THE MAYA AND THE VEGETATION OF THE YUCATAN PENINSULA

8 Pages·1991·5.4 MB·English

135-142
Ethnobiol.
11(1):
/.
MAYA AND
THE
THE VEGETATION
YUCATAN
OF THE
PENINSULA
VICTOR RICO-GRAY
Centro de U.N.A.M.
Ecologia,
Apdo. Postal 70-275, Mexico, D.F. 04510 Mexico
GARCIA-FRANCO
JOSE
G.
AC.
Institute de Ecologia,
Apdo. 91000 Mexico
Postal Xalapa,
63, Ver.
ABSTRACT.—
compo-
Several hypotheses have been formulated explain the
to
and
sition structure of the lowland tropical forest of the Yucatan Peninsula, in
com-
particular, the abundance and dominance of useful trees in mature forest
They commonly Maya
munities. assume the lowland area are
that forests in
man-made,
but tend to dismiss or generalize environmental conditions in the
area. Recent studies in northern Yucatan do not reflect the pattern described in
Why
the abundance
literature: of useful trees in the forests. are useful trees,
Maya
lowland
especially fruit-bearing trees, not present in mature forest of the
all
Our
area? concerning
objectives are to present a brief review of the literature
(i)
how
the
origin of the vegetation in the Yucatan Peninsula; explain the original
(ii)
human
vegetation structure could have changed under influence, resulting in
why
abundance not
of useful and discuss the reason useful trees are
trees;
(iii)
present in all mature forest communities of the lowland Maya area, as generally
assumed
or suggested by many authors. The abundance of useful tree species
in forests of the lowland Maya was probably human-induced, through the
area
human now where environ-
years, without only present the
assistance, they are
mental Maya may have played
Even though
conditions allow the
their survival.
even
an
a expect
significant shaping too variable to
role the vegetation, rainfall is
human
distribution of useful fruit-bearing trees without assistance.
RESUMEN.-Se
composicion
han formulado hipotesis para explicar la y
varias
en
estructura de de Yucatan, particular,
Ios bosques de Peninsula
tropicales la
maduros;
bosques
abundancia en
la y dominancia de especies arboreas utiles
asumem
de actividad
y que bosques de mayas son producto la
los bajas
las tierras
humana, medioambientales
pero condiciones
tienden a relegar o generalizar las
patron
no
del area. Estudios en norte de Yucatan reflejan el
recientes realizados
el
Nuestros objetivos
descrito en abundancia de especies arboreas utiles.
la literatura:
de vegeta-
son: presentar una breve de referente al origen la
(i) revision la literatura
de vegetacion
cion de como original la
las peninsula; estructura
explicar la
(ii)
pudo de especies
en abundancia
cambiar humana
bajo influencia y resultar
la
especies
arboreas razon por que no estan presentes estas
utilies; y (iii) discutir la la
asumen
como
en
todas mayas, lo
las comunidades boscosas de bajas tal
las tierras
en
o arboreas utiles los
sugieren diversos autores. La abundancia de especies
hombre,
por
bosques de mayas probablemente inducida el
las tierras bajas fue
donde
ahora las
pasar presentes
al humana, estan
los aiios, sin asistencia solo
la
mayas hayan
A que
de
condiciones pesar los
medioambientales se los permite.
jugado un estructura de la vegetacion, la
papel modificando
significative las
como una uniforme de
precipitation es tan variable para esperar distribution
humana.
especies arboreas utiles sin asistencia
RESUME.— On
formule quelques hypotheses pour expliquer compo-
a divers la
sition et la structure de la foret basse tropicalle de la Peninsule Yucatanne, parti-
communautes
culairement abundance et dominance des arbres utiles dans les
1'
On
forestales mures. suppose en generate que les forets de la region basse des
Maya
soient de l'origine humaine, mais on congedie ou generalise les conditions
environmentelles de region. Les etudes recentes dans Nord de Yucatanne
la le la
ne pas models dans abundance des arbres
reflechissent les decrit la literature:
1'
utiles dans la foret. Nos objectifs sont: presenter un resume bref de la literature
(i)
concernante de l'origine de vegetation de Peninsule Yucatanne; expli-
la la (ii)
comme
quer on pouvrait changer la structure originalle de la vegetation sous
influence humaine, avec de abundance des arbres et
le resultat utiles; (iii)
1'
1'
communautes
discouter pourquoi les arbres utiles ne se trouvent pas dans tous les
comme
forestales mures plusieurs auteurs ont suppose ou suggere. L'abundance
Maya
du
des espece des arbres dans de region basse probable-
utiles la foret la est
ment humaine,
de humaine. Apres
l'origine plusieurs annees, sans l'influence
les arbres se trouvent aujourd'hui seulement dans les sites ou les conditions
Maya
environmentelles permittent leur survivance. Bien que pouvront avoir
les
un
joue role important dans la formation de la vegetation, la chute de pluie est
pour une
trop variable s'artendre a distribution unie des arbres fruitiers utiles
sans humaine.
l'aide
INTRODUCTION
and
Several hypotheses have been composition
formulated explain the
to
structure of the lowland tropical forests of the Yucatan Peninsula; in particular,
abundance Barrerad
the of useful mature communities al.
trees in forest (e.g.,
Gomez-Pompa Gomez-Pompa
and Kaus Gomez-Pompa
1977; et al.
1987; 1987;
the
1987; Rico-Gray et 1985, 1988b). These hypotheses assume that forests in
al.
Maya tend
lowland man-made and but
area are dominated by species,
useful tree
Many
studies
to dismiss or generalize the environmental conditions in the area.
on man generated to
the interaction between and were
vegetation originally
explain the abundance ramon Sw. (Moraceae),
of the Brosimum
alicastrum
tree,
on Maya, for
or in the immediate surroundings of archaeological sites of the
abundance
example: Folan and proposed the
Puleston
et (1979)
(i) al. (1972)
and
was human Lambert
clearly the result of cultivation and management;
(ii)
Arnason environments
explained optimal
(1978, 1982) that archaeological are
sites
for the ramon; autoecological
Peters suggested the atypical
(1983) that
(iii)
ramon tree
some
characteristics (phenology, breeding systems, productivity) of
Maya;
by the
populations
(Tikal) are the product of selection practiced
artificial
and archae-
Ogata of
(iv) (1990) suggests the abundance oiramon in the vicinity
summary,
Maya.
In
ological sites reflects the defaunation of Post-Classic
activity
we species
group
the explanations abundance and dominance of useful tree
for the
Gomez-Pompa
in the Yucatecan two main hypotheses (modified from
forests into
of
and consequence
Kaus
The
1987): abundance of useful tree species is a
(1)
during
their biological characteristics, which enables them to be very successful
man-made
the occupying
natural regeneration process of the vegetation, or in
JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY
ecological niches; and The were human
trees present in the area before
(2)
occupancy man
but not necessarily abundant, and by and
selection (protecting
was
cultivating) the determinant factor to account for abundance.
Recent
vegetation studies in northern Yucatan, near an archaeological
site
(Thien and Mayan
1982) a (Rico-Gray and
et al. village 1988a, 1988b,
et
al.
unpublished do
data), not reflect the pattern described above: abundance of useful
Why
tree species. are useful trees, especially fruit-bearing trees, not present in
mature Maya
Our
all forests of the lowland area? objectives are present
to:
(i)
a brief review of the literature concerning the origin of the vegetation in the
Yucatan how
Peninsula; explain the original vegetation structure could have
(ii)
changed human
under
abundance and
influence, resulting in the of useful trees;
why
finally discuss the reason useful trees are not present in mature forest
(iii) all
communities Maya
of the lowland area, as generally assumed or suggested by
many
The Maya
authors. abundance lowland
of useful tree species in forests of the
was human
area probably human-induced,
through the years, without assistance,
now
they
are only present where environmental conditions allow their
the
survival. Even though the Maya may have played a significant role shaping the
vegetation, rainfall too variable to expect an even distribution of useful fruit-
is
bearing human
without
trees
i
The
changes
vegetation of southeastern Mexico has experienced a series of
as the result of abrupt temperature and fluctuations during the
precipitation
Pleistocene (Toledo 1982). The study of lake sediments (pollen) in the Peten area
in Guatemala (Lewin Leyden and western Honduras (Rue 1987), sug-
1984; 1984)
gest that the mesic deciduous dominated by Brosimum originated
tropical forest
during
the
early Holocene, approximately 10,000 to 11,000 years ago. Forests to
north, the Mexican would be considerably
portion of the Yucatan Peninsula,
younger compared
and more
The abundance Brosimum pollen, to
of
xericphytic.
due
pollen from probably to
other tree species characterizing this vegetation, is
Ramon and most of the
its relative abundance. wind-pollinated (Peters 1983)
is
few
other pollen
trees in the community thus contributing
are insect-pollinated,
open
grains savannas and areas
to sediments (Rue With appearance of
the
1987).
(milpas?), by lower levels
Brosimum dominance indicated
probably declined, as
of Byrsonima,
Melastomataceae,
pollen and
its in sediments, the appearance of
and
dominance ascribed
the
presence of Maize/Zea (Rue This decrease in is
1987).
Peten in
to the Maya B.P. for the
initial occupation of the region (3,000-1,700
and
Rue con-
Guatemala, Leyden western Honduras, 1987),
1984; 3,000 B.P. for
note
tinuous use same interesting to
At time,
until the sixteenth century. the it is
(Leyden
the and Trema
appearance and
Cecropia
increase of pollen depositions of
which
Rue genera,
1984; two pioneer tree
1987), typical tropical deciduous forest
probably Rue suggests that
reflects major vegetation recovery processes. (1987)
change
the Holocene climatic
lack
of any
palynological evidence significant late
for
assumption
in the allows the
present or previous American sequences,
Central
A between
the
that human comparison list
all vegetational changes induced.
are
by Miranda
and one presented
of plant genera in the palynological analyses the
composition
vegetation survey, reveals that tree species of
in his classical
(1958)
lowland Maya must have remained very
the deciduous tropical forests of the area
Maya only changes must have occurred
similar since occupation; the significant
abundance, dominance) the vegetation.
in the structure (diversity, of
CHANGES VEGETATION STRUCTURE
EM
AND DOMINANCE
OF USEFUL TREES
Whether change
the
Vegetation structure subject to continuous change.
is
human main should
due to the effect of natural forces or activity, three aspects
is
when
denudated patch:
be considered studying the recovery process of a forest
was during period,
the length of time the area cleared, the type of activity this
and yield
the extent of the clearing. Different combinations of these factors will
and to
forests with very similar or very different composition structure, relative
common
any
the original. In order to start the regeneration process one factor to
combination of the above the need of a source of propagules, whether the seed
is
abandonment, or
bank
already existing in the the seed rain following
soil,
no doubt
were
from Changes
regeneration coppice trunks. in vegetation structure
On
induced by Maya. the other
directly the agrosilvicultural techniques of the
reproduc-
hand, denudated mature,
the presence, relatively close to forest areas, of
tive individuals of useful tree species, had undoubtedly a significant quantitative
aban-
advantage over newcomers during forest regeneration that followed the
donment from useful
Abundant
of agricultural land or urban centers. seed rains
tree species could originate from trees directly managed in the forest (Bartlett 1935;
&
Denevanef Soemarwoto Soemarwoto from those growing in
1984;
1982),
al.
seed
homegardens
or in the pet kot, and from remnant forest tree individuals;
movement from open by wind, bats
trees to areas could have been effected
&
mammals,
Peters other Martin 1984).
(e.g., 1983), or birds Scott
(e.g.,
Present day Yucatecan Maya homegardens reproductive individuals
contain
many 1988a,
of useful tree species (Anderson 1952; Barrera 1980; Rico-Gray et al.
the
Maya thus
1990; Vargas 1983). Ancient followed this practice (Marcus 1982),
a
abundance from abandonment of
of seeds useful species guaranteed
after
is
denudated
forest area.
Gomez-Pompaef Maya forest
certain
(1987) suggested that ancient selected
al.
stone-walled,
areas, the pet kot, to plant and protect useful These
tree species.
and could
man-made
forests are recognizable today in certain areas of Yucatan,
be an abundant
also source seeds
of for useful
trees.
number
many when a
purposes,
In instances, a forest cleared for agricultural
is
that
suggested
been
of individual trees are left untouched for later use. has
It
and resident
remnant trees will become natural perching for both migratory
sites
and
seeds
(Guevaras
birds 1986). Frugivorous birds will drop or regurgitate
al.
species,
which under accumulation of
an
fruits the canopies, contributing
fall to
which make
remnant
these regeneration
trees nuclei.
to
prior
summary, Maya were the area
In the useful trees of the present in
were
event
and
their arrival, the changes in vegetation structure that followed this
Summer JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY
1991
no doubt influenced directly or indirectly by their This
activities.
i
have been number
important
particularly in the of seeds
of useful species available
abandoned
for the colonization of agricultural land or urban
centers.
FOREST COMPOSITION TODAY YUCATAN
IN
If the presence of useful tree species was uniform in past Maya communities
now Why
(Marcus
1982), as (Rico-Gray then: are forests
it is ef al. 1990), (1) all
in the Yucatan Peninsula not dominated by same
the useful tree species (especially
Why
Maya
useful
fruit-bearing Yucatecan
trees)? are certain forests, close to
(2)
And
archaeological sites or villages, not dominated by these useful trees?
(3)
Maya
If a great variety of useful trees have been cultivated and protected in
homegardens why
for the past five centuries, are they not present in forest
communities today? In other words, why should widely used species as Brosimum
Sw.
alicastrum (Moraceae), Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae), Chrysophyllum cainito
L.
L. (Sapotaceae), A.DC.
Cordia dodecandra (Boraginaceae), Crescentia cujete L.
(Bignoniaceae), Ehretia A.DC. (Boraginaceae), Enterolobium cyclocarpum
tinifolia
(Jacq.) Griseb. (Leguminosae), mexicana A.DC. (Caricaceae), Manilkara
Jacaratia
achras
Fosberg (Sapindaceae),
(Miller) (Sapotaceae), Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.
Persea americana mammosa Cronquist (Sapota-
Miller (Lauraceae), Pouteria (L.)
ceae), Psidium King (Meliaceae),
guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Swietenia macrophylla
be
practically absent northern Yucatean
in forests?
We
way answered consider
think that the only these questions can be to
is
the mosaic penin-
of ecological and environmental conditions prevalent in the
sula; in short, the Yucatan Peninsula not an ecological and environmental
is
uniform
The Yucatan,
unit. answer given by of Tixcacaltuyub in central
locals
or Tixpeual in northern Yucatan, why these useful tree species are present
as to
in their village but not in the different-age forest communities that surround it,
is that they are not there because they do not belong to that type of forest.
To
support we (Sorensen Similarity
compared composition
this idea, species
Index) between shrubs
the homegardens and surrounding forests (all
village their
and
The and 22.6% for
trees). 18.2% Tixcacaltuyub
resulting for
similarities are,
Tixpeual. These low by the presence of secon-
percent can be explained
similarities
and
dary shrubs
homegardens (mainly
species in the non-tended portions of the
a few non- homegarden and shrubs are
important The trees
important
trees).
only do not other-
they
present
in this environment surviving as tended species;
wise
survive.
Yucatan
Man-induced of the
dominance forests
useful trees in
of certain
mm
Peninsula has been more than 1,100 of total
with
reported; in general, areas
andBrosimum
annual
Manilkara
abundance of
precipitation.
Bartlett (1935) reports
report
for
forests in Belize and the Peten Guatemala; and Rico-Gray tf al. (1985)
in
and
a Cedrela in
forest dominated by Spondias,
Brosimum, Bursera,
Manilkara,
seem hold
the Yohaltun does not to
valley Campeche. This characteristic
in forest
were
surveys
for though the
forests even
in the dry portions of the peninsula,
and
conducted a village
(Thienet 1982)
in the vicinity of an archaeological site al.
(Rico-Gray some useful tree species
have
The
et al. 1988a, 1988b). latter forests
Gymnopodium (Polygonaceae),
(Chemas and Rico-Gray floribundum Rolfe
1991), like
M.
achras),
but lack the useful fruit-bearing trees (e.g., B. alicastrum, C. cainito,
and the important timber species (e.g., C. odorata, E. cyclocarpus, S. macrophylla).
may
where be found the north
The only areas individuals of these tree species in
with
and northwest portions of the Yucatan Peninsula are: the cenotes, their
man-made (Gomez-
and humidity the pet kot, a forest
special characteristics;
soil
Pompa tended whether homegardens or dispersed
in villages, in
1987);
et al.
and
throughout the village (Smith and Cameron 1977; Rico-Gray et al. 1990); in
Duran
(Rico-Gray
the petenes, a very particular coastal vegetation association 1982;
Rico- Gray Barrera argues that the presence of useful
1987; et 1988c). (1982)
al.
tree species (Annona, Manilkara, Sabal, Swietenia) in the petenes is the result of
human
activity.
CONCLUSION
today
clear from the analysis of the above information, that the presence
It is
of useful tree species in mature forest communities of the Yucatan Peninsula is
were
correlated with their ecological characteristics, whether or not they intro-
Maya
duced by the in the past. In particular, their presence today in the drier
human
portions of the peninsula has be associated with present and not past
to
activity. Most of the useful tree species the Maya have been utilizing for at least
more humid, tropical
the past six centuries are originally native to the southern,
mm
from
were brought
forests of the peninsula annual or
(1,500 total rainfall),
humid conquest,
and Spanish
similar forests of other areas (before after the
when
Marcus an area
1982). In the drier portions, these species cannot survive
abandoned and process
is are left to compete with native species in the recovery
of the vegetation. In even though fruit-bearing
short, useful species (especially
Mayan
must have been with
trees) present the whole peninsula associated
in
more
why
and
activity, the reason they are not abundant, are not dominant,
,
many those in
dramatically, are not present in Yucatecan forests (particularly
consequently,
northern Yucatan), is because they are not native to the flora and,
to
cannot under central
survive the environmental conditions prevalent in the
from
northwest portions of the Yucatan Peninsula. Tended species were brought
more humid from other
areas of the peninsula, from other areas of Mexico, or
where
countries; both before and after the Spanish conquest. The only places
pet
we
the
find combinations of these species northern Yucatan Peninsula are
in
that
and been suggested
kot, the cenotes, the petenes, tended has
in villages;
it
man
propagules of these species were brought by these areas.
to
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We to
suggestions
would comments and
especially like to thank L.B. Thien for his
by
We provided
the manuscript. acknowledge assistance
will like to the excellent field
were
study
Paulino Sima (Tixcacaltuyub) and Armando Puch (Tixpeual). Funds for this
World
and the
provided by Rim Program
the Pacific of University of California-Riverside
Fund-U.S.
Wildlife
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