THE MEDICI WOMEN Women and Gender in the Early Modern World Series Editors: Allyson Poska and Abby Zanger In the past decade, the study of women and gender has offered some of the most vital and innovative challenges to scholarship on the early modern period. Ashgate's new series of interdisciplinary and comparative studies, 'Women and Gender in the Early Modern World', takes up this challenge, reaching beyond geographical limitations to explore the experiences of early modern women and the nature of gender in Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Titles in the series include: Gender, Society and Print Culture in Late-Stuart England The cultural world of the Athenian Mercury Helen Berry Women and the Book Trade in Sixteenth-Century France Susan Broomhall Poetic Resistance English Women Writers and the Early Modern Lyric Pamela S. Hammons Subordinate Subjects Gender, the Political Nation, and Literary Form in England, 1588-1688 Mihoko Suzuki The Medici Women Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence Natalie R. Tomas Monash University, Australia First published 2003 by Ashgate Publishing Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © Natalie R. Tomas 2003 The author has asserted her moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Tomas, Natalie R. The Medici women : gender and power in Renaissance Florence. - (Women and gender in the early modern world) 1.Medici (Family) 2.Women - Italy - Florence - Social conditions 3.Power (Social Sciences) - Italy - Florence History 4.Florence (Italy) - Politics and government 1421-1737 I.Title 305.4'2'09224551 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Tomas, Natalie The Medici women : gender and power in Renaissance Florence / by Natalie R. Tomas. p. cm. -- (Women and gender in the early modern world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7546-0777-1 (alk. paper) 1. Medici, House of. 2. Nobility--Italy--Biography. 3. Women--Italy--Biography. 4. Florence (Italy)--History- -1421-1737. I. Title. II. Series. DG737.42.T66 2002 945'.5105'08621--dc21 2002038258 ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-0777-9 (hbk) For my mother, Anna, Jordan, Isabelle and Ethan Contents List of Figures Abbreviations Notes on the Text Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The Locus of Power 2 The Exercise of Power 3 Medici Matronage 4 In Exile 5 At the Papal Court 6 The 'Problem' of a Female Ruler Afterword Bibliography Index List of Figures 1 A Medici Family Tree 2.1 Domenico Ghirlandaio, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, c.1475, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. 2.2 Domenico Ghirlandaio, Birth of St John the Baptist, Tornabuoni Chapel, Santa Maria Novella, Florence c.1488. Photograph © Scala Art Resource, Florence 6.1 Francesco Allegrini, Alfonsina Orsini, after Giuseppe Allegrini, Chronologica series simulacororum regiae familiae Mediceae, Florence, 1761, no plate nos. Photograph © Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin Abbreviations ASF: Archivio di Stato di Firenze. AB: Archivio Bardi. Acq e Doni: Acquisti e Doni. C.S. Carte Strozziane. Copialettere: Copialettere di Goro Gheri (5 vols). CRS: Corporazioni Religiose Soppresse dal Governo Francese. Dipl.: Diplomatico MAP: Mediceo Avanti il Principato. Misc. Med.: Miscellanea Medicea. Misc. Rep.: Miscellanea Repubblica. N.A.: Notarile Antecosimiano. O.G.e.r: Otto di Guardia, epoca repubblicana. Ospedale: Ospedale di San Paolo dei Convalescenti. Signoria, Dieci,... Leg. e Com. Miss. Resp.: Signoria, Dieci di Guerra, Otto di Pratica, Legazione e Commissione, Missive e Responsive. Signori Responsive: Signori, Carteggi Responsive Originali. ASMa: Archivio di Stato di Mantova. AG: Archivio Gonzaga. ASP: Archivio Salviati, Pisa. BMaF: Biblioteca Marucelliana, Firenze. BMF: Biblioteca Moreniana, Firenze. Frullani, Autog.: Raccolta Frullani d'autografi. BML: Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana. BNF: Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze. GC: Ginori Conti. Magl.: Magliabecchiana. Autographs Misc.: Pierpont Morgan Library, N.Y. Autographs Miscellaneous, House of Medici. UCLA: University of California, Los Angeles. c. carta. cc. carte. Doc. Documento. fasc. fascicolo. n.d.: no date given. n.m.: no month given. n.y.: no year given. Notes on the Text A Note on Dates Dates are given as day/month/year in the notes. Florentines began the year on the Feast of the Annunciation, March 25. Dates will be given in the modern style in the text and both styles of dating will be given in the notes; for example, a letter dated 11 January 1525 in modern style will be written as 11/1/1524/5. Pisa began its year on the same day as the Florentines, but was a year ahead; eg. 25/5/1472 (modern style) was 25/5/1473 (Pisan style). Rome began its year on January 1st therefore all letters from Rome are dated in modern style.