legacy of the King-Crane Commission, James Gelvin 30
3 US Foreign Policy Toward Iran During the Mussadiq Era,
Mark Gasiorowski 47
Sir Sam Falle, “A Contemporary Diplomat’s View” 58
4 National Security Concerns in US Policy Toward Egypt, 1949–1956,
Peter Hahn 64
part ii
Cold War Rivalries
75
5 The 1957 American-Syrian Crisis:
Globalist Policy in a Regional Reality, David W. Lesch 77
6 The United States and Nasserist Pan-Arabism, Malik Mufti 93
7 The Soviet Perception of the US Threat, Georgiy Mirsky 110
8 The Superpowers and the Cold War in the Middle East,
Rashid Khalidi 119
vii
viii
part iii
Arab-Israeli War and Peace
137
9 The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: US Actions and Arab Perceptions,
Fawaz A. Gerges 139
10 The Golan Negotiations: US-Syrian Relations and
the Failure to Achieve a Comprehensive Peace, Andrew Bowen 158
11 From Madrid and Oslo to Camp David: The United States
and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1991–2001, Jeremy Pressman 185
12 George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and the Arab-Israeli
Conflict, Robert O. Freedman 203
part iv
The Persian Gulf in US Policy
233
13 The United States in the Persian Gulf: From Twin Pillars
to Dual Containment, Gary Sick 237
14 The Iraq War of 2003: Why Did the United States Decide
to Invade?, Steve A. Yetiv 253
15 What Went Wrong in Iraq?, Ali R. Abootalebi 274
16 The United States and Saudi Arabia, Thomas W. Lippman 289
part v
US-Middle Eastern Relations After /
309
17 Islamist Perceptions of US Policy in the Middle East,
Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad 313
18 Ideology and America’s Nuclear Crisis with Iran, Mark L. Haas 336
19 The United States’ Post-9/11 Fight Against al-Qa’ida and
the Islamic State: A Losing Effort in Search of a Change,
Daveed Gartenstein-Ross 365
20 The Push and Pull of Strategic Cooperation: The US
Relationship with Turkey in the Middle East, Henri J. Barkey 385
21 The Arab Uprisings from the US Perspective, Mark L. Haas 405
Epilogue: The Early Days of the Trump Administration’s
Middle East Policy, David W. Lesch and Mark L. Haas 434
About the Editors and the Contributors 437
Index 441
Preface to
the Sixth Edition
As typically occurs between editions of this volume, a lot has happened in the past
several years in the Middle East—and for this edition, in the United States as well—
that has significantly affected the US–Middle East dynamic and thus warrants the
publication of a new edition with new and revised chapters. The last edition, the fifth,
was published in 2012, but because of the events occurring in the region associated
with the Arab uprisings in late 2010 and into 2011, an updated version was published
in 2014. With the lead time necessary for the publication process, the contributors to
the 2014 edition could only comment on and analyze events that occurred through
the first months of 2013.
A slew of important events have occurred since then, such as the increasing inten-
sity of the Syrian civil war, the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, the Iran
nuclear deal, dramatic political shifts in countries such as Egypt, Turkey, and Saudi
Arabia, and the last years of President Barack Obama’s second term in office and the
first inklings of the policies of President Donald Trump, who stunningly won the
2016 US presidential election. In addition, the distance in time from the seminal
events of the early 2000s, 9/11 and its aftermath (including the US-led invasions of
Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003), and the initial repercussions of the Arab up-
risings has afforded contributors more perspective and historical context.
We have substantially updated and revised this edition to account for more recent
events and changes in perspective, including reorganizing and, in some cases, renam-
ing the sections of the book. For the first time, we have included brief introductions
to each section in order to improve the flow of the chapters and provide some the-
matic historical context. Unfortunately, because of constraints regarding page count
and the related endeavor of making this book as affordable as possible, we were com-
pelled to remove some excellent chapters. In particular, as we are further removed
from the post–World War II superpower Cold War, and as events in US-Middle East
history have accumulated in its aftermath, we decided to pare down the number of
chapters focusing on the Cold War from what appeared in previous editions; how-
ever, we strongly encourage those who are interested in this and other subjects to read
the relevant chapters in previous editions.
ix