The MCA Advisory March 2006.pdf - Medal Collectors of America

24 Pages·2007·0.27 MB·English

The Newsletter of Medal Collectors of America
Volume 9 Number 3 March 2006
From the Editor 3
Board Members
John W. Adams, President
John Kraljevich, Vice President Cunne Shote (by John W. Adams) 3
Barry D. Tayman, Secretary & Treasurer
David T. Alexander
George Kolbe (by Joel Orosz) 5
Robert F. Fritsch
David Menchell
Scott Miller The Norse American Centennial Medals of
John Sallay
1925 (by David Schmidt) 8
Donald Scarinci
John W. Adams, Editor Society of Medalists 1952 – 1961
99 High Street, 11th floor
(by David T. Alexander) 9
Boston, MA 02110
[email protected]
Letters to the Editor 22
Barry Tayman, Secretary & Treasurer
5424 Smooth Meadow Way
Columbia, MD 21044 Coming Events
Btayman@comcast,net May 23-25, 2006 Betts Medals II of John J.
Ford, Jr.
David Boitnott, Webmaster
[email protected] August 17, 2006 MCA meeting at ANA @ 3:00
p.m.
website: medalcollectors.org
October 17-19, 2006 Indian Peace Medals I of
Editor of Collectors’ Guide, Dick Johnson
John J. Ford, Jr.
([email protected])
Stack’s auction schedule is published on
their website www.stacks.com since last minute
Dues: $20.00/Year
changes to the Ford schedule have been known to
occur unexpectedly.
What’s New On Our Website!
CHECK OUT OUR WEBSITE EVERY MONTH
www.medalcollectors.org

From the Editor Cunne Shote
(by John W. Adams)
We are indebted to Warren Baker for Many collectors of Indian peace medals
the material contained in our article on Cunne also collect prints of Indians who are wearing
Shote (see below). Warren is one of the great these medals. The best-known prints are these
resources in our hobby. He shares freely his by McKenney & Hall. Of a series of some 120
files and his knowledge on a wide swatch of prints published by them in the 1830’s, at least
subjects, ranging from medals in particular and 40 depict the subject Indian with a peace medal
Canadiana in general about which he is on his breast (including the famous image of
undoubtedly the leading expert. Red Jacket wearing a Washington oval).
Speaking of experts, Dick Johnson Other outstanding collections of prints
contributed a piece to the January issue on were executed by Karl Bodmer, George Catlin
grading. He suggested four grades for and James Otto Lewis. All of these series were
medals—“pristine,” “mellow,” “haggard” and done in the 1830’s and all with the same
“eroded”—inviting comment from our readers concern about preserving the culture of a
on his suggestions. Thusfar, no member has vanishing race.
seen fit to reply to Dick’s proposal. Nor, for Less well known and of far greater
that matter, has anyone written regarding our historical significance are engravings of Cunne
comments on European vs. U.S. grading of Shote. This major Cherokee chief, together
medals. We conclude, rather thankfully, that with two minor Cherokee chiefs, visited
medal collectors have little interest in grading: London in the summer of 1762 with a view to
Long lives this disinterest! settling land disputes. The three were
The material coming out of John Ford’s entertained royally but their official mission
collection begs for publication. We hope that was steadfastly ignored. Small wonder that
successful bidders will step forth and brag a Pontiac’s War was to break out two years later.
little bit about what they have purchased or Contemporary comments provide a full
viewed. Whether or not Betts is ever description of the visit.
republished in its original form, there is more The London Chronicle of July 8th-10th,
knowledge represented in the Ford collection 1762, records –
than Betts and his editors could have dreamed “On Wednesday (July 7th) there was a
possible. very numerous company at Vauxhall to see the
Speaking of Betts, a special binding of Cherokee Chiefs. They appeared greatly
his 1894 classic fetched $2500 at George pleased with the entertainment and the beauty
Kolbe’s Sale #99. Whether pristine or of the place, and shook hands with some
annotated, no previous sale in our memory has hundreds of the gentlemen who crowded to see
eclipsed $300. On the one hand, it is scary to them.”
think that inflation is streaming into the field of On Thursday, July 8th, 1762, the
Americana. On the other hand, it seems presentation to George III took place, and it is
eminently rational for some collector to pay thus described in the London Evening Post,
$2500 for that volume when three times as July 8th-10th, 1762: -
much would be required to purchase a common “Thursday, the Cherokee King and his
Indian Head penny in Proof 65.—ed. two Chiefs had their first admittance to His
Majesty at the Court of St. James’s: they were
introduced by the Lord of the Bed-Chamber in
Waiting (Rt. Hon. The Earl of March), and
conducted by Sir Charles Cottrail, Master of
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the Ceremonies; they were upwards of an hour- there, which struck them with such
and-a-half with His Majesty: the King’s dress astonishment as they could not find words to
was a very rich blue mantle covered with lace, express. Their general observation on being
and his head richly ornamented, on his breast a shown these great objects is: ‘That their
silver gorget, with His Majesty’s arms English brethren can do everything.’ On “the
engraved. The two Chiefs were in scarlet 24th (August) about ten in the morning, they
richly adorned with gold lace, and gorgets of went “on board the Epreuve frigate, (the same
plate on their breast. They were received by they came over in), and the wind being fair,
His Majesty very graciously, and their sailed immediately.”
behaviour was remarkably humble and meek. During the stay in London, Cunne Shote
The person who assisted as an interpreter for sat for a portrait by Francis Parsons (see image
them to His Majesty, was so much confused below). The artist shows him wearing two
that he could ask but few questions. They are medals: the one on the right features the heads
men of middling stature, seem to have no hair of George III and Queen Charlotte. It could be
on their heads, and wear a kind of skull cap; one of several such medals struck at the time of
their faces and necks are so besmeared with a the royal marriage; in theory it could be the
coarse sort of paint of a brick-dust colour, that design with the royal arms on the reverse which
it is difficult to say of what complexion they was used as a peace medal during the
are. They have a loose mantle of scarlet cloth Revolutionary War. Returning to the portrait,
thrown over them, and wear a kind of loose the gold medal on the left is inscribed,
boot. Their necks are streaked with blue paint, ”Entirely English 1762.” In addition to the
something resembling veins in a fine skin. medals, Cunne Shote wears a George III gorget
There seems to be a mixture of dignity and and a silver armband; in his right hand he holds
sternness in their countenances.” a scalping knife.
The Gentleman’s Magazine, 1762, Vol. One critic has this to say of Parsons’
32. p. 388, thus records their departure, under work:
date 20th August, 1762: The portrait per se is interesting for
“The Cherokee Chiefs set out for several reasons. As a portrait of a Native
Portsmouth on their return for America. In American, it is remarkably superior to later
their way thither they visited Winchester Camp, works in which the subjects have Caucasian
and dined with Lord Bruce. The next day they features and what might be called an overlay of
were conducted to the French Prison, which European cultural presumptions. Cunne
they viewed with uncommon curiosity, Shote’s serenity, his direct and steady eye and
expressing in the strongest manner their the ready knife in his right hand all tell of a
detestation of a people from whom “they had nature quite alien to European notions. Of
received so many instances of the most printed portraits of the American Indians few
perfidious and cruel usage. In the afternoon succeeded in conveying the dignified presence
they were shown the (Winchester) College, and that so impressed European writers. This one
were entertained with fruit and wine by the and Bodmers portraits being among the few.
Warden. The next morning the Wiltshire
Militia diverted them with an infinite variety of
firings and evolutions for nearly two hours,
which they beheld with remarkable attention
and satisfaction. They then proceeded with Mr.
Montagu and their interpreter to Portsmouth,
and saw the fortifications, ships, and dockyard
4
P.S. Not surprising given their cavalier attitude
toward Indians, the British got the name wrong.
The chief’s real name was Kanagagota.
“Chote” or “Echota” was the village from
whence he came.
Introduction George Frederick
Kolbe’s Sale #100
(by Joel Orosz)
(Reprinted with the permission of the author
and the subject. A landmark piece in our
opinion—e.)
When historians of the future turn their
attention to the rise of the numismatic literature
market in the United States, they will find that
the early days of that history are tied
inextricably to the career of one man: George
Frederick Kolbe. Not because Kolbe was the
first numismatic literature dealer, nor even the
first major dealer of this ilk. Not because he
wrote the definitive reference book on the
topic, nor because he amassed the greatest
The portrait was exhibited at the personal collection. Not because he has held
Society of Artists in 1763, following which more sales than any other numismatic
James McArdell made an engraving. The bibliopole, although in fact, that is a true
mezzotints come in two states: statement. Rather, Kolbe’s place in U. S.
FIRST STATE: Inscribed – “CUNNE numismatic literary history—indeed, his status
SHOTE, the Indian Chief, A great warrior of as indistinguishable from that history—lies in
the Cherokee Nation. Printed for Rob, Sayer, the fact that his catalogues, the 100th of which
Map and Printseller, near serjeant’s Inn, Fleet you are holding in your hands, comprise in
Street.” their entirety the most comprehensive
SECOND STATE: (British Museum). annotated bibliography of the literature of
Inscribed – “F. Parsons pinst, Js McArdell numismatics of all nations, and all times. The
fecit. CUNNE SHOTE, the Indian Chief. A quality of the collections, the variety of the
great warrior of the Cherokee Nation. Sold at offerings, and the perceptive annotations
the Golden Head, in Queen Square, Ormond describing all of this diversity, make Kolbe’s
Street, Pr. 2s.6d.” oeuvre the definitive record of the rise and
The original portrait now resides in the flowering of the numismatic literature hobby in
Gilcrease Museum. Prints of Cunne Shote the United States from the mid-1960s to date.
occasionally come on the market and fetch $10- Delve into every great American
15,000 when they do. At these levels, only the collection formed from the late 1960s through
most dedicated of peace medal collectors will the present—those of Craige, Champa,
be tempted. However, you our readers can Mendelson, Adams, Bass, Smith, Ford, and
view Cunne Shote free of charge. Hamelberg, and you will discover that Kolbe
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played a key role in building them and—among collection of Lewis M. Reagan. Although
those who have disposed of their holdings, with relatively modest in terms of size and scope, the
but one exception—the lead role in selling collection was well described, and served
them. Kolbe catalogues have thus served the notice on the small community of numismatic
function of the hobby’s marketplace, providing bibliophiles that there was a new kid in town, a
the basis for valuations and an indispensable worthy competitor at last to Frank Katen, who
commercial record. More than that, his had long defined the center of the American
annotations connect the lives of the authors and numismatic bibliopole universe. Seven more
the subjects of their literature into the broader auction sales followed during the next five
world of history, arts, and culture. If such a years, with both collections and Kolbe’s
thing as a degree in numismatic literature cataloguing exhibiting progressively greater
exists, it is to be earned by a close study of the depth. All of this was but a prelude, however, to
pages of these 100 catalogues. the seismic events of 1981, which proved to be
Given this legacy of commercial and the year that the modern history of U.S.
scholarly success, it will surprise many readers numismatic literature really began.
to learn that its author did not spend his early In that annus mirabilis, Kolbe’s Ninth
professional years in the fields of finance or the Sale offered an unprecedented array of
academy. Instead, Kolbe made his living in a literature, much of it deaccessioned from the
far more prosaic calling: that of a grocery story collections of the Essex Institute, but also
manager. He was a numismatist and a including duplicates from the advanced
bibliophile by avocation then, but he passed his collection of Armand Champa and the library
days tracking the foodstuffs and household of Kenneth Lee. When the collecting fraternity
products that lined supermarket shelves. In gathered for the sale, held at the Convention of
those pre-computer days, however, inventory International Numismatists Convention in Los
control for a grocery store taught habits of Angeles, they resembled Assyrians coming
exactitude and painstaking observation that down like a wolf on the fold. Remarkably,
later would serve Kolbe well in his new calling although the great bull market in coins of the
of bibliopole. In this sense, then, his late 1970s and early 1980s was by then just a
background provided superb preparation when fond memory, a new bull market in literature
he decided, in 1967, to “trade food for was launched that day. Prices realized were
thought.” stunningly high, so much so that, for the first
There was little in his early publications time in history, results from a literature auction
to foreshadow the works to come. Linda Kolbe, pushed coins down below the fold of the
George’s wife, painstakingly typed out his first numismatic press. Some of the prices paid—
fixed price list, using the ultimate in late 1960s such as $9,000 for a Chapman Catalogue—
document duplication technology—carbon would still turn heads today, and in 1981, they
paper—to make copies for mailing. After a were simply sensational. Collectors and dealers
dozen or so price lists were disseminated, alike were forced to take notice of this upstart
Kolbe’s growing following necessitated hobby. Never again would numismatic
graduation to printed catalogues, and assorted literature be the invisible country cousin of the
experiments in marketing, such as a “Dutch coin world.
Auction” and a couple of intriguingly named It is hard to overstate the impact of
Olla Podridas. Kolbe’s Ninth Sale. The publicity it garnered
In 1976, the year of the U. S. drew new collectors to the literature hobby as
Bicentennial, Kolbe issued his first auction sale nothing before it had. This influx gave a
of numismatic literature, featuring the critically important and preternaturally timely
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boost to the infant Numismatic Bibliomania transformed the object at hand from a mere
Society, co-founded just the year before by Jack book or catalogue to a storehouse of knowledge
Collins, the man who paid the long dollar for and a collectible in its own right. His
the Chapman Catalogue in that sale, and by appreciation for association, provenance, and
George Kolbe. And Kolbe nurtured those new the aesthetics of binding were second to none,
members by serving as President of the infant and rendered the transactions historical and
society and editor of its whimsically christened aesthetic, as well as pecuniary. A careful
journal, The Asylum. The success of the Ninth reading of the literature of numismatics, both
Sale also broadened the marketplace, providing U. S. and otherwise, will reveal an astonishing
openings for dealers such as Cal Wilson, number of facts, insights and judgments that,
Charles Davis, and John Bergman to hang out while not ascribed to Kolbe by the authors, owe
their shingles. And finally, proving the old their genesis to his cataloguing.
adage that “Westward, the course of empire “There are no second acts in American
wends its way,” it pulled the center of the life,” F. Scott Fitzgerald famously proclaimed,
numismatic literature field from Silver Spring but he had passed away long before 1998, when
in Maryland to Crestline, in Southern Kolbe again stepped in to edit The Asylum, and
California. It is not an overstatement to say that especially when he launched a series of five
the modern history of U. S numismatic auctions that cumulatively made as much of an
literature began on June 12th, 1981, in Los impression upon U. S. numismatic literary
Angeles when the hammers fell on the Essex history as the Ninth Sale or the 1991 Champa
Institute’s literary holdings. exhibition catalogue. In that year, Kolbe began
Ten years later, Kolbe directed another the auction sales that would dispose of the
watershed in the unfolding history of U. S. library of Harry Bass, then later, that of John J.
numismatic literature, the unprecedented Ford, Jr. Both of these extraordinary
exhibition of selections from Armand aggregations were chockablock with literary
Champa’s superb collection at the Centennial rarities that had never before crossed an auction
Convention of the American Numismatic block. New price records were set, finally
Association in Chicago. The exhibition eclipsing the realizations of the Ninth Sale, but
stretched on for an entire section of the more importantly, an entirely new generation of
exhibition gallery, filling forty-seven cases in collectors was drawn to the hobby by the Bass
all, and containing an eye-popping selection of sale (which set a record price for a numismatic
numismatic literature, including many singular library of 1.1 million dollars), and later the
rarities. Thousands of convention attendees extraordinary holdings of John J. Ford, Jr. Once
who had never before looked upon a more, numismatic literature was above the fold
numismatic publication except in utilitarian in the numismatic press, and once more, the
terms now saw spectacular collectible pieces face of the phenomenon belonged to George
for the first time. And to enhance their Kolbe.
appreciation, they could refer to the catalogue The catalogue you hold in your hands
of the exhibition, a carefully researched and provides tangible proof that Kolbe’s third act is
meticulously written piece disseminated for in progress. True, he could quit today and be
free and authored by George Frederick Kolbe. assured that his labors have defined and
Throughout the 90s, Kolbe continued to popularized a hobby (a neat trick, this, to be
turn out catalogues of tantalizing material, both the scholar and the marketer), but that is
attractively presented and definitively not on the horizon. It warms the heart of any
described. His command of the literature numismatic bibliophile to contemplate the
enabled him to cite obscure articles that possibilities that lie ahead—a reprise of the
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Ninth Sale? Another catalogue of a marquee few day off for hundreds of thousand of those
collection? Perhaps an entirely new with Norwegian blood took place. The events
prestidigitation from a seemingly inexhaustible were held at the Minnesota State Fairgrounds in
bag of tricks? St. Paul.
There will, of course, someday be a Congressman O.J. Kvale, a member of
United States numismatic literature hobby the House of Representatives from Minnesota,
without the active participation of Kolbe. There and Peter Norbeck, a Senator from South
will never be, however, a history of numismatic Dakota, were the sponsors of what became
literature in the United States without the Public Law #525. It was approved by the 68th
central involvement of George Frederick Congress of the United States on March 2,
Kolbe. His catalogues are a legacy, but they 1925 and it authorized a total of 40,000 medals
comprise only one gift, and perhaps not the to be made by the Philadelphia Mint.
most significant one, he has given us. Without Following the selection of engraver James
Kolbe the hobby of numismatic literature Earle Fraser, whose name appears on the
collecting would exist, but it would be an reverse of the medals, the minting process
impoverished hobby by every available began at the Philadelphia Mint. First to be
measure, whether the yardstick used is minted were the “thin” medals which were
economic, intellectual, aesthetic or just plain minted in November of 1925 to honor those
fellowship. His greatest legacy can be found in who contributed to the celebration. (This was
any gathering of numismatic bibliophiles, an after-thought by Congressman Dvale but
whether actual or virtual, where it can be said well received by dignitaries of both the U.S.
of George, as it was said of Christopher Wren, and Norway.)
“if you seek his legacy, look about you.” From the archives at the Mint in
Philadelphia, the following statistics are
known:
The Norse American Centennial Thick medals 33,7650 – These were .087 inches
Medals of 1925 thick and .900 fine (silver).
Thin medals 6,000 – These were .065 inches
(by David Schmidt)
thick and .900 fine (silver).
The NorseAmerican Centennial Medals Gold medals 100 – These were 232.20 grains of
have an interesting history. Originally, the .900 fine gold.
medals were to have been another of the United Three Inch Silver Plated Medals – 75 were
States Commemorative coin. When the authorized but only 60 were struck, 50 initially
promoters approached the folks of influence in and 10 at a later time. The base medal is
Washington, DC, however, they were informed bronze.
that there had been many commemorative coins The sale of the medals was lower than
issued in the recent past, and that a medal anticipated. Each silver medal cost $1.25.
would certainly be highly regarded as a Many Midwest bankers were asked to sell them
memento to mark the event. The to their customers. Following the celebration,
commemorating of the 100th Anniversary of the Congressman Kvale took five thousand medals
first organized shipful of Norwegians to the with him to New York in October but was not
United States from Norway, was celebrated in a successful in selling them. Of the 100 gold
four day affair in Minnesota on June 6-9, 1925. medals made, 53 remained in inventory and
Parades, an official visit by President Coolidge were likely sent back to the Philadelphia mint
and his wife, original musical compositions, a for credit. The four medals were listed in early
track meet, an art show and an excuse to take a editions of the United States Blue Book. Today
8
the Thick and Thin medals are sometimes seen Fraser was born in Winona, Minnesota
at coin shows in the U.S. The gold medals, in 1876. His art education began in the Chicago
though, are rarely offered to the public. Today Art Institute, continued in the Ecðle des Beaux
they are collected by numismatists and Arts, the Colorossi and Ecðle Julian in Paris.
Norwegian Americans who want to hold His first model for his most famous statue,
history in their hands. ``End of the Trail’’ was made at age 17 and he
never ceased to mourn the loss in a studio fire
Coins Unlimited, David F. Schmidt of a bust of his father crafted in this youthful
P.O. Box 11192, Tacoma, WA 98411 period.
Voice [phone] While serving as an instructor at the Art
Fax [phone] Students League he met and married Laura
Email: [email protected] Gardin, herself a sculptor of lifetime
achievement who created the first SOM Medal
in 1930. After winning a significant award at
SOCIETY OF MEDALISTS 1952 – the American Art Association in Paris, Fraser
1961 attracted the attention of Augustus Saint
(by David T. Alexander)
Gaudens and assisted him for two years,
notably on the great William Tecumseh
1952 #45. James Earle Fraser. Pony
Sherman statue in New York.
Express - New Frontiers.
Fraser’s heroic statuary and pediments
964 Bronze struck.
can be seen throughout the U.S. and Canada
and ranges from busts and equestrian groups to
Obv Pistol-wielding rider at full gallop, PONY
public building, bridge and fountain
EXPRESS - TEN DAYS TO/ SAN
adornments, public monuments of every
FRANCISCO r.
description as well as items in museum and
private collections. His resumé was one of the
Rev Conestoga wagon of Oregon Trail Half
longest in the annals of SOM and obviously
Dollar heading West, mountains and blazing
deserves book-length treatment.
sun NEW FRONTIERS over cow skull
Numismatists know him best from his
dividing 18 – 49/ © JAMES EARLE FRASER SC.
classic design of the Buffalo Nickel of 1913-
1938; the Oregon Trail Half Dollar, 1926-1939;
In From the Artist, Minnesota-born
and the 1925 Norse-American Centennial
Fraser states, ``…wherever possible we should
Medal, whose signature OPUS FRASER led to
use the lore of our people. With this thought in
several comical attributions by uninformed
mind I selected two of the most romantic,
writers in the past. The artist died in 1953 in
hazardous and important subjects of our
Westport, Connecticut.
pioneer days, the Prairie Schooner and the Pont
Express. These were not fairy tales, but very
EDGE AND PATINA VARIETIES
real events so I have treated them realistically.
OBSERVED:
As a small boy in Dakota, I saw Prairie
Schooners crossing the plains. They went the
1. THE SOCIETY OF MEDALISTS 45TH
full distance to their objective. With the Pony
ISSUE 1952 – JAMES EARLE
Express… only one object went all the way…
FRASER.SCULPTOR. Edge B, small
the mochila which was changed from pony to
BRONZE. Faintly matte gold patina, 5mm at
pony and rider to rider. In ten days the mail was
6:00.
carried the distance from Westport, Missouri,
to San Francisco.’’
9
2. Same edge markings. Distinctly frosty variety of acclaimed historic public statuary,
golden patina. 4.5mm at 6:00. fountains and garden sculpture.
3. .999 Silver, 73.5mm, 4.5mm thick. Edge K: During the Depression years he was
SPECIAL EDITION - SOCIETY OF chief sculptor for the New York City
MEDALISTS © 1993 FINE SILVER - Department of Parks Restoration Project.
MEDALLIC ART COMPANY. (See Part I for Among his medals are several portrait pieces
the 1993 Telemarketer coin-medal promotion, honoring Presidents of the prestigious New
each accompanied by a certificate from York Numismatic Club, from Otto Thomas
``famous numismatic authority’’ Karl D. Sghia in 1942 to Jeremiah Brady in 1981.
Hirtzinger.
EDGE AND PATINA VARIETIES
OBSERVED:
1952 #46. Karl Gruppe. Youth of Scout
World. 1. THE SOCIETY OF MEDALISTS 46TH
762 Bronze struck. ISSUE 1952 – KARL GRUPPE.SCULPTOR.
Edge B, small BRONZE. Gold-tan.
Obv Standing scouts in 1940’s uniform 2. Same SOM edge inscription, Edge E. Similar
signaling with flags, kneeling scout with patina.
binoculars, concentric legend BUILDING
TOWARD UNITY/ YOUTH OF THE SCOUT
WORLD. 1953 #47 Gifford MacGregor Proctor.
Trout Fishing.
Rev Defiant eagle striding l. over chains, 834 Bronze struck.
anepigraphic, on boldly convex or domed
surface. Obv Brown Trout taking a wet fly as seen from
In From the Artist. Gruppe wrote, ``As the fisherman’s perspective.
this medal is issued the threat of war is still
upon us. The theme I have chosen is not peace Rev Dry fly, `Parmachini Belle,’ signature a
but rather `Building toward Unity.’ It focuses ligate GP/ © at ;lower l., otherwise wholly
attention on one of the first methods of anepigraphic.
communication, which today has reached out Although his medal is wholly without
into many facets such as Radio, Television, etc. inscription, no other SOM artist had quite as
My contention being that through much to say in From the Artist as Gifford
communication the youth of all Nations will MacGregor Proctor. He cited the influence of
reach closer understanding. Matteo De’ Pasti’s Renaissance medals for the
The reverse shows an eagle freeing Malatesta family; a deep love of and longing
himself from chains of bondage. A symbol of for the peaceful salmon and trout streams
America to Americans, a symbol of freedom to fished by SOM founder George D. Pratt; and
people of other lands.’’ the themes of the SOM medals of Laura
Rochester, N.Y. artist Gruppe was born Gardin Fraser and Lee Lawrie.
in 1893, studying at the Royal Academy of Four long paragraphs sing the praises of
Antwerp, Belgium, and New York’s Art both Dry and Wet-fly fishing and of the
Students League. He was a pupil of Karl Bitter. graceful trout, ``a simple, direct, subject matter
Gruppe created the Italian Towers of the 1915 which would not be too involved for feasible
Panama-Pacific Exposition, followed by a wide expression on a medal. I sought a design which
required but a single feature to put over the idea
10