The Mayan Languages PDF
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THE M AYA N L A N G U A G E S The Mayan Languages presents a comprehensive survey of the language family asso- ciated with the Classic Mayan civilization (ad 200–900), a family whose individual languages are still spoken today by at least six million indigenous Maya in Mexico, Gua- temala, Belize, and Honduras. This unique resource is an ideal reference for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of Mayan languages and linguistics. Written by a team of experts in the field, The Mayan Languages presents in-depth accounts of the linguistic features that characterize the thirty-one languages of the family, their historical evolution, and the social context in which they are spoken. The Mayan Languages: • provides detailed grammatical sketches of approximately a third of the Mayan lan- guages, representing most of the branches of the family; • includes a section on the historical development of the family, as well as an entirely new sketch of the grammar of “Classic Maya” as represented in the hieroglyphic script; • provides detailed state-of-the-art discussions of the principal advances in grammatical analysis of Mayan languages; • includes ample discussion of the use of the languages in social, conversational, and poetic contexts. Consisting of topical chapters on the history, sociolinguistics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, discourse structure, and acquisition of the Mayan languages, this book will be a resource for researchers and other readers with an interest in historical linguis- tics, linguistic anthropology, language acquisition, and linguistic typology. Judith Aissen is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Nora C. England is Dallas TACA Centennial Professor in the Humanities and Professor of Linguistics at the University of Texas at Austin. She is also Director of the Center for Indigenous Languages of Latin America at the University of Texas at Austin. Roberto Zavala Maldonado is Researcher and Professor at the Centro de Investiga- ciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) in Mexico. He was also Joint-Director of the Project for the Documentation of Languages of Meso-America. ROUTLEDGE LANGUAGE FAMILY SERIES Each volume in this series contains an in-depth account of the members of some of the world’s most important language families. Written by experts in each language, these accessible accounts provide detailed linguistic analysis and description. The contents are carefully structured to cover the natural system of classification: phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis, semantics, dialectology, and sociolinguistics. Every volume contains extensive bibliographies for each language, a detailed index and tables, and maps and examples from the languages to demonstrate the linguistic fea- tures being described. The consistent format allows comparative study, not only between the languages in each volume, but also across all the volumes in the series. The Mayan Languages The Khoesan Languages Edited by Judith Aissen, Nora C. Edited by Rainer Vossen England & Roberto Zavala Maldonado The Mongolic Languages The Austronesian Languages of Edited by Juha Janhunan Asia and Madagascar Edited by Nikolaus Himmelmann & The Munda Languages Sander Adelaar Edited by Gregory D.S. Anderson The Bantu Languages The Oceanic Languages Edited by Derek Nurse & Edited by John Lynch, Gérard Philippson Malcolm Ross & Terry Crowley The Celtic Languages, The Romance Languages 2nd Edition Edited by Martin Harris & Edited by Martin J. Ball & Nicole Müller Nigel Vincent The Dravidian Languages, 2nd Edition The Semitic Languages Edited by Sanford B. Steever Edited by Robert Hetzron The Germanic Languages The Sino-Tibetan Languages, Edited by Ekkehard Konig & 2nd Edition Johan van der Auwera Edited by Graham Thurgood & Randy J. Lapolla The Indo-Aryan Languages Edited by George Cardona & The Slavonic Languages Dhanesh K. Jain Edited by Bernard Comrie & Greville G. Corbett The Indo-European Languages, 2nd Edition The Tai-Kadai Languages Edited by Mate Kapović Edited by Anthony Diller The Iranian Languages The Turkic Languages Edited by Gernot Windfuhr Edited by Éva Csató & Lars Johanson The Languages of Japan and Korea The Uralic Languages Edited by Nicolas Tranter Edited by Daniel Abondolo THE M AYA N L A N G U A G E S Edited by Judith Aissen, Nora C. England, and Roberto Zavala Maldonado First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 selection and editorial matter Judith Aissen, Nora C. England and Roberto Zavala Maldonado; individual chapters, the contributors. The right of Judith Aissen, Nora C. England and Roberto Zavala Maldonado to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Aissen, Judith, 1948– editor. | England, Nora C., editor. | Zavala, Roberto, editor. Title: The Mayan languages / edited by Judith L. Aissen, Nora C. England, and Roberto Zavala Maldonado. Description: New York : Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, [2017] | Series: Routledge language family series Identifiers: LCCN 2016049735 | ISBN 9780415738026 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Mayan languages. | Mayan languages—History. | Mayan languages— Social aspects. | Indians of Mexico—Languages—History. | Mexico—Civilization. | Mexico—Languages—History. | Historical linguistics—Mexico. Classification: LCC PM3961 .M39 2017 | DDC 497/.415—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016049735 ISBN: 978-0-415-73802-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-19234-5 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS List of abbreviations vii List of contributors xi 1 Introduction Judith Aissen, Nora C. England, and Roberto Zavala Maldonado 1 PART 1 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, HISTORY, AND CHANGE 2 Mayan language acquisition Clifton Pye, Barbara Pfeiler, and Pedro Mateo Pedro 19 3 Mayan history and comparison Lyle Campbell 43 4 Aspects of the lexicon of proto-Mayan and its earliest descendants Terrence Kaufman 62 5 Language contacts with(in) Mayan Danny Law 112 6 Classic Mayan: An overview of language in ancient hieroglyphic script Danny Law and David Stuart 128 PART 2 GRAMMAR 7 Phonology and phonetics Nora C. England and Brandon O. Baird 175 8 Morphology Gilles Polian 201 9 Alignment patterns Roberto Zavala Maldonado 226 10 Complement clauses Judith Aissen 259 11 Information structure in Mayan Judith Aissen 293 PART 3 SEMANTICS 12 Organization of space Jürgen Bohnemeyer 327 13 Focus, interrogation, and indefinites Scott AnderBois 348 14 Pluractionality in Mayan Robert Henderson 362 PART 4 LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT 15 The labyrinth of diversity: The sociolinguistics of Mayan languages Sergio Romero 379 vi CONTENTS 16 Mayan conversation and interaction John B. Haviland 401 17 Poetics Rusty Barrett 433 PART 5 GRAMMAR SKETCHES 18 K’iche’ Telma A. Can Pixabaj 461 19 Mam Nora C. England 500 20 Q’anjob’al Eladio Mateo Toledo 533 21 Tojolabal Alejandro Curiel Ramírez del Prado 570 22 Tseltal and Tsotsil Gilles Polian 610 23 Ch’ol Jessica Coon 648 24 Comparative Maya (Yucatec, Lacandon, Itzaj, and Mopan Maya) Charles Andrew Hofling 685 Index 761 ABBREVIATIONS 1 first person 2 second person 3 third person a set A abil abilitative abs absolutive abst abstract noun act active admir admirative adv adverb(ial) af agent focus aff affect word affirm affirmative afv affective verb agt agent agtv agentive anim animate antic anticausative ap antipassive appl applicative art article asp aspect aspl aspectless assur assurative att attenuator attr attributive aug augmentative aux auxiliary b set B ben benefactive caus causative cel celerative cfp clause final particle cis completive intransitive status cl clitic clf classifier com comitative comp complementizer con connective cond conditional viii ABBREVIATIONS cop copula cp completive cts completive transitive status d deictic dat dative dcm discourse continuity marker deb debitive def definite deic deictic dem demonstrative dep dependent der derivation, derived det determiner dim diminutive dir directional dis dependent intransitive status disp dispositional dist distributive dm dependency marker d.nml nominal suffix for derived transitives ds directional suffix dst distal dtr detransitive dts dependent transitive status dtv derived transitive dub dubitative dur durative emph emphasis, emphatic enc enclitic ep epenthetic erg ergative evid evidential excl exclusive exclam exclamatory exh exhortative exist existential expl expletive expr expressive f feminine foc focus for formal fs final suffix fut future gen generic hab habitual hesit hesitation hum human i intransitive icp incompletive ABBREVIATIONS ix iis incompletive intransitive status imp imperative impis imperative intransitive status impts imperative transitive status inal inalienable inan inanimate inch inchoative incl inclusive ind indicative indep independent indf indefinite inf infinitive inst instrument(al) intr intransitivizer ints intensifier inv inverse iopr indirect object pronoun ipfv imperfective iprf imperfect irr irrealis is intransitive status itr iterative its incompletive transitive status itv intransitive verb suffix iv intransitive verb loc locative m masculine mal malefactive meas measure word mod modal mov movement element mp marked possession n noun neg negative nf nonfinite nml nominal nmlz nominalizer nt neutral aspect num numeral obl oblique oblig obligative onom onomatopoeic opt optative ord ordinal ost ostensive par particle part partitive pat patient pf phrase final
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