The Microscope and the Practical Principles of Observation PDF
Preview The Microscope and the Practical Principles of Observation
IMPERIAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NEW DELHI. 15 '-I ~:5 THE ¥ICRQSCOPE THE MICROSCOPE AND THE PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES OF OBSERVATION by THEODORE STEPHANIDES M.D. 25154 IARI FABER AND FABER LTD 24 Russell Square London First published in M cmxlvii by Faber and Faber Limited 24 Russell Square London W.c.J Printed in Great Britain by Latimer Trend & Co Ltd Plymouth All rights reserved CONTENTS FOREWORD page 7 PART ONE: DESCRIPTION OF THE MICROSCOPE 1. THE STAND 11 2. THE OPTICAL SYSTEM 25 The Objective 25 The Eyepiece 38 The Condenser 41 3. CHOICE OF A MICROSCOPE 48 Tests for the Microscope 53 PART TWO: TECHNIQUE OF MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATION 4. ILLUMINATION BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT 67 Axial Illumination 68 Oblique Illumination 99 5. ILLUMINATION BY DIFFRACTED LIGHT OR DARK- GROUND ILLUMINATION 106 , Illumination by Reflected Light 124 Errors in Microscopy and their Causes 128 5 CONTENTS 6. BINOCULAR MICROSCOPES page 133 7. METHODS FOR RECORDING OBSERVATIONS 137 Methods for Determining the Dimensions of an Object 137 Methods for Determining the Shape of an Object 140 Methods for Determining the Position of an Object 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY 153 ApPENDIX: DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN MICROSCOPY 154 INDEX 158 6 FOREWORD Since its invention, the microscope has made itself indispen~ sable in an ever growing number of fields of research until, at the present time, there is scarcely a science or an industry that does not depend on it to a greater or lesser degree for its ad~ vancement. Working with the microscope is not however as simple as is often thought, and to get the most out of this instrument a care~ ful technique must be followed. Should this be neglected, there is the risk not only of missing many essential details, but graver still-of being misled by false appearances and optical illusions. Most books on microscopy, which describe the preparation and staining of animal and plant tissues and other objects for microscopical study, give little or no instruction as to their ex amination when actually upon the microscope stage. The present volume attempts to meet this want, and presents a methodical survey of the technique of microscopical observa tion. It was primarily written from the medical angle, but the fundamental principles remain the same for all the other branches of microscopy as a whole. The author lays no claim to new methods, but, by collecting the procedures and techniques found in a great number of different works, by unifying them and incorporating certain de tails suggested by his own experience, he hopes to have compiled a handbook that will smooth the path of the beginner and per haps also be of some value to the more advanced worker with the microscope. Grateful appreciation is tendered to Dr. and Mrs. C. N. Partington for their valuable suggestions in connection with this book, and thanks are due to the Optical Firms, Messrs. W. Watson and Messrs R. & J. Beck, who kindly supplied the blocks for Figs. 1, 2 and 18. 7 PART ONE DESCRIPTION OF THE MICROSCOPE
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