THE MEXICAN GENERA OF THE APOCYNACEAE (SENSU A. DC.), WITH KEY AND ADDITIONAL TAXONOMIC NOTES

17 Pages·1996·8.6 MB·English

by  Justin Kirk Williams

THE MEXICAN GENERA OF THE
WITH KEY
APOCYNACEAE
(SENSU DC),
A.
AND
TAXONOMIC
NOTES
ADDITIONAL
KIRK WILLIAMS
JUSTIN
Department Botany
of
University Texas
of
TX
78713, U.S.A.
Austin,
A
key the apocynaceous genera of Mexico presented. The study
to is is
rty genera (twenty-fi've native, four Old World cultivars, and one Soutl
Old Worl
and approximately ninety species (eighty-five native, four
ar)
South American cultivar). Bibliographical references for the native gent
e
de Mexico. El estudio esta bas
laceae
La
de herbario. familia esta represeni
Key Words: Mexico
Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Flora,
on apocynaceous genera
In the course of revisionary studies various
it
my
came numerous specimens
to attention that the identification of as to
The
major was following key has
genus, in several herbaria, erroneous.
been constructed to serve as a supplementary aid to the identification of the
and been
apocynaceous genera of Mexico. Considerable detail repetition has
included in the key to insure the utmost accuracy. have avoided the use of
I
when-
minute and phyllotaxy)
(ex. calycine colleters) variable characters (ex.
ever possible, however, as there considerable convergence within the family,
is
times their use was necessary. The characters used within the key do not
at
necessarily represent the entire genus, but merely represent for those
it
growing within Mexico. should be emphasized that the key
species It also
no way meant groupings; various was
in to reflect natural after efforts it
is
deemed more
arrange
effective to artificially.
it
m
The Apocynaceae genera Mexico an alphabetical
native are in list
names
following the generic Recognition of genera and their accepted
key.
within the and key has been adopted from Leeuwenberg Ge-
list (1994).
synonyms
neric within the list have been included only for those names
that have seen used in the current literature and various herbaria. The
I
number
Mexico
of species in (approximate or exact) for each genus given
is
The
in the list. species epithet is given within the key for all genera repre-
sented Mexico by one The most and
in species. recent pertinent revisionary
studies (dating from 1930), as well as publications of newly described spe-
cies (the state of the type locality provided), have also been provided for
is
New
World
all of the genera. have not included references for any of the
I
Old World,
non-native, cultivated genera: Carissa, Catharanthus, Nerium,
and Vinca. All cultivated genera are represented in Mexico by one species
A
(given in key). of general works on the Apocynaceae of Mexico and
list
related areas (References), a tentative of the distribution of native
list all
Mexico
genera in by state (Table and a of morphological novelties
list
1),
(Table 2) have also been provided. Illustrations have been included for only
most
those characters that readily represent the particular taxon ques-
in
tion and that distinguish from morphologically similar genera.
it
should be noted that with the recent advent of cladistic analy-
Lastly,
it
become Apocynaceae circum-
has evident that the as traditionally
sis it
scribed paraphyletic. Judd et (1994) have recently suggested the in-
al.
is
clusion of the Asclepiadaceae within the Apocynaceae. Although this view
becoming more widely accepted (Struwe 1994) treat the
et
al. I
is
DC,
Apocynaceae (sensu A. de Candolle 1844) here in traditional sense
its
from
distinct the Asclepiadaceae).
(i.e.,
The following key based on observations, and her-
literature, field
is
MEXU, MO,
barium studies from the following institutions: BRIT, LL,
F,
TEX,
and US.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF MEXICAN APOCYNACEAE
Anthers free from pistil head, bases obtuse (prolonged into a fork in
1.
bud
Allamanda, Tabernaemontana, and Stemmadenia); aestivation of corolla to
DC);
the (right in Haplophyton cimicidium A. plant an herb, shrub, or
left
whorled;
tree, rarely scandent {Allamanda); leaves alternate, opposite, or
winged,
fruit a dry or fleshy follicle, berry or drupe; seeds entire, or ciliate
comose
{Haplophyton) 2
Leaves with colleters on the adaxial apex of petiole: Forstewnia, MandevtUa,
Mesechttes, Telosiphom.
Leaves with glands along the adaxial midrib: MandevtUa hirsuta (Rich.) K. Schum., M.
subsagttta.
Calyx colored: Prestoma portobelknsis (Beurl.) Woodson (purple), Tmtinnabularia (burgur
Anth
ers with distinct filamento,us apical appendages: Cameraria, Nerium, P limn,
•enta
Anth
er exserted: Fontenma, Laubertu Pr.ton,a, Tabernaemontana a^ny.daHfoHa }.c<,. (on lysl ightly
r,
in r. alb. Mill.). Thenardia
Fruit: species oi MandevtUa, Thenardia
red: CaHssa, Rauvolfia, Thevetia
s
Se^ds winged: Allamanda,
Aspidosperma, Plumeria
.
Seeds with both basal and apical ma: Haphphyton
coi
1
Seeds with margins:
ciliate A/.r..,.
:
wuh
2 1) Plants spmes in ch< axils of the leaves, Iru.r an indehiscent
( t
browinsh-rccl berry, seeds emioedded in a pulp, occasionally naturalized
species Car.ssamacrocarpa(Ecklon .DC.
wjchoLK
Plants spines, fuut a follicle, berry or drupe, native or cultivar
M2) Anthers with discmcrai Mcal filamentous appendages, inflorescence
l-M-8)
flowers, flower white, fruits resembling single seeded
(,( s
Cdmeranala UaL
Anthers without
3. distinct af)ical filamentous appendages, inflorescence
1-80
of flowers, flowers bl ue, pink, red, yellow, or white, fruits not
4 (3). Flowers with two distinct riectaries adjacent to ovary, plant hei-
baceous; occasionally nat urali/ed species '
5
5 (4). Plane prostrate; flo^vers solitary in leaf aMls iunneliorm blue,
corolla tube not apica lly constricted, filaments bent and longer
ncompletely
nett shorter than
fertile, iiits
tZy"^"^^'.^"^'!
Vinra
orL.
r
2-4
5. Plant erect; flowers in axillary cymes, salverform, red, white,
or pink; corolla tube apically constricted; filaments straight and
shorter than anthers; a nthers completely fertile; nectaries as long
as or longer than ovar. Catharanthus roseus
(L.;
f
Flowers with
4. a solitary
a
!""'..
'.'..'''.^..^.'!"..'..^.
herb, tree or shrub; nativ e or cultivated
'I
Williams, Mexican genera of Apocynaceae
6 Suffrutescent herb; flowers
(4). y.
Womck;7eldrwkh'bodi
basil
6.He*'rb!';:e1;o°rThrub;"flo„"ersb.„i, h, white, or yellow; inflorescence
glabrous or pubescent then
tves ,f
circular follicle, berry, or drupe;
m
wh
rec or shrub from 1-35 tall: flowers ite, yello w, or red,
,
man> winged
uit a linear or c ircular follicle with seeds, or
r
'
throughout
itributed
m
Tree from '-35 calyx of 4 sepals. outer 2 fused and
(8). 1
;
m
inner two Mull. Ar or regular
free alocarbi g.), fi^'C
eanum Benth with
sepals (A. sprue fruit a cir(rular foil iclc,
)
;
many winged Asp.
s
m
Shrubs from 1--6 tal calyx of 5 free St^pals;'ffu It a broad
1,
.
berry drupe 10
follicle, c
,r
m,
3 Flowers to long, -p.cally less. salverfor white,
(9). t^
one-seeded whi drupe Vallesia
fruit a tc flesh
y
mucl cm,
Flowers longc than fun.nelform or salver-
D. 1 r 5
1
form, white,:,cllow, or red. fruit a mair^-seeded folhcleor
ll(10).Flow<
rs salve ,ryellowi:.h, corolla
t2.
ill,caly> utcolieters. fruit a th;ick, stout,
Plumcna
dry foUicI seeds
c,
::z
Flowers
11.
f
calyx with collctcrs, fruit a triangulate fleshy drupe,
Leaves opposite or whorled 12
.
longed with 13
into a fork, seeds arils
mm
showy tube (8-)15-30 long, funnelform, cream-colored
10-50 7-16
13. Inflorescence of flowers; corolla small, tube
mm
long, salverform, white; anthers exserted or inserted;
Taben
sepals mostly thick and clasping the corolla base.
whorled without
12. Leaves (occasionally opposite); calyx coUeters;
anther bases obruse or prolonged into a fork {Allamanda); seeds
(Mull. Arg.) Hems'l.); leaves opposite (wliorled in Nenum), never alternate;
dry comose
fruit a follicle, seeds apically \6
long, campanulate-tubular; corolla with internal scales at base of tube;
Apocynum
Mexico
pollen in tetrads; northern
16. Shrubs or lianas, occasionally suffruticose herbs {Telosiphonia); flowers
mm mm
typically large and showy, 10-70 long (3-9 in Echites subg.
Mexico
out
17
17 head pentagonal with 2-4
(16). Pistil (Fig. lb); leaves colleters at
apex of petiole above, bases cordate (Fig. 2) or rounded; '^Mamlevillcj"
18(17). Anthers with pubescent apical filamentous appendages;
fila-
ments long and pronounced; with domatia
leaves in axils of veins
Tindnabularia mortonii Woodson
18. Anthers without apical appendages; filaments reduced, anthers
without domatia
essentially sessile; leaves in axils of veins be
low; calyx small and green
19
compound,
19 (18). Inflorescence branched (Fig. 3b); leaf base
rounded Mesechites
Arg.
trifida (Jacq.) Miill.
19. Inflorescence simple and unbranched (Fig. 3a), or reduced to
a solitary flower {Telostphoma); leaf base cordate (Fig. 2) or
herbs; ives Witt (subg.
let
.
;subg.Ma ndev
ilia)
rface; mfl,
Mandev
;)rwlhite
i,ng;leav.?swii:hou glands
t
escei
whi Telosipho
sspertine,
mm
4-5
1(17). Anthers with apical filamentous appendages long;
petaloid appendages within; leaves whorled (occasionally
opposite); seed covered by short hairs, margins pubescent;
Nerium
oleander L
cultivated
coma
loid appendages; leaves opposite; seed glabrous, ros-
&
Hansen Wunderlii
(Muell. Arg.)
mm mm
5-20 2-10 wide
23 Sepals ovate, long, (Fig. 4b,c,d)
(21).
2'
24 Plants yellowish-villous or glabrous; corolla sal-
(23).
mouth
verform; anthers exserted or included; corolla
with a thickened annulus; petioles subtended by pecti-
Plants glabrous; corolla funnelform; anthers included;
.
mouth
corolla not thickened; petioles without pectinate
glands
2
1-4
25 (24). Inflorescence of flowers; sepals not imbri-
cate (Fig. 4c); calycine coUeters absent; anther body
Rhabdadenia
glabrous, the tip pubescent biflor
Mull. Ar^
(Jacq.)
mm
triangular, 0.5-5.0 long,
A'ly
cican genera of Apocynaceae
mm
7-65
26. Corolla Ion
with a thickened annu lus; sepals without collctcrs,
ovary densely put Lauberti
>erscc
&
Woodson
;Mart. Gal.
)
Anthers included ;corc tube raighi or twisted,
)lla St
c
.
mouth
not thic kened; sepals with a solitary
I
episepalous collet er;oA/ary glabrous.... 29
29 Corolla funne.Iform (Fig
(28).
long, tube light corolla lo besvi llous Fernaldia
str;
;
mm
29. Corolla salver long
,5
mm
(subg. or 7-9 long ;ubg. Fseud-
Echttes]
(s
;
)
d
echitei), tube 5trai^t;ht (twiste in E. umhellata
:
AllamandaL., Mant. 2\^
Represented by one
species
i
M.E. The
Fallen, 1985. gyn.
9:125-149. and maps]
Rev. Brasil Bot.
{illus.
fote: Allamanda native to South America and represented
is is
i
Mem.
on
Asclepiad. 64.
,
Type
Species: Echttes scholans L.
Represented by two Mexico.
species in
Gentry, A. 1983. Alstonia (Apocynaceae): another palaeotropical genus
16-207. [reduction oiTonduzia
t
Morales, 1995 Evaluacion del genero AJstoma (Apocynaceae en Centro
J.F.
78:192-194.
Phytolog.a
.msonia
Walt., Car. 98. 1788.
Fl.
Represented by Mexico.
four species in
A
hwestern species of mo«/^(Ap,
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69:336-350. and maps]
llus.
[i
Lpocynum
213. 1753.
L., Sp. PI.
Type Apocynum cannahinum
Species: L,
Represented by two Mexico.
species in
A
Woodson, Apocynaceae
R.E., 1930. Studies in the critical sti
Jr. I.
Apocynoideae (with special reference to the genus Apocynum). Ann. Mi;
&
Aspidosperma
C. Martius Zucc, Flora 7(1) (Beil.) 135. 1824 (non
Woodson,
Cufodontta Arch. Bot. 10:38. 1934.
Sist.
Represented by two Mexico.
species in
&
W. nom.
Marcondes-Ferreira, 1989. Aspidosperma C. Martius Zucc. cons. (Apocynaceat
Estudos Taxonomicos. Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
An
Woodson,
R.E., 1951. Studies in the Apocynaceae VIII. interim revision of
Jr. tl
CamerariaL.,Sp. PL
210. 1753.