The Mechanical Patient: Finding a More Human Model of Health PDF
Preview The Mechanical Patient: Finding a More Human Model of Health
The Mechanical Patient The Mechanical Patient Finding a More Human Model of Health Sholom Glouberman A PRODUCTIVITY PRESS BOOK Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Productivity Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-54994-4 (Hardback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-429-49033-0 (eBook) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Glouberman, S., author. Title: The mechanical patient : finding a more human model of health / Sholom Glouberman. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2018002700 (print) | LCCN 2018017943 (ebook) | ISBN 9780429490330 (eBook) | ISBN 9781138549944 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Medicine--Philosophy. | Health--History. Classification: LCC R723 (ebook) | LCC R723 .G57 2018 (print) | DDC 610.1--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018002700 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the Productivity Press site at http://www.ProductivityPress.com Routledge Taylor & Francis Group This book is dedicated with love to 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Susan, Misha, Margaux, and Billy © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Productivity Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-54994-4 (Hardback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-429-49033-0 (eBook) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Glouberman, S., author. Title: The mechanical patient : finding a more human model of health / Sholom Glouberman. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2018002700 (print) | LCCN 2018017943 (ebook) | ISBN 9780429490330 (eBook) | ISBN 9781138549944 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Medicine--Philosophy. | Health--History. Classification: LCC R723 (ebook) | LCC R723 .G57 2018 (print) | DDC 610.1--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018002700 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the Productivity Press site at http://www.ProductivityPress.com Contents List of Figures .....................................................................xi List of Tables .....................................................................xiii Acknowledgments .............................................................xv Author ................................................................................xix 1 Introduction .............................................................1 2 Aristotle and a Good Life ........................................7 Aristotle (384–322 BC) ........................................................7 How Aristotle’s Ideas Can Help Us Understand More about Health .............................................................12 3 Galen’s Four Humors: The First Medical Model ....15 Galen (AD 129–c.210) .......................................................16 4 The Renaissance and Roots of the Mechanical Patient ....................................................................25 Paracelsus (1493–1541) .....................................................26 Francis Bacon (1561–1626) ..............................................28 William Harvey (1578–1657) ..............................................31 René Descartes (1596–1650) .............................................32 Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827)......................................35 5 Robert Boyle: The First Mechanical Patient ..........37 Robert Boyle (1627–1691) .................................................37 Boyle and Samuel Hartlib .................................................40 vii viii ◾ Contents Boyle and George Starkey (1628–1665) ...........................43 Boyle and William Petty (1623–1687) ...............................45 Boyle and John Wilkins (1614–1672) .............................. 46 Boyle and Thomas Willis (1621–1675) .............................47 Boyle and Robert Hooke (1635–1703) ............................48 Boyle and Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) .........................51 Boyle and Arthur Coga (1631–1691) ................................53 Boyle and John Locke (1632–1704) ..................................53 Boyle and Isaac Newton (1642–1727) ..............................55 6 The Story of Scurvy and the First Failed Controlled Trial .....................................................59 George Anson, 1st Baron Anson (1697–1762) .................60 James Lind (1716–1794) ....................................................61 James Cook (1728–1779) ..................................................64 John Pringle (1707–1782) ..................................................65 Sir Gilbert Blane (1749–1834) ...........................................66 Almroth Wright (1861–1947) .............................................69 Axel Holst (1860–1931) and Theodor Frolich (1870–1947) ........................................................................70 Ancel Keys (1904–2004) ....................................................71 7 Surgery and the Mechanical Patient ......................73 John Hunter (1728–1793) ..................................................74 Fanny Burney (1772–1840) ...............................................75 Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865) .......................................77 Joseph Lister (1827–1912) .................................................81 Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) ..........................................82 Abraham Flexner (1866–1959) .........................................84 The Mechanical Patient in the Modern Hospital ..............85 Nurses in the Modern Hospital ........................................86 Lili Elbe (1882–1931) .........................................................87 Christiaan Barnard (1922–2001) .......................................88 Surgical Techniques ......................................................90 PROMs ...........................................................................90 Contents ◾ ix 8 Medicine and the Chemical Patient .......................93 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762) ........................93 Edward Jenner (1749–1823) ..............................................95 Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) ................................................ 96 Robert Koch (1843–1910), Ferdinand Cohn (1829–1898), and Maurice Hilleman (1919–2005) ............. 98 Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary) (1869–1938) ....................... 99 Charles Best (1899–1978), Sir Frederick Banting (1891–1941), and James Collip (1892–1965) ..................101 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972) and Ethics ...101 Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964) ........................................102 Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), Howard Florey (1898–1968), and Ernst Chain (1906–1979) ......................103 Henrietta Lacks (1920–1951) ...........................................104 Ali Maow Maalin (1954–2013) ..........................................106 Sam Wagstaff (1921–1987) and Robert Mapplethorpe (1946–1989) .......................................................................106 WHO Atlas .......................................................................107 Brenda Zimmermann (1956–2014) ..................................110 9 Genetics and the Return of Individualized Medicine ..............................................................113 Charles Darwin (1809–1882) ...........................................114 An Aside on the Evolution of Human Consciousness ...115 Francis Galton (1822–1911) ..............................................115 Wilhelm Beiglböck (1905–1963), Karl Brandt (1904–1948), and Josef Mengele (1911–1979) ...................116 Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958), Francis Crick (1916–2004), and James Watson (1928–) .........................118 Herbert Boyer (1936–) and Stanley Cohen (1935–) .........118 Charles DeLisi (1941–), Pete Domenici (1932–), and Craig Venter (1946–) .................................................119 Angelina Jolie (1975–) ......................................................120 Emmanuelle Charpentier (1968–) and Jennifer Doudna (1964–) ................................................................120
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