The Mediterranean : environment and society PDF
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THE MEDI TERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY EDITED BY RUSSELL KINO, LINDSAY PROUDFOOT AND BERNARD SMITH THE MEDITERRANEAN This page intentionally left blank THE MEDITERRANEAN Environment and Society Edited by RUSSELL KING Professor of Geography, University of Sussex LINDSAY PROUDFOOT Reader in Historiwl Geo&mphy, Queen's University of Belfast and BERNARD SMITH Reader in Geomorphologit, Queen's University of Belfast O Routtedge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First edition published 1997 by Hodder Arnold Co-published in the USA by Oxford University Press Published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1997 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, but neither the authors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 13: 978-0-340-65280-0 (hbk) ISBN 13:978-0-340-65281-7 (pbk) Typeset by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby CONTENTS List of Contributors xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Chapter I Introduction: An Essay on Mediterraneanism Russell King I Aims and scope of the book 1 Definition of the Mediterranean 2 Mediterraneanism 6 Conclusion: unity and diversity in the modern Mediterranean 9 References 10 Chapter 2 Geological Evolution of the Mediterranean Basin Alastair Ruffell 12 Introduction 12 Neotectonics 14 Ophiolites 17 The Tethyan Ocean 19 Geological structure and topography 22 The Messinian Salinity Crisis 23 The economic geology of the Mediterranean 26 References 28 Chapter 3 Mediterranean Climate Allen Perry 30 Introduction 30 The seasonal cycle of climate 31 Climate and two major economic activities 33 Floods and droughts: the price of climatic variability 36 Local winds 36 Temperature and precipitation trends during the period of instrumental record 38 The pre-instrumental climate record 39 The future Mediterranean climate 39 Conclusions 42 References 42 vi CONTENTS Chapter 4 Earth Surface Processes in the Mediterranean Helen Rendell 45 Introduction 45 Desertification and land degradation 46 Mass movements 46 Processes on hillslopes 49 Channel processes 53 Aeolian processes 54 Conclusions 54 References 55 Chapter 5 The Graeco-Roman Mediterranean Lindsay Proudfoot 57 Greece, Hellenism and Rome: towards a geography of the Mediterranean, ca. 800bc- 395ad 58 The end of Empire 71 References 72 Chapter 6 The Mediterranean in the Medieval and Renaissance World Brian Graham 75 Context and themes 75 Ideology, conquest and social structure 77 Economy, trade and urbanisation in the medieval Mediterranean 83 Crisis and Renaissance 90 References 92 Chapter 7 The Ottoman Mediterranean and its Transformation, ca. 1800-1920 Lindsay Proudfoot 94 The Ottoman Mediterranean, ca. 1800 96 Trajectories of change, ca. 1800-1920 100 The end of Empire 106 References 106 Chapter 8 Politics and Society in the Mediterranean Basin Nurit Kliot 108 Introduction 108 The historical development of the Mediterranean 108 Mediterranean unity 110 Diversity and division in the Mediterranean region 113 Unresolved conflicts 116 Conclusions 123 References 124 Chapter 9 Mediterranean Economies: The Dynamics of Uneven Development Michael Dunford 126 Introduction 126 The historical roots of the contemporary economic scene 126 Geographies of development and underdevelopment 128 CONTENTS vii Differentials in human development 129 Trends in the geographical distribution of wealth 133 Agrarian change and the countryside in the non-European Mediterranean 133 Mediterranean and Middle Eastern oil 140 Oil and development 144 The modernisation of southern Europe 150 Conclusions 152 References 153 Chapter 10 The European Union’s Mediterranean Policy: From Pragmatism to Partnership Akin Jones 155 Introduction 155 The European Union's Mediterranean policy 1957-72 155 The emergence of a 'global' Mediterranean policy after 1972 157 European Union policy towards the Mediterranean region since the mid-1980s 159 The Barcelona conference on EU policy towards the Mediterranean 161 Conclusions 162 References 163 Chapter 11 Population Growth: An Avoidable Crisis? Russell King 164 Introduction 164 Population in history 165 A demographic reservoir for Europe 168 Current growth patterns: the Mediterranean as a demographic frontier 170 Is migration the solution to the crisis? 174 Conclusions: population and geopolitics in the Mediterranean 178 References 179 Chapter 12 Five Narratives for the Mediterranean City Lila Leontidou 181 Introduction 181 Eternal and ephemeral: city-states, colonies, capital cities 182 Urbanisation without industrialisation 184 Islamic and European cityscapes: informality, religion, gender 185 Diffuse industralisation beyond the Third Italy 188 Social forces in city building and spatial regulation 189 Conclusions 191 References 192 Chapter 13 The Modernisation of Mediterranean Agriculture Jeff Pratt and Don Funnell 194 Introduction 194 The transformation of agriculture 197 Rural modernisation in Southern Europe 198 Rural development in the Maghreb 202 Conclusions 206 References 207 Tourism and Uneven Development in the Mediterranean Allan Williams 208 Introduction 208 The changing map of Mediterranean tourism 209 Mass tourism: social construction and polarisation 214 Footprints in the sand: the economic, environmental and cultural impacts of mass tourism 218 Conclusions 224 References 225 Water: A Critical Resource Bernard Smith 227 Introduction 227 Water supply 229 Demand 233 Management of freshwater resources 238 Future prospects for water resources 246 References 250 Forests, Soils and the Threat of Desertification Hazel Faulkner and Alan Hill 252 Introduction 252 Patterns of vegetation distribution 252 Native vegetation types 253 The influence of human activity on Mediterranean vegetation: anthropogenic influences 255 Global warming and Mediterranean vegetation: climatic influences 258 Mediterranean soils 260 Mediterranean soil degradation 263 Managing erosion 265 Fire: a particular Mediterranean hazard 268 Conclusions 270 References 270 Coastal Zone Management George Dardis and Bernard Smith 273 Introduction 273 The Mediterranean Sea 273 The Mediterranean coastal margin 275 Coastal problems in the Mediterranean 280 Managing Mediterranean coastal problems 286 The 'commons' problem in the Mediterranean 295 References 297 Conclusion: From the Past to the Future of the Mediterranean Lindsay Proudfoot and Bernard Smith 300 Mediterranean identity revisited 300 A marginal place? 301 CONTENTS ix Resource shortage and environmental stress 302 From cultural diversity to contemporary geopolitics 303 The contradictions of development 304 References 305 Index 306
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