The Microwave Engineering Handbook: Microwave systems and applications

565 Pages·1993·9.681 MB·English

by  Philippe Magne, Jean Iltis, Claude Brémenson (auth.), Bradford L. Smith, Michel-Henri Carpentier (eds.)

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THE MICROWAVE
EIGIIEERIIG
HAIDBOOK
VOLUME 3
Microwave Technology Series
The Microwave Technology Series publishes authoritative works for profes
sional engineers, researchers and advanced students across the entire range of
microwave devices, sub-systems, systems and applications. The series aims to
meet the reader's needs for relevant information useful in practical applica
tions .. Engineer.s involved in microwave devices and circuits, antennas, broad
casting communications, radar, infra-red and avionics will find the series an
invaluable source of design and reference information.
Series editors:
Michel-Henri Carpentier
Professor in 'Grandes Ecoles', France,
Fellow of the IEEE, and President of the French SEE
Bradford L. Smith
International Patents Consultant and Engineer
with the Alcatel group in Paris, France,
and a Senior Member of the IEEE and French SEE
Titles available
1. The Microwave Engineering Handbook Volume 1
Microwave components
Edited by Bradford L. Smith and Michel-Henri Carpentier
2. The Microwave Engineering Handbook Volume 2
Microwave circuits, antennas and propagation
Edited by Bradford L. Smith and Michel-Henri Carpentier
3. The Microwave Engineering Handbook Volume 3
Microwave systems and applications
Edited by Bradford L. Smith and Michel-Henri Carpentier
4. Solid-state Microwave Generation
J. Anastassiades, D. Kaminsky, E. Perea and A. Poezevara
5. Infrared Thermography
C. Gaussorgues
Translated by D. Hăusermann and S. Chomet
THE MICROWAVE
EIGIIEERIIG
HAIDaOOI
VOLUME 3
.................... ,. .. ..•......... ...,
Microwave systems and
applications
Edited by
Bradford L. Smith
International Patents Consultant and Engineer
with the Alcatel group in Paris, France, and
Senior Member of the IEEE' arid the French SEE
and
Michel-Henri Carpentier
Professor in the 'Grandes Ecoles', France,
Fellow of the IEEE and President of the French SEE
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edition 1993
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1993
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1993
Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Press (India) Ltd, New Delhi
ISBN 978-1-4613-6067-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-2506-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2506-6
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study,
or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs
and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission
in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction
only in accordance with the terms of the Iicences issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences
issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside
the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated
here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on
this page.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard
to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot
accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions
that may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data available
Contents
Contributors xi
t Point-to-point transmission, terrestrial line-of-sight links,
terrestrial troposcatter links 1
Philippe Magne, Jean litis, Claude Bremenson, Philippe Legendre
1.1 General 1
1.2 Principles of radio relays 2
1.2.1 Repeater functions 2
1.2.2 Carrier frequency utilization 4
1.2.3 Different types of repeaters 6
1.2.4 Different types of terminals 7
1.2.5 Special features of antennas for radio relay links 7
1.2.6 Feeders 10
1.3 Analogue microwave links 10
1.3.1 General 10
1.3.2 Characteristics of the signals transmitted 11
1.3.3 Analogue modulation 12
1.3.4 Technological aspects 16
1.3.5 Operating aid facilities 26
1.3.6 Frequency modulation distortions 27
1.3.7 Performances of analogue microwave links 28
1.3.8 Quality improvement 40
1.3.9 Transmission quality 45
1.4 Digital microwave links 49
1.4.1 Characteristics of the signals transmitted 49
1.4.2 Digital modulation 61
1.4.3 Technological aspects 75
1.4.4 Other specific features of digital microwave links 80
1.4.5 Performances of digital microwave links 85
1.4.6 Techniques used for improving quality 98
1.4.7 Predicting outages due to propagation 106
VI Contents
1.5 Specific nature of over-the-horizon microwave links 109
1.5.1 Properties of the propagation medium 109
1.5.2 Equipment characteristics 112
1.5.3 Transmission quality 122
References 122
2 Satellite links 125
Jean Salomon
2.1 General 125
2.1.1 Introduction 125
2.1.2 Communication satellite systems 125
2.1.3 Utilization of the radio frequency spectrum 126
2.1.4 Specific characteristics 127
2.1.5 Main applications and techniques 132
2.1.6 Historical overview 133
2.1.7 Existing satellite systems 135
2.2 Basic principles 137
2.2.1 The basic satellite communication link 137
2.2.2 Definitions and formulae 139
2.2.3 Other topics 146
2.2.4 The link budget 151
2.2.5 Link quality 158
2.3 Communication satellite technology 167
2.3.1 Communication satellite construction 167
2.3.2 Communication satellite payload 172
2.4 Earth stations 191
2.4.1 General 191
2.4.2 The antenna system 198
2.4.3 The low noise amplifier (LNA) 212
2.4.4 Measurements of noise temperatures and antenna G/T 215
2.4.5 The high power amplifier (HPA) 217
2.4.6 The up- and down-converters (U/C, D/C) 222
2.5 Conclusions and prospects 224
References 227
3 Low and medium power translators and transmitters 229
Claude Cluniat
3.1 Optimization of the input design of a television translator 229
3.1.1 Brief review: what are the design possibilities? 229
3.1.2 Optimization of antinomic couple noise factor/input
stage linearity 231
3.2 Development of television transmitter modulation stages 240
3.2.1 Vision and sound IF modulation 240
3.2.2 IF vision corrector 242
Contents Vll
3.2.3 Non-linearity correction of the vision channel 243
3.2.4 Output wideband converter 246
3.3 Optimization of the output design of a television transmitter or
translator and enhancing the level of transistorization 246
3.3.1 Analysis of the distortions generated in a power
amplifier 246
3.3.2 Non-linearity correctors 249
3.3.3 Amplifier assemblies 251
3.3.4 Improvement of reliability 252
3.3.5 Overall characteristics of transmitters 253
3.4 Conclusion 253
Appendix 3.A The frequency spectrum and broadcasting channels 257
4 Radar systems 267
Michel-Henri Carpentier
4.1 The history of radar 267
4.1.1 Before 1935 267
4.1.2 Since 1935; the pulse radar 268
4.1.3 The angular measurement 269
4.1.4 Pulse compression and coded radars 270
4.1.5 Doppler filtering 271
4.1.6 Electronic scanning 272
4.2 General description of radar systems 273
4.2.1 Basic principles derived from the theory of
radar systems 273
4.2.2 About the parasitic noise 280
4.2.3 Radar block diagram 282
4.2.4 About antennas 286
4.2.5 About transmitters 287
4.2.6 About receivers 287
4.2.7 Choice of wavelengths- basic examples of radar
parameters 292
4.2.8 Radar cross-section- target fluctuation- stealth
targets 294
4.2.9 Problems: analysis of a multifunction radar 296
4.2.10 Pulse compression 304
4.2.11 About digital processing 313
4.2.12 Action against clutter 315
4.2.13 Pulse-Doppler radars 315
4.3 Main applications of radar systems 323
4.3.1 Surveillance radars 323
4.3.2 Fire control radar systems 325
4.3.3 Radar systems on board aircraft 325
4.3.4 Instrumentation radars 326
Vlll Contents
4.3.5 Other applications 326
4.4 Expected evolution of radar systems 326
4.4.1 Multifunction and multimode in radar systems 326
4.4.2 Present and future implementation of ancient ideas-
active antennas 327
4.4.3 High resolution in distance 329
4.4.4 New wavelengths 330
References 330
5 Electronic confrontation 331
Fran~ois Naville
5.1 Introduction 331
5.2 Electronic support measures (ESM) 333
5.2.1 General 333
5.2.2 Reception techniques 334
5.2.3 Direction-finding techniques 338
5.2.4 Location measurements 341
5.2.5 Evolution of the systems 342
5.3 Electronic countermeasures (ECM) 342
5.3.1 Introduction 342
5.3.2 Main operational uses of jammers 342
5.3.3 Jamming techniques 343
5.3.4 Main effects of jammers 346
5.3.5 Evolution of jamming facilities 347
5.4 ECCM applied to radio frequency links 350
5.4.1 General 350
5.4.2 Jamming protection techniques 350
5.4.3 Signal interception protection techniques 354
5.4.4 Conclusion 355
5.5 ECCM applied to radars 355
5.5.1 General 355
5.5.2 Radar range in the presence of jamming 356
5.5.3 General principles used against jamming 357
5.5.4 Main ECCM techniques 357
5.6 System design methodology 371
5.6.1 New tools to be incorporated into operational systems 371
5.6.2 Strategic intelligence: an in-depth analysis 371
5.6.3 Tactical intelligence: quick analysis of situations
and priorities 372
5.6.4 Self-protection of weapon systems: a highly complex
function 372
5.6.5 Air strike: active support at several levels 373
5.6.6 Counter-mobility: neutralization by jamming 373
5.6.7 Radioelectric superiority: preventing the use of the
spectrum by the enemy 374
Contents IX
5.6.8 Elimination of the enemy anti-aircraft defence:
extensive use of ESM and ECM 374
6 Infrared 377
Jean Dansac, Yves Cojan and Jean Louis Meyzonnette
6.1 Introduction 377
6.1.1 General definition 377
6.1.2 Spectral bands 378
6.1.3 Infrared system classification 380
6.2 Short historical background 382
6.3 Theory notes 386
6.3.1 Optical quantities and relationships 386
6.3.2 Photometry and radiometry 392
6.3.3 Atmosphere 395
6.3.4 Sources 395
6.3.5 Optical materials 408
6.3.6 Detectors 408
6.4 Infrared techniques 415
6.4.1 Instrument design considerations for passive
IR detection 415
6.4.2 Performances of passive infrared optronic systems 422
6.4.3 Laser detection techniques 428
6.4.4 IR laser system performance 433
6.5 Military applications of infrared 444
6.5.1 Military applications of passive infrared 445
6.5.2 Military applications of active infrared systems 453
6.5.3 Military applications of semi-active infrared 462
6.5.4 Military applications of point-to-point links 465
6.6 Developments and trends in the infrared field 466
6.6.1 Optical windows and IR domes 466
6.6.2 Stabilization and scanning 466
6.6.3 Optical systems 467
6.6.4 Detectors 467
6.6.5 Cooling devices 468
6.6.6 Laser emitters 468
6.6.7 Processing devices 468
6.6.8 Display 469
7 Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications
of microwaves present and prospective 471
Bernard Epsztein, Yves Leroy, J. Vindevoghel and Eugene Constant
7.1 Introduction 471
7.2 High power applications 474
7.2.1 Microwave heating 475
7.2.2 High energy scientific applications 481